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1
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17144421600
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Update on child maltreatment with a special focus on shaken baby syndrome
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Newton AW, Vandeven AM. Update on child maltreatment with a special focus on shaken baby syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr 2005; 17:246-251.
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(2005)
Curr Opin Pediatr
, vol.17
, pp. 246-251
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Newton, A.W.1
Vandeven, A.M.2
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2
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0041708064
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A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children
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Keenan HT, Runyan DK, Marshall SW, et al. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. JAMA 2003; 290:621-626.
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(2003)
JAMA
, vol.290
, pp. 621-626
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Keenan, H.T.1
Runyan, D.K.2
Marshall, S.W.3
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3
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33947166704
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Keenan HT, Hooper SR, Wetherington CE, et al. Neurodevelopmental consequences of early traumatic brain injury in 3-year-old children. Pediatrics 2007; 119:e616-e623. This describes the longest prospective neurodevelopmental follow-up to date of children with inflicted and non-inflicted traumatic brain injury acquired at similar ages. It used socioeconomically matched controls. Once again it is shown that victims of SBS suffer worse outcomes than victims of accidental trauma, even after apparently mild injury. Complete neurodevelopmental follow-up evaluation is therefore essential in all patients.
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Keenan HT, Hooper SR, Wetherington CE, et al. Neurodevelopmental consequences of early traumatic brain injury in 3-year-old children. Pediatrics 2007; 119:e616-e623. This describes the longest prospective neurodevelopmental follow-up to date of children with inflicted and non-inflicted traumatic brain injury acquired at similar ages. It used socioeconomically matched controls. Once again it is shown that victims of SBS suffer worse outcomes than victims of accidental trauma, even after apparently mild injury. Complete neurodevelopmental follow-up evaluation is therefore essential in all patients.
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4
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33845685252
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Late intellectual and academic outcomes following traumatic brain injury sustained during early childhood
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Ewing-Cobbs L, Prasad MR, Kramer L, et al. Late intellectual and academic outcomes following traumatic brain injury sustained during early childhood. J Neurosurg 2006; 105 (4 Suppl):287-296.
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(2006)
J Neurosurg
, vol.105
, Issue.4 SUPPL.
, pp. 287-296
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Ewing-Cobbs, L.1
Prasad, M.R.2
Kramer, L.3
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5
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33644626539
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Late neurologic and cognitive sequelae of inflicted traumatic brain injury in infancy
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Barlow KM, Thomson E, Johnson D, Minns RA. Late neurologic and cognitive sequelae of inflicted traumatic brain injury in infancy. Pediatrics 2005; 116:e174-e185.
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(2005)
Pediatrics
, vol.116
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Barlow, K.M.1
Thomson, E.2
Johnson, D.3
Minns, R.A.4
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6
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0033577041
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Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma
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Jenny C, Hymel KP, Ritzen A, et al. Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma. JAMA 1999; 281:621-626.
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(1999)
JAMA
, vol.281
, pp. 621-626
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Jenny, C.1
Hymel, K.P.2
Ritzen, A.3
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7
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33645030798
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Variation in the diagnosis of child abuse in severely injured infants
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This study suggested that there may be a very high incidence of systematic underdiagnosis of child abuse in general hospitals compared with pediatric hospitals, highlighting the importance of educating all physicians about child abuse
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Trokel M, Waddimba A, Griffith J, Sege R. Variation in the diagnosis of child abuse in severely injured infants. Pediatrics 2006; 117:722-728. This study suggested that there may be a very high incidence of systematic underdiagnosis of child abuse in general hospitals compared with pediatric hospitals, highlighting the importance of educating all physicians about child abuse.
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(2006)
Pediatrics
, vol.117
, pp. 722-728
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Trokel, M.1
Waddimba, A.2
Griffith, J.3
Sege, R.4
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8
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34547871050
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Pediatric ophthalmology inpatient consultations
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Curtis TH, Drack AV, Sands RA. Pediatric ophthalmology inpatient consultations. J AAPOS 2007; 11:87.
