Applying Drug-Eluting Stents in Clinical Practice

American Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 100, Issue 5 SUPPL., 2007, Pages

  King III, Spencer B ^a  

^a PIEDMONT HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; PACLITAXEL; POLYMER; PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; RAPAMYCIN; WARFARIN;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY STENT; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HUMAN; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTENOSIS; SAFETY; THROMBOSIS; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CORONARY RESTENOSIS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; STENTS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUBULIN MODULATORS;

EID: 34547940654     PISSN: 00029149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.06.005     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Gruentzig A.R., King III S.B., Schlumpf M., and Siegenthaler W. Long-term follow-up after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: the early Zurich experience. N Engl J Med 316 (1987) 1127-1132
2. Holmes Jr. D.R., Vliestra R.E., Smith H.C., Vetrovec G.W., Kent K.M., Cowley M.J., Faxon D.P., Gruentzig A.R., Kelsey S.F., Detre K.M., et al. Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA): a report from the PTCA Registry of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Am J Cardiol 53 (1984) 77C-81C
3. Baim D.S. New devices for percutaneous coronary intervention are rapidly making bypass surgery obsolete. Curr Opin Cardiol 19 (2004) 593-597
4. Baim D.S., Kent K.M., King III S.B., Safian R.D., Cowley M.J., Holmes D.R., Roubin G.S., Gallup D., Steenkiste A.R., and Detre K. Evaluating new devices: acute (in-hospital) results from the New Approaches to Coronary Intervention Registry. Circulation 89 (1994) 471-481
5. Fischman D.L., Leon M.B., Baim D.S., Schatz R.A., Savage M.P., Penn I., Detre K., Veltri L., Ricci D., Nobuyoshi M., et al., Stent Restenosis Study Investigators. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 331 (1994) 496-501
6. Serruys P.W., de Jaegere P., Kiemeneij F., Macaya C., Rutsch W., Heyndrickx G., Emanuelsson H., Marco J., Legrand V., Materne P., et al., Benestent Study Group. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 331 (1994) 489-495
7. Ritchie J.L., Maynard C., Every N.R., and Chapko M.K. Coronary artery stenting outcomes in a Medicare population: less emergency bypass surgery and lower mortality rates in patients with stents. Am Heart J 138 pt 1 (1999) 437-440
8. Seshadri N., Whitlow P.L., Achaya N., Houghtaling P., Blackstone E.H., and Ellis S.G. Emergency coronary artery bypass surgery in the contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention era. Circulation 106 (2002) 2346-2350
9. Brophy J.M., Belisle P., and Joseph L. Evidence for use of coronary stents: a hierarchical Bayesian meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 138 (2003) 777-786
10. Nikol S., Huehns T.Y., and Hofling B. Molecular biology and post-angioplasty restenosis. Atherosclerosis 123 (1996) 17-31
11. Mintz G.S., Popma J.J., Pichard A.D., Kent K.M., Satler L.F., Wong C., Hong M.K., Kovach J.A., and Leon M.B. Arterial remodeling after coronary angioplasty: a serial intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 94 (1996) 35-43
12. Haude M., Erbel R., Issa H., and Meyer J. Quantitative analysis of elastic recoil after balloon angioplasty and after intracoronary implantation of balloon-expandable Palmaz-Schatz stents. J Am Coll Cardiol 21 (1993) 26-34
13. Beyar R. Novel approaches to reduce restenosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1015 (2004) 367-378
14. Froeschl M., Olsen S., Ma X., and O'Brien E.R. Current understanding of in-stent restenosis and the potential benefit of drug eluting stents. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord (2004) 103-117
15. Farb A., Sangiorgi G., Carter A.J., Walley V.M., Edwards W.D., Schwartz R.S., and Virmani R. Pathology of acute and chronic coronary stenting in humans. Circulation 99 (1999) 44-52
16. Waksman R., Robinson K.A., Crocker I.R., Wang C., Gravanis M.B., Cipolla G.D., Hillstead R.A., and King III S.B. Intracoronary low-dose beta-irradiation inhibits neointima formation after coronary artery balloon injury in the swine restenosis model. Circulation 92 (1995) 3025-3031
17. King III S.B., Williams D.O., Chougule P., Klein J.L., Waksman R., Hilstead R., Macdonald J., Anderberg K., and Crocker I.R. Endovascular beta-radiation to reduce restenosis after coronary balloon angioplasty: results of the Beta Energy Restenosis Trial (BERT). Circulation 97 (1998) 2025-2030
