Direct antithrombins: Mechanisms, trials, and role in contemporary interventional medicine

American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 249-257

  Wong, Cheuk Kit ^a   White, Harvey D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b AUCKLAND CITY HOSPITAL   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ALTEPLASE; ARGATROBAN; DABIGATRAN; EFEGATRAN; ENOXAPARIN; EPTIFIBATIDE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; HIRUDIN; HIRULOG; INOGATRAN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MELAGATRAN; STREPTOKINASE; THROMBIN INHIBITOR; TIROFIBAN; XIMELAGATRAN;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANGIOPLASTY; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING TIME; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CATALYSIS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG UTILIZATION; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HEART INFARCTION; HEART SURGERY; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LOW DRUG DOSE; META ANALYSIS; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTHROMBIN TIME; REVIEW; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION;

ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY; ANTICOAGULANTS; FIBRINOLYSIS; HEPARIN; HIRUDINS; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; THROMBIN; THROMBOCYTOPENIA;

EID: 34548087294     PISSN: 11753277     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00129784-200707040-00003     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Bates SM, Weitz JI. Direct thrombin inhibitors for treatment of arterial thrombosis: potential differences between bivalirudin and hirudin. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 12P-8P
2. Hirsh J, Warkentin TE, Shaughnessy SG, et al. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest 2001 Jan; 119 (1 Suppl.): 64S-94S
3. Furie B, Furie BC. Molecular and cellular biology of blood coagulation. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 800-6
4. Hogg PJ, Jackson CM. Fibrin monomer protects thrombin from inactivation by heparin-antithrombin III: implications for heparin efficacy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 3619-23
5. Weitz JI, Hudoba M, Massel D, et al. Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 385-91
6. Weitz JI, Leslie B, Hudoba M. Thrombin binds to soluble fibrin degradation products where it is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin but susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin-independent inhibitors. Circulation 1998; 97: 544-52
7. Hogg PJ, Jackson CM, Labanowski JK, et al. Binding of fibrin monomer and heparin to thrombin in a tenary complex alters the environment for the thrombin catalytic sites, reduces affinity for hirudin, and inhibits cleavage of fibrinogen. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 26088-95
8. Tsuda Y, Szewczuk Z, Wang J, et al. Interactions of hirudin-based inhibitor with thrombin: critical role of the IleH59 side chain of the inhibitor. Biochemistry 1995; 34: 8708-14
9. Di Nisio M, Middeldorp S, Buller HR. Direct thrombin inhibitors. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1028-40
10. Xiao Z, Theroux P. Platelet activation with unfractionated heparin at therapeutic concentrations and comparisons with a low-molecular-weight heparin and with a direct thrombin inhibitor. Circulation 1998; 97: 251-6
11. Robson R, White H, Aylward P, et al. Bivalirudin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: effect of renal function, dose, and gender. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 71: 433-9
12. Cheneau E, Canos D, Kuchulakanti PK, et al. Value of monitoring activated clotting time when bivalirudin is used as the sole anticoagulation agent for percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 789-92
13. Bittl JA, Strony J, Brinker JA, et al., for the Hirulog Angioplasty Study Investigators. Treatment with bivalirudin (hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 764-9
14. Bittl JA, Chaitman BR, Feit F, et al., on behalf of the Bivalirudin Angioplasty Study Investigators. Bivalirudin versus heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina: final report reanalysis of the Bivalirudin Angioplasty Study. Am Heart J 2001; 142: 952-9
15. Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Kleiman NS, et al. Comparison of bivalirudin versus heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention (the Randomized Evaluation of PCI Linking Angiomax to Reduced Clinical Events [REPLACE]-1 trial). Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 1092-6
16. Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Harrington RA, et al. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 853-63
17. Lincoff AM, Kleiman NS, Kereiakes DJ, et al., for the REPLACE-2 Investigators. Long-term efficacy of bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade vs heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary revascularization: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 696-703
18. Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR, Anand SS, et al. Adverse impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2006; 114: 774-82
19. Feit F, Voeltz M, Attubato M, et al. Predictors and impact hemorrhage on mortality following PCI (from the REPLACE-2 trial). Am J Cardiol. In press
20. Ebrahimi R, Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, et al. Bivalirudin vs heparin in percutaneous coronary intervention: a pooled analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2005; 10: 209-16
21. Cohen DJ, Lincoff AM, Lavelle TA, et al. Economic evaluation of bivalirudin with provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition versus heparin with routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition for percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the REPLACE-2 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1792-800
22. Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2203-16
23. Kirtane AJ, Piazza G, Murphy SA, et al. Correlates of bleeding events among moderate- to high-risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and treated with eptifibatide: observations from the PROTECT-TIMI-30 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 2374-9
24. Antman EM, for the TIMI 9A Investigators. Hirudin in acute myocardial infarction: safety report from the Thrombolysis and Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 9A trial. Circulation 1994; 90: 1624-30
25. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) IIa Investigators. Randomized trial of intravenous heparin versus recombinant hirudin for acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1994; 90: 1631-7
26. Neuhaus KL, von Essen R, Tebbe U, et al. Safety observations from the pilot phase of the randomized r-Hirudin for Improvement of Thrombolysis (HIT-III) study: a study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender Kardiologischer Krankenhausärzte (ALKK). Circulation 1994; 90: 1638-42
27. Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Henry TD, et al., for the TIMI 5 Investigators. A pilot trial of recombinant desulfatohirudin compared with heparin in conjunction with tissue-type plasminogen activator and aspirin for acute myocardial infarction: results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 5 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 993-1003
28. Antman EM, for the TIMI 9B Investigators. Hirudin in acute myocardial infarction: Thrombolysis and Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 9B trial. Circulation 1996; 94: 911-21
29. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) IIB Investigators. A comparison of recombinant hirudin with heparin for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes: the Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) IIB investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 775-82
30. Neuhaus KL, Molhoek GP, Zeymer U, et al., for the HIT-4 Investigators. Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) for the improvement of thrombolysis with streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction: results of the HIT-4 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 966-73
31. Zeymer U, Schroder R, Tebbe U, et al. Non-invasive detection of early infarct vessel patency by resolution of ST-segment elevation in patients with thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: results of the angiographic substudy of the Hirudin for Improvement of Thrombolysis (HIT)-4 trial. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 769-75
32. The Hirulog and Early Reperfusion or Occlusion (HERO)-2 Trial Investigators. Thrombin-specific anticoagulation with bivalirudin versus heparin in patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the HERO-2 randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 358: 1855-63
33. Jang I-K, Brown DFM, Giugliano RP, et al., for the MINT Investigators. A multicenter, randomized study of argatroban versus heparin as adjunct to tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in acute myocardial infarction: Myocardial Infarction With Novastan and TPA (MINT) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 1879-85
34. Vermeer F, Vahanian A, Fels PW, et al., for the ARGAMI Study Group. Argatroban and alteplase in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the ARGAMI Study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2000; 10: 233-40
35. Kaplinsky E. Direct antithrombin-argatroban in acute myocardial infarction (ARGAMI-2) in late breaking clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 1-7
36. The Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Trialists' Collaborative Group. Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: principal results of a meta-analysis based on individual patients' data. Lancet 2002; 359: 294-302
37. Stella JF, Stella RE, Iaffaldano RA, et al. Anticoagulation with bivalirudin during percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Invasive Cardiol 2004; 16: 451-4
38. Lincoff AM, Kleiman NS, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. Bivalirudin with planned or provisional abciximab versus low-dose heparin and abciximab during percutaneous coronary revascularization: results of the Comparison of Abciximab Complications with Hirulog for Ischemic Events Trial (CACHET). Am Heart J 2002; 143: 847-53
39. Chew DP, Lincoff AM, Gurm H, et al. Bivalirudin versus heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition among patients with renal impairment undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (a subanalysis of the REPLACE-2 trial). Am J Cardiol 2005; 95: 581-5
40. Mahaffey KW, Lewis BE, Wildermann NM, et al. The anticoagulant therapy with bivalirudin to assist in the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (ATBAT) study: main results. J Invasive Cardiol 2003; 15: 611-6
41. Young G, Yonekawa KE, Nakagawa PA, et al. Differential effects of direct thrombin inhibitors and anti-thrombin-dependent anticoagulants on the dynamics of clot formation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007; 18: 97-103
42. Nielsen VG, Steenwyk BL, Gurley WQ, et al. Argatroban, bivalirudin, and lepirudin do not decrease clot propagation and strength as effectively as heparin activated antithrombin in vitro. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25: 653-63
43. Dyke CM, Smedira NG, Koster A, et al. A comparison of bivalirudin to heparin with protamine reversal in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: the EVOLUTION-ON study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131: 515-6
44. Merry AF, Raudkivi PJ, Middleton NG, et al. Bivalirudin versus heparin and protamine in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77: 925-31