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(2007)
J AAPOS
, vol.11
, pp. 87
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Curtis, T.H.1
Drack, A.V.2
Sands, R.A.3
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9
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34147144715
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Nonaccidental head trauma in infants
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Gerber P, Coffman K. Nonaccidental head trauma in infants. Childs Nerv Syst 2007; 23:499-507.
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(2007)
Childs Nerv Syst
, vol.23
, pp. 499-507
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Gerber, P.1
Coffman, K.2
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10
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0033760757
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Kivlin JD, Simons KB, Lazoritz S, Ruttum MS. Shaken baby syndrome. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:1246-1254.
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Kivlin JD, Simons KB, Lazoritz S, Ruttum MS. Shaken baby syndrome. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:1246-1254.
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11
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2442615967
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Analysis of perpetrator admissions to inflicted traumatic brain injury in children
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Starling SP, Patel S, Burke BL, et al. Analysis of perpetrator admissions to inflicted traumatic brain injury in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158:454-458.
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(2004)
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
, vol.158
, pp. 454-458
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Starling, S.P.1
Patel, S.2
Burke, B.L.3
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12
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31344447995
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Age-related incidence curve of hospitalized shaken baby syndrome cases: Convergent evidence for crying as a trigger to shaking
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This study provided evidence for the often cited but unproven claim that inconsolable crying is a major trigger for abuse. Prevention programs should be designed based around this fact
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Barr RG, Trent RB, Cross J. Age-related incidence curve of hospitalized shaken baby syndrome cases: convergent evidence for crying as a trigger to shaking. Child Abuse Negl 2006; 30:7-16. This study provided evidence for the often cited but unproven claim that inconsolable crying is a major trigger for abuse. Prevention programs should be designed based around this fact.
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(2006)
Child Abuse Negl
, vol.30
, pp. 7-16
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Barr, R.G.1
Trent, R.B.2
Cross, J.3
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33845744317
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Biron DL, Shelton D. Functional time limit and onset of symptoms in infant abusive head trauma. J Paediatr Child Health 2007; 43:60-65. This article provides further evidence that the onset of symptoms after shaking is immediate, which helps narrow the list of possible perpetrators. The authors point out the need for more such research involving collaboration among medical, law enforcement and child welfare authorities.
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Biron DL, Shelton D. Functional time limit and onset of symptoms in infant abusive head trauma. J Paediatr Child Health 2007; 43:60-65. This article provides further evidence that the onset of symptoms after shaking is immediate, which helps narrow the list of possible perpetrators. The authors point out the need for more such research involving collaboration among medical, law enforcement and child welfare authorities.
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15
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27944464903
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Perpetrator accounts in infant abusive head trauma brought about by a shaking event
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Biron D, Shelton D. Perpetrator accounts in infant abusive head trauma brought about by a shaking event. Child Abuse Negl 2005; 29:1347-1358.
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(2005)
Child Abuse Negl
, vol.29
, pp. 1347-1358
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Biron, D.1
Shelton, D.2
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33644856846
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Berger RP, Dulani T, Adelson PD, et al. Identification of inflicted traumatic brain injury in well appearing infants using serum and cerebrospinal markers: a possible screening tool. Pediatrics 2006; 117:325-332. A new use of biomarkers to screen for SBS is studied, which has the potential to revolutionize current clinical practice. Milder cases of SBS may become easier to detect, before more severe and irreversible recurrent injury occurs. If implemented, an increased demand for ophthalmology consultations may ensue.
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Berger RP, Dulani T, Adelson PD, et al. Identification of inflicted traumatic brain injury in well appearing infants using serum and cerebrospinal markers: a possible screening tool. Pediatrics 2006; 117:325-332. A new use of biomarkers to screen for SBS is studied, which has the potential to revolutionize current clinical practice. Milder cases of SBS may become easier to detect, before more severe and irreversible recurrent injury occurs. If implemented, an increased demand for ophthalmology consultations may ensue.