18. Sousa J.E., Serruys P.W., and Costa M.A. New frontiers in cardiology: drug-eluting stents: part I. Circulation 107 (2003) 2274-2279
19. Serruys P.W., Degertekin M., Tanabe K., Abizaid A., Sousa J.E., Colombo A., Guagliumi G., Wijns W., Lindeboom W.K., Ligthart J., de Feyter P.J., Morice M.C., and RAVEL Study Group. Intravascular ultrasound findings in the multicenter, randomized, double-blind RAVEL (RAndomized study with the sirolimus-eluting VElocity balloon-expandable stent in the treatment of patients with de novo native coronary artery Lesions) trial. Circulation 106 (2002) 798-803
20. Colombo A., Drzewiecki J., Banning A., Grube E., Hauptmann K., Silber S., Dudek D., Fort S., Schiele F., Zmudka K., Guagliumi G., Russell M.E., and TAXUS II Study Group. A randomized study to assess the effectiveness of slow- and moderate-release polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents for coronary artery lesions. Circulation 108 (2003) 788-794
21. Sabate M., Jimenez-Quevedo P., Angiolillo D.J., Gomez-Hospital J.A., Alfonso F., Hernandez-Antolin R., Goicolea J., Banuelos C., Escaned J., Moreno R., et al., DIABETES Investigators. Randomized comparison of sirolimus-eluting stent versus standard stent for percutaneous coronary revascularization in diabetic patients: the Diabetes and Sirolimus-Eluting Stent (DIABETES) Trial. Circulation 112 (2005) 2175-2183
22. Ardissino D., Cavallini C., Bramucci E., Indolfi C., Marzocchi A., Manari A., Angeloni G., Carosio G., Bonizzoni E., Colusso S., Repetto M., Merlini P.A., and SES-SMART Investigators. Sirolimus-eluting vs uncoated stents for prevention of restenosis in small coronary arteries: a randomized trial. JAMA 292 (2004) 2727-2734
23. Stone G.W., Ellis S.G., Cannon L., Tift M.J., Greenberg J.D., Spriggs D., O'Shaughnessy C.D., DeMaio S., Hall P., Popma J.J., Koglin J., Russell M.E., and TAXUS V Investigators. Comparison of a polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent with a bare metal stent in patients with complex coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294 (2005) 1215-1223
24. Dawkins K.D., Grube E., Guagliumi G., Banning A.P., Zmudka K., Colombo A., Thuesen L., Hauptman K., Marco J., Wijns W., and TAXUS VI Investigators. Clinical efficacy of polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents in the treatment of complex, long coronary artery lesions from a multicenter, randomized trial: support for the use of drug-eluting stents in contemporary clinical practice. Circulation 112 (2005) 3306-3313
25. Morice M.C., Serruys P.W., Sousa J.E., Fajadet J., Ban Hayashi E., Perin M., Colombo A., Schuler G., Barragan P., Guagliumi G., Molnar F., Falotico R., and RAVEL Study Group. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 1773-1780
26. Stone G.W., Ellis S.G., Cox D.A., Hermiller J., O'Shaughnessy C., Mann J.T., Turco M., Caputo R., Bergin P., Greenberg J., Popma J.J., Russell M.E., and TAXUS-IV Investigators. One-year clinical results with the slow-release, polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting TAXUS stent: the TAXUS-IV Trial. Circulation 109 (2004) 1942-1947
27. Holmes Jr. D.R., Leon M.B., Moses J.W., Popma J.J., Cutlip D., Fitzgerald P.J., Brown C., Fischell T., Wong S.C., Midei M., Snead D., and Kuntz R.E. Analysis of 1-year clinical outcomes in the SIRIUS trial: a randomized trial of a sirolimus-eluting stent versus a standard stent in patients at high risk for coronary restenosis. Circulation 109 (2004) 634-640
28. Gould K.L., Lipscomb K., and Hamilton G.W. Physiologic basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis. Am J Cardiol 33 (1974) 87-94
29. Kimura T., Yokoi H., Nakagawa Y., Tamura T.T., Kaburagi S., Sawada Y., Sato Y., Yokoi H., Hamasaki N., Nosaka H., and Nobuyoshi M. Three-year follow-up after implantation of metallic coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 561-567
30. Urban P., Gerschlick A.H., Guagliumi G., Guyon P., Lotan C., Schofer J., Seth A., Sousa J.E., Wijns W., Berge C., Deme M., Stoll H.P., and e-Cypher Investigators. Safety of coronary sirolimus-eluting stents in daily clinical practice: one-year follow-up of the e-Cypher registry. Circulation 113 (2006) 1434-1441
31. Cutlip D.E., Chauhan M.S., Baim D.S., Ho K.K., Popma J.J., Carrozza J.P., Cohen D.J., and Kuntz R.E. Clinical restenosis after coronary stenting: perspectives from multicenter clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 (2002) 2082-2089