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18
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33746168312
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Controversies in nonaccidental head injury in infants
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This is an excellent and concise current review of SBS in a structured question-and-answer type format that mimics court-room cross-examination. It focuses mainly on the brain
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Stoodley N. Controversies in nonaccidental head injury in infants. Br J Radiol 2006; 79:550-553. This is an excellent and concise current review of SBS in a structured question-and-answer type format that mimics court-room cross-examination. It focuses mainly on the brain.
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(2006)
Br J Radiol
, vol.79
, pp. 550-553
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Stoodley, N.1
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0034954630
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Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. II. Microscopic brain injury in infants
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Geddes JF, Vowles GH, Hackshaw AK, et al. Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. II. Microscopic brain injury in infants. Brain 2001; 124:1299-1306.
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(2001)
Brain
, vol.124
, pp. 1299-1306
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Geddes, J.F.1
Vowles, G.H.2
Hackshaw, A.K.3
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20
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0034956453
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Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. I. Patterns of brain damage
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Geddes JF, Hackshaw AK, Vowles GH, et al. Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children. I. Patterns of brain damage. Brain 2001; 124:1290-1298.
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(2001)
Brain
, vol.124
, pp. 1290-1298
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Geddes, J.F.1
Hackshaw, A.K.2
Vowles, G.H.3
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21
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0036143078
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Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in shaken baby syndrome
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Biousse V, Suh DY, Newman NJ, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in shaken baby syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 133:249-255.
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(2002)
Am J Ophthalmol
, vol.133
, pp. 249-255
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Biousse, V.1
Suh, D.Y.2
Newman, N.J.3
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Ichord RN, Naim M, Pollock AN, et al. Hypoxic-ischemic injury complicates inflicted and accidental traumatic brain injury in young children: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:106-118. This was the first study to characterize hypoxic-ischemic injury using diffusion-weighted MRI in young children comparing inflicted with accidental brain injury. It adds to the mounting evidence of the importance of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in SBS.
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Ichord RN, Naim M, Pollock AN, et al. Hypoxic-ischemic injury complicates inflicted and accidental traumatic brain injury in young children: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:106-118. This was the first study to characterize hypoxic-ischemic injury using diffusion-weighted MRI in young children comparing inflicted with accidental brain injury. It adds to the mounting evidence of the importance of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in SBS.
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Berger RP, Adelson PD, Richichi R, Kochanek PM. Serum biomarkers after traumatic and hypoxemic brain injuries: insight into the biochemical response of the pediatric brain to inflicted brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:327-335. This study suggested that the combination of mechanical injury and hypoxemia that occurs in SBS is particularly deleterious to the developing brain, and partly explains the worse outcome compared with accidental trauma.
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Berger RP, Adelson PD, Richichi R, Kochanek PM. Serum biomarkers after traumatic and hypoxemic brain injuries: insight into the biochemical response of the pediatric brain to inflicted brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:327-335. This study suggested that the combination of mechanical injury and hypoxemia that occurs in SBS is particularly deleterious to the developing brain, and partly explains the worse outcome compared with accidental trauma.
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24
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0031779916
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Axonal injury and the neuropathology of shaken baby syndrome
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Shannon P, Smith CR, Deck J, et al. Axonal injury and the neuropathology of shaken baby syndrome. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1998; 95:625-631.
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(1998)
Acta Neuropathol (Berl)
, vol.95
, pp. 625-631
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Shannon, P.1
Smith, C.R.2
Deck, J.3
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25
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0024500374
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The infant whiplash-shake injury syndrome: A clinical and pathological study
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Hadley MN, Sonntag VK, Rekate HL, Murphy A. The infant whiplash-shake injury syndrome: a clinical and pathological study. Neurosurgery 1989; 24:536-540.
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(1989)
Neurosurgery
, vol.24
, pp. 536-540
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Hadley, M.N.1
Sonntag, V.K.2
Rekate, H.L.3
Murphy, A.4
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0035990633
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Pediatric spine and spinal cord injury after inflicted trauma
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Ghatan S, Ellenbogen RG. Pediatric spine and spinal cord injury after inflicted trauma. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2002; 13:227-233.
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(2002)
Neurosurg Clin N Am
, vol.13
, pp. 227-233
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Ghatan, S.1
Ellenbogen, R.G.2
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0037396826
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Nonophthalmologist accuracy in diagnosing retinal hemorrhages in the shaken baby syndrome
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Morad Y, Kim YM, Mian M, et al. Nonophthalmologist accuracy in diagnosing retinal hemorrhages in the shaken baby syndrome. J Pediatr 2003; 142:431-434.
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(2003)
J Pediatr
, vol.142
, pp. 431-434
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Morad, Y.1
Kim, Y.M.2
Mian, M.3
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Characteristics that distinguish accidental from abusive injury in hospitalized young children with head trauma
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Bechtel K, Stoessel K, Leventhal JM, et al. Characteristics that distinguish accidental from abusive injury in hospitalized young children with head trauma. Pediatrics 2004; 114:165-168.
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(2004)
Pediatrics
, vol.114
, pp. 165-168
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Bechtel, K.1
Stoessel, K.2
Leventhal, J.M.3
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0343618363
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Morphometrical analysis of retinal hemorrhages in the shaken baby syndrome
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Betz P, Puschel K, Miltner E, et al. Morphometrical analysis of retinal hemorrhages in the shaken baby syndrome. Forensic Sci Int 1996; 78:71-80.
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(1996)
Forensic Sci Int
, vol.78
, pp. 71-80
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Betz, P.1
Puschel, K.2
Miltner, E.3
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Gnanaraj L, Gilliland MG, Yahya RR, et al. Ocular manifestations of crush head injury in children. Eye 2007; 21:5-10. This retrospective study suggested that extensive retinal hemorrhages, retinal folds or retinoschisis are extremely rare after accidental crush head injury and occur only as part of a severe and fatal scenario. None of the patients in this study exhibited these findings, despite the severity of their crush head injuries.
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Gnanaraj L, Gilliland MG, Yahya RR, et al. Ocular manifestations of crush head injury in children. Eye 2007; 21:5-10. This retrospective study suggested that extensive retinal hemorrhages, retinal folds or retinoschisis are extremely rare after accidental crush head injury and occur only as part of a severe and fatal scenario. None of the patients in this study exhibited these findings, despite the severity of their crush head injuries.
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Incidence, distribution, and duration of birth-related retinal hemorrhages: A prospective study
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Hughes LA, May K, Talbot JF, Parsons MA. Incidence, distribution, and duration of birth-related retinal hemorrhages: a prospective study. J AAPOS 2006; 10:102-106.
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(2006)
J AAPOS
, vol.10
, pp. 102-106
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Hughes, L.A.1
May, K.2
Talbot, J.F.3
Parsons, M.A.4
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0031151973
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Prevalence of retinal hemorrhages in pediatric patients after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A prospective study
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Odom A, Christ E, Kerr N, et al. Prevalence of retinal hemorrhages in pediatric patients after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective study. Pediatrics 1997; 99:E3.
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(1997)
Pediatrics
, vol.99
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Odom, A.1
Christ, E.2
Kerr, N.3
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Are retinal hemorrhages found after resuscitation attempts? A study of the eyes of 169 children
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Gilliland MG, Luckenbach MW. Are retinal hemorrhages found after resuscitation attempts? A study of the eyes of 169 children. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993; 14:187-192.
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(1993)
Am J Forensic Med Pathol
, vol.14
, pp. 187-192
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Gilliland, M.G.1
Luckenbach, M.W.2
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Does valsalva retinopathy occur in infants? An initial investigation in infants with vomiting caused by pyloric stenosis
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Herr S, Pierce MC, Berger RP, et al. Does valsalva retinopathy occur in infants? An initial investigation in infants with vomiting caused by pyloric stenosis. Pediatrics 2004; 113:1658-1661.
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(2004)
Pediatrics
, vol.113
, pp. 1658-1661
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Herr, S.1
Pierce, M.C.2
Berger, R.P.3
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Goldman M, Dagan Z, Yair M, et al. Severe cough and retinal hemorrhage in infants and young children. J Pediatr 2006; 148:835-836. This study of 100 patients refutes recent attempts by SBS skeptics to blame retinal hemorrhages on paroxysmal coughing.