32. Jimenez-Quevedo P., Sabate M., Angiolillo D.J., Alfonso F., Hernandez-Antolin R., Gomez-Hospital J.A., Sanmartin M., Banuelos C., Moreno R., Escaned J., and DIABETES Investigators. Vascular effects of sirolimus-eluting versus bare-metal stents in diabetic patients: three-dimensional ultrasound results of the Diabetes and Sirolimus-Eluting Stent (DIABETES) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 47 (2006) 2172-2179
33. Fajadet J., Wijns W., Laarman G.J., Kuck K.H., Ormiston J., Munzel T., Popma J.J., Fitzgerald P.J., Bonan R., Kuntz R.E., and ENDEAVOR II Investigators. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of the Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting phosphorylcholine-encapsulated stent for treatment of native coronary artery lesions: clinical and angiographic results of the Endeavor II trial. Circulation 114 (2006) 798-806
34. Cheneau E., Leborgne L., Mintz G.S., Kotani J., Pichard A.D., Satler L.F., Canos D., Castagna M., Weissman N.J., and Waksman R. Predictors of subacute stent thrombosis: results of a systematic intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 108 (2003) 43-47
35. McFadden E., Stabile E., Regar E., Cheneau E., Ong A.T.L., Kinnaird T., Suddath W.O., Weissman N.J., Torguson R., Kent K.M., et al. Late thrombosis in drug-eluting coronary stents after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. [research letter]. Lancet 364 (2004) 1519-1521
36. Moreno R, Fernandez C, Hernandez R, Alfonso F, Banuelos C, Escaned J, Fernadez-Ortiz A, Macaya C. Comparison of sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting coronary stents regarding the risk of stent thrombosis: a meta-analysis from 9 randomized trials. Presented at the World Congress of Cardiology; September 2-5, 2006; Barcelona, Spain. Abstract P4588. Available at: http://www.escardio.org/knowledge/congresses/abol/presentation?id=41587. Accessed January 19, 2007.
37. Leon M.B., Baim D.S., Popma J.J., Gordon P.C., Cutlip D.E., Ho K.K., Giambartolomei A., Diver D.J., Lasorda D.M., Williams D.O., Pocock S.J., and Kuntz R.E. A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronary artery stenting. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 1665-1671
38. Serruys P.W., van Hout B., Bonnier H., Legrand V., Garcia E., Macaya C., Sousa E., van der Giessen W., Colombo A., Seabra-Gomes R., et al., Benestent Study Group. Randomised comparison of implantation of heparin-coated stents with balloon angioplasty in selected patients with coronary artery disease (Benestent I.I.). Lancet 352 (1998) 673-681
39. Serruys P.W., Emanuelsson H., van der Giessen W., Lunn A.C., Kiemeney F., Macaya C., Rutsch W., Heyndrickx G., Suryapranata H., Legrand V., and Benestent-II Study Group. Heparin-coated Palmaz-Schatz stents in human coronary arteries: early outcome of the Benestent-II Pilot Study. Circulation 93 (1996) 412-422
40. Urban P., Macaya C., Rupprecht H.J., Kiemeneij F., Emanuelsson H., Fontanelli A., Pieper M., Wesseling T., and Sagnard L. Randomized evaluation of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy after coronary stent implantation in high-risk patients: the multicenter aspirin and ticlopidine trial after intracoronary stenting (MATTIS). Circulation 98 (1998) 2126-2132
41. LaBlanche J.M., McFadden E.P., Bonnet J.L., Grollier G., Danchin N., Bedossa M., Leclercq C., Vahanian A., Bauters C., Van Belle E., and Bertrand M.E. Combined antiplatelet therapy with ticlopidine and aspirin: a simplified approach to intracoronary stent management. Eur Heart J 17 (1996) 1373-1380
42. Zimarino M., Renda G., and De Caterina R. Optimal duration of antiplatelet therapy in recipients of coronary drug-eluting stents. Drugs 65 (2005) 725-732
43. Smith Jr. S.C., Feldman T.E., Hirshfeld Jr. J.W., Jacobs A.K., Kern M.J., King III S.B., Morrison A., O'Neill W.W., Schaff H.V., Whitlow P.L., et al., American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). Circulation 113 (2006) 156-175
44. Bavry A.A., Kumbhani D.J., Helton T.J., Borek P.P., Mood G.R., and Bhatt D.L. Late thrombosis of drug-eluting stents: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Med 119 (2006) 1056-1061
45. Virmani R., Guagliumi G., Farb A., Musumeci G., Grieco N., Motta T., Mihalcsik L., Tespili M., Valsecchi O., and Kolodgie F.D. Localized hypersensitivity and late coronary thrombosis secondary to a sirolimus-eluting stent: should we be cautious?. Circulation 109 (2004) 701-705
46. Taxus™ stent recall (2004). http://Angioplasty.org [Angioplasty.org Website.] July 20; updated August 9, 2004. Available at: http://www.ptca.org/articles/taxus_recall_frame.html. Accessed January 30, 2007.