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Goldman M, Dagan Z, Yair M, et al. Severe cough and retinal hemorrhage in infants and young children. J Pediatr 2006; 148:835-836. This study of 100 patients refutes recent attempts by SBS skeptics to blame retinal hemorrhages on paroxysmal coughing.
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0042932646
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Ophthalmologic findings in suspected child abuse victims with subdural hematomas
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Pierre-Kahn V, Roche O, Dureau P, et al. Ophthalmologic findings in suspected child abuse victims with subdural hematomas. Ophthalmology 2003; 110:1718-1723.
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(2003)
Ophthalmology
, vol.110
, pp. 1718-1723
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Pierre-Kahn, V.1
Roche, O.2
Dureau, P.3
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0036345667
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Retinal findings in children with intracranial hemorrhage
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Schloff S, Mullaney PB, Armstrong DC, et al. Retinal findings in children with intracranial hemorrhage. Ophthalmology 2002; 109:1472-1476.
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(2002)
Ophthalmology
, vol.109
, pp. 1472-1476
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Schloff, S.1
Mullaney, P.B.2
Armstrong, D.C.3
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0026440749
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Retinal findings after head trauma in infants and young children
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Buys YM, Levin AV, Enzenauer RW, et al. Retinal findings after head trauma in infants and young children. Ophthalmology 1992; 99:1718-1723.
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(1992)
Ophthalmology
, vol.99
, pp. 1718-1723
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Buys, Y.M.1
Levin, A.V.2
Enzenauer, R.W.3
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Perimacular retinal folds simulating nonaccidental injury in an infant
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This is a very well documented case of perimacular folds and retinoschisis after accidental crush head injury, confirming Lantz's earlier case report that these findings can occur in non-abusive settings under exceptional circumstances
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Lueder GT, Turner JW, Paschall R. Perimacular retinal folds simulating nonaccidental injury in an infant. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124:1782-1783. This is a very well documented case of perimacular folds and retinoschisis after accidental crush head injury, confirming Lantz's earlier case report that these findings can occur in non-abusive settings under exceptional circumstances.
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(2006)
Arch Ophthalmol
, vol.124
, pp. 1782-1783
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Lueder, G.T.1
Turner, J.W.2
Paschall, R.3
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Are there any pathognomonic signs in shaken baby syndrome?
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Obi E, Watts P. Are there any pathognomonic signs in shaken baby syndrome? J AAPOS 2007; 11:99-100.
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(2007)
J AAPOS
, vol.11
, pp. 99-100
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Obi, E.1
Watts, P.2
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Retinal hemorrhages of crush head injury: Learning from outliers
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In this informative editorial, Alex Levin puts recent reports of folds and schisis from accidental crush head injury into perspective and context. He also postulates possible mechanisms by which folds and schisis may occur in crush head injury
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Levin AV. Retinal hemorrhages of crush head injury: learning from outliers. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124:1773-1774. In this informative editorial, Alex Levin puts recent reports of folds and schisis from accidental crush head injury into perspective and context. He also postulates possible mechanisms by which folds and schisis may occur in crush head injury.
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(2006)
Arch Ophthalmol
, vol.124
, pp. 1773-1774
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Levin, A.V.1
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0036742883
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Correlation between retinal abnormalities and intracranial abnormalities in the shaken baby syndrome
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Morad Y, Kim YM, Armstrong DC, et al. Correlation between retinal abnormalities and intracranial abnormalities in the shaken baby syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 134:354-359.
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(2002)
Am J Ophthalmol
, vol.134
, pp. 354-359
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Morad, Y.1
Kim, Y.M.2
Armstrong, D.C.3
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Arlotti SA, Forbes BJ, Dias MS, Bonsall DJ. Unilateral retinal hemorrhages in shaken baby syndrome. J AAPOS 2007; 11:175-178. The largest series of SBS patients with unilateral retinal hemorrhages was studied. The main value of this article is to emphasize again that unilateral retinal hemorrhages do not rule out SBS.