47. Weintraub W.S., Ghazzal Z.M., Douglas Jr. J.S., Liberman H.A., Morris D.C., Cohen C.L., and King III S.B. Long-term clinical follow-up in patients with angiographic restudy after successful angioplasty. Circulation 87 (1993) 831-840
48. Lemos P.A., Serruys P.W., van Domburg R.T., Saia F., Arampatzis C.A., Hoye A., Degertekin M., Tanabe K., Daemen J., Liu T.K., et al. Unrestricted utilization of sirolimus-eluting stents compared with conventional bare stent implantation in the "real world": the Rapamycin-Eluting Stent Evaluated At Rotterdam Cardiology Hospital (RESEARCH) Registry. Circulation 109 (2004) 190-195
49. King III S.B., Selzer F., and Detre K. Reintervention in the pre-drug-eluting stent era: one-year target segment revascularization in the NHLBI Dynamic Registry. [abstract]. Circulation 110 suppl 2 (2004) 689
50. Yock C.A., Isbill J.M., and King III S.B. Bare metal stent outcomes in an unselected patient population. Clin Cardiol 29 (2006) 352-356
51. Kuntz R.E., Wang J.C., Mauri L., and Cohen D.J. An evidence-based approach to the use of drug-eluting stents in clinical practice. Am Heart Hosp J 2 (2004) 132-141
52. Goodroe Healthcare Solutions Website. Stent data. Available at: www.goodroe.com/?i=5. Accessed December 12, 2006.
53. Mehran R., Dangas G., Abizaid A.S., Mintz G.S., Lansky A.J., Satler L.F., Pichard A.D., Kent K.M., Stone G.W., and Leon M.B. Angiographic patterns of in-stent restenosis. Circulation 100 (1999) 1872-1878
54. Jimenez-Quevedo P., Sabate M., Angiolillo D.J., Alfonso F., Hernandez-Antolin R., Gomez-Hospital J.A., Sanmartin M., Banuelos C., Moreno R., Escaned J., et al. Efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in diabetic patients with very small vessels (≤2.25 mm): insights from the DIABETES trial. Rev Esp Cardiol 59 (2006) 1000-1007
55. Leimgruber P.P., Roubin G.S., Hollman J., Cotsonis G.A., Meier B., Douglas J.S., King Jr. S.B., and Gruentzig A. Restenosis after successful coronary angioplasty in patients with single-vessel disease. Circulation 73 (1986) 710-717
56. Colombo A., Moses J.W., Morice M.C., Ludwig J., Holmes Jr. D.R., Spanos V., Louvard Y., Desmedt B., Di Mario C., and Leon M.B. Randomized study to evaluate sirolimus-eluting stents implanted at coronary bifurcation lesions. Circulation 109 (2004) 1244-1249
57. Hoye A., Iakovou I., Ge L., van Mieghen C.A., Ong A.T., Sangiorgi G.M., Airoldi F., Montorfano M., Michev I., Chieffo A., et al. Long-term outcomes after stenting of bifurcation lesions with the "crush" technique: predictors of an adverse outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 47 (2006) 1949-1958
58. Ge L., Iakovou I., Cosgrave J., Agostoni P., Airoldi F., Sangiorgi G.M., Michev I., Chieffo A., Montorfano M., Carlino M., Corvaja N., and Colombo A. Treatment of bifurcation lesions with two stents: one year angiographic and clinical follow up of crush versus T stenting. Heart 92 (2006) 371-376
59. Ge L., Iakovou I., Sangiorgi G.M., Chieffo A., Melzi G., Cosgrave J., Montorfano M., Michev I., Airoldi F., Carlino M., Corvaja N., and Colombo A. Treatment of saphenous vein graft lesions with drug-eluting stents: immediate and midterm outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (2005) 984-989
60. Chu W.W., Rha S.W., Kuchulakanti P.K., Cheneau E., Torguson R., Pinnow E., Alexieva-Fournadjiev J., Pichard A.D., Satler L.F., Kent K.M., Lindsay J., and Waksman R. Efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents compared with bare metal stents for saphenous vein graft intervention. Am J Cardiol 97 (2006) 34-37