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Arlotti SA, Forbes BJ, Dias MS, Bonsall DJ. Unilateral retinal hemorrhages in shaken baby syndrome. J AAPOS 2007; 11:175-178. The largest series of SBS patients with unilateral retinal hemorrhages was studied. The main value of this article is to emphasize again that unilateral retinal hemorrhages do not rule out SBS.
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0036287688
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Ophthalmology of shaken baby syndrome
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Levin AV. Ophthalmology of shaken baby syndrome. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2002; 13:201-211.
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(2002)
Neurosurg Clin N Am
, vol.13
, pp. 201-211
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Levin, A.V.1
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Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Levin AV, Shafiq A, et al. Postmortem orbital findings in shaken baby syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142:233-240. This groundbreaking article provides the first complete description of the orbital findings in SBS. These findings support the concept that it is the mechanics of shaking itself that causes the ocular lesions seen in SBS. This article may also change the way future autopsies are conducted after SBS, as the orbital findings are quite distinct from accidental trauma, and therefore have forensic value.
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Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Levin AV, Shafiq A, et al. Postmortem orbital findings in shaken baby syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142:233-240. This groundbreaking article provides the first complete description of the orbital findings in SBS. These findings support the concept that it is the mechanics of shaking itself that causes the ocular lesions seen in SBS. This article may also change the way future autopsies are conducted after SBS, as the orbital findings are quite distinct from accidental trauma, and therefore have forensic value.
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Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Murphy CJ, Smith C, et al. Protective ocular mechanisms in woodpeckers. Eye 2007; 21:83-89. This fascinating comparative anatomy study employed a new approach to unraveling the pathogenesis of the ophthalmic injuries in SBS. The findings in woodpeckers support the hypotheses that these injuries are caused by the translation of the vitreous within the globe as well as the globe within the orbit. The emerging concept of decreased scleral rigidity as a risk factor for retinal hemorrhages is also supported.
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Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Murphy CJ, Smith C, et al. Protective ocular mechanisms in woodpeckers. Eye 2007; 21:83-89. This fascinating comparative anatomy study employed a new approach to unraveling the pathogenesis of the ophthalmic injuries in SBS. The findings in woodpeckers support the hypotheses that these injuries are caused by the translation of the vitreous within the globe as well as the globe within the orbit. The emerging concept of decreased scleral rigidity as a risk factor for retinal hemorrhages is also supported.
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3042660171
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Retinal hemorrhages in type I osteogenesis imperfecta after minor trauma
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Ganesh A, Jenny C, Geyer J, et al. Retinal hemorrhages in type I osteogenesis imperfecta after minor trauma. Ophthalmology 2004; 111:1428-1431.
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(2004)
Ophthalmology
, vol.111
, pp. 1428-1431
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Ganesh, A.1
Jenny, C.2
Geyer, J.3
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23244463206
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Preventing abusive head trauma among infants and young children: A hospital-based, parent education program
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Dias MS, Smith K, DeGuehery K, et al. Preventing abusive head trauma among infants and young children: a hospital-based, parent education program. Pediatrics 2005; 115:e470-e477.
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(2005)
Pediatrics
, vol.115
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Dias, M.S.1
Smith, K.2
DeGuehery, K.3
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55
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33748200759
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Large animal models of traumatic injury to the immature brain
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This is a must-read for anyone who uses, or plans to use, animal models to study SBS
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Duhaime AC. Large animal models of traumatic injury to the immature brain. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:380-387. This is a must-read for anyone who uses, or plans to use, animal models to study SBS.
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(2006)
Dev Neurosci
, vol.28
, pp. 380-387
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Duhaime, A.C.1
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56
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Traumatic axonal injury is exacerbated following repetitive closed head injury in the neonatal pig
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Raghupathi R, Mehr MF, Helfaer MA, Margulies SS. Traumatic axonal injury is exacerbated following repetitive closed head injury in the neonatal pig. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21:307-316.
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J Neurotrauma
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