61. Costa M., Angiolillo D.J., Teirstein P., Gilmore P., Leon M., Moses J., Yakubov S., Carter A., Fischell T., Zenni M., and Bass T. Sirolimus-eluting stents for treatment of complex bypass graft disease: insights from the SECURE registry. J Invasive Cardiol 17 (2005) 396-398
62. Holmes Jr. D.R., Teirstein P., Satler L., Sketch M., O'Malley J., Popma J.J., Kuntz R.E., Fitzgerald P.J., Wang H., Caramanica E., Cohen S.A., and SISR Investigators. Sirolimus-eluting stents vs vascular brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis within bare-metal stents: the SISR randomized trial. JAMA 295 (2006) 1264-1273
63. Radke P.W., Kaiser A., Frost C., and Sigwart U. Outcome after treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis: results from a systematic review using meta-analysis techniques. Eur Heart J 24 (2003) 266-273
64. Stone G.W., Ellis S.G., O'Shaughnessy C.D., Martin S.L., Satler L., McGarry T., Turco M.A., Kereiakes D.J., Kelley L., Popma J.J., Russell M.E., and TAXUS V ISR Investigators. Paclitaxel-eluting stents vs vascular brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis within bare-metal stents: the TAXUS V ISR randomized trial. JAMA 295 (2006) 1253-1263
65. Spaulding C., Henry P., Teiger E., Beatt K., Bramucci E., Carrié D., Slama M.S., Merkely B., Erglis A., Margheri M., et al., TYPHOON Investigators. Sirolimus-eluting versus uncoated stents in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 355 (2006) 1093-1104
66. Laarman G.J., Suttorp M.J., Dirksen M.T., van Heerebeek L., Kiemeneij F., Slagboom T., van der Wieken L.R., Tijssen J.G., Rensing B.J., and Patterson M. Paclitaxel-eluting versus uncoated stents in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med 355 (2006) 1105-1113
67. Cutlip D.E., Chhabra A.G., Baim D.S., Chauhan M.S., Marulkar S., Massaro J., Bakhai A., Cohen D.J., Kuntz R.E., and Ho K.K. Beyond restenosis: five-year clinical outcomes from second-generation coronary stent trials. Circulation 110 (2004) 1226-1230
68. Sianos G., Vaina S., Hoye A., and Serruys P.W. Bifurcation stenting with drug eluting stents: illustration of the crush technique. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 67 (2006) 839-845
69. Collins N., and Dzavik V. A modified balloon crush approach improves side branch access and side branch stent apposition during crush stenting of coronary bifurcation lesions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 68 (2006) 365-371
70. Cutlip D.E., Baim D.S., Kalon K.L., Ho K.K., Popma J.J., Lansky A.J., Cohen D.J., Carrozza Jr. J.P., Chauhan M.S., Rodriguez O., and Kuntz R.E. Stent thrombosis in the modern era: a pooled analysis of multicenter coronary stent clinical trials. Circulation 103 (2001) 1967-1971
71. Iakovou I., Schmidt T., Bonizzoni E., Ge L., Sangiorgi G.M., Stankovic G., Airoldi F., Chieffo A., Montorfano M., Carlino M., et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. JAMA 293 (2005) 2126-2130
72. Park D.-W., Park S.-W., Park K.-H., Lee B.-K., Kim Y.-H., Lee C.W., Hong M.-K., Kim J.-J., and Park S.-J. Frequency of and risk factors for stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation during long-term follow-up. Am J Cardiol 98 (2006) 352-356
73. King III S.B., Dangas G., and Moses J.W. Surgery is preferred for the diabetic with multivessel disease. Circulation 112 (2005) 1500-1515
74. Fuster V, Farkouh M. Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Optional Management of Multivessel Disease (FREEDOM). [ClinicalTrials.gov/National Library of Medicine Website.]. Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00086450?order=3. Accessed November 21, 2006.