Acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children

Turkish Journal of Hematology

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 41-51

  Rehman, Abdul ^a  

^a Sadiq Public School   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Anti D immunoglobulins; Bone marrow aspiration; Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy; Steroids; Thrombocytopenic purpura

Indexed keywords

ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; FC RECEPTOR; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ANTIBODY; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 4; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PLACEBO; PREDNISONE; RHESUS D ANTIBODY; RITUXIMAB; SORBITOL; SUCROSE; THROMBOCYTE ANTIBODY; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 7; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ANAPHYLAXIS; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; BACKACHE; BLEEDING; BLOOD CELL COUNT; BONE MARROW BIOPSY; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CHILL; CLINICAL OBSERVATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; FAMILY HISTORY; FATIGUE; FEVER; FLOW CYTOMETRY; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GASTRITIS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEADACHE; HEMOLYSIS; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNIZATION; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY FAILURE; MOOD DISORDER; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUTROPENIA; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT CARE; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; PLASMAPHERESIS; PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RELAPSE; RETICULOCYTE COUNT; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SLEEP DISORDER; SPLENECTOMY; THROMBOCYTE AGGLUTINATION; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; THROMBOCYTE VOLUME; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS INFECTION; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 34547828191     PISSN: 13007777     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. George JN, Woolf SH, Raskob GE, Wasser JS, Aledort LM, Ballem PJ, Blanchette VS, Bussel JB, Cines DB, Kelton JG, Lichtin AE, McMillan R, Okerbloom JA, Regan DH, Warrier I. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a practice guideline developed by explicit methods for the American Society of Hematology. Blood 1996;88:3-40.
2. Kuhne T, Buchanan GR, Zimmerman S, Michaels LA, Kohan R, Berchtold W, Imbach P. A prospective comparative study of 2540 infants and children with newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) from the intercontinental childhood ITP study group. J Pediatr 2003;143:605-8.
3. Souid A, Sadowitz PD. Acute childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura Diagnosis and treatment. Clin Pediatr 1995;34:487-94.
4. Hoyle C, Darbyshire P, Eden OB. Idiopathic thrombocytopenia in childhood. Edinburgh experience 1962-82. Scot Med J 1986;31:174-9.
5. Bolton-Maggs PHB. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Arch Dis Child 2000;83:220-2.
6. De Mattia D, Del Principe D, Del Vecchio GC, Jankovic M, Arrighini A, Giordano P, Menichelli A, Mori P, Zecca M, Pession A. Acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: AIEOP consensus guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Haematologica 2000;85:420-4.
7. Walker JH, Walker W. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Arch Dis Childhood. 1961; 36:649-57.
8. Jaybose S, Tugal OL, Ozkaynak MF, Sandoval C. Recurrent immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2006;23:677-82
9. Lilleyman JS. Management of childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1999;105:871-5.
10. Segal JB, Powe NR. Prevalence of immune thrombocytopenia: analyses of administrative data. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:2377-83.
11. Bussel JB. Novel approaches to refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood Rev 2002;16:31-6.
12. Chan H, Moore JC, Finch CN, Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. The IgG subclasses of platelet-associated autoantibodies directed against platelet glycoproteins IIb/IIIa in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2003;122:818-24.
13. McMillan R. Autoantibodies and autoantigens in chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 2000;37:239-48.
14. Coetzee L.M, Pieters H, van Wyk V, Cooper S, Roodt J, De Reys S, Badenhorst P. The effect of monoclonal anti-human-platelet antibodies on platelet kinetics in a baboon model: IgG subclass dependency. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:148-56.
15. Prodinger WN, Wurzner R, Erdei A, Dierich M.P. Complement. In: Paul WE, ed. Fundamental Immunology. Lippincott, New York, 1999.
16. Bussel JB. Fc receptor blockade and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 2000;37:261-6.
17. Clynes R, Ravetch JV. Cytotoxic antibodies trigger inflammation through Fc receptors. Immunity 1995;3:21-6.
18. Clarkson SB, Bussel JB, Kimberly RP, Vnsky JE, Nachman RL, Unkeless JC. Treatment of refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura with an anti-Fc gammareceptor antibody N Engl J Med 1986;314:1236-9.
19. Debre M, Bonnet MC, Fridman WH, Carosella E, Philippe N, Reinert P, Vilmer E, Kaplan C, Teillaud JL, Griscelli C,. Infusion of Fc gamma fragments for treatment of children with acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 1993;342:945-9.
20. Hed J. Role of complement in immune or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1998;424:37-40.
21. Kurata Y, Curd JG, Tamerius JD, McMillan R. Platelet associated complement in chronic ITP. Br J Haematol 1985;60:723-33.
22. Nomura S, Miyazaki Y, Miyake T, Yamaguchi K, Kido H, Kawakatsu T, Fukuroi T, Kagawa H, Suzuki M, Yanabu M. IgG inhibits the increase of platelet-associated C3 stimulated by anti-platelet antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 1993;93:452-5.
23. Ware RE, Zimmerman SA. Anti-D: mechanisms of action. Semin Hematol 1998;35:14-22.
24. Deng R, Balthasar JP. Investigation of antibody-coated liposomes as a new treatment for immune thrombocytopenia. Int J Pharm 2005;304:51-62.
25. Rischewski JR, Imbach P, Paulussen M, Kuhne T. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP): is there a genetic predisposition? Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 47(5 Suppl):678-80.
26. Sood R, Wong W, Jeng M, Zehnder JL. Gene expression profile of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;47 (5 Suppl):675-7.
27. Carcao MD, Blanchette VS, Wakefield CD, Stephens D, Ellis J, Matheson K, Denomme GA. Fcgamma receptor IIa and IIIa polymorphisms in childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2003;120:135-141.
28. Wu KH, Peng CT, Li TC, Wan L, Tsai CH, Lan SJ, Chang MC, Tsal FJ. Interleukin 4, interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 polymorphisms in children with acute and chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2005;128:849-52.
29. Catherine S. Manno Management of Bleeding Disorders in Children Hematology 2005;416-22.
30. Halperin DS, Doyle JJ. Is bone marrow examination justified in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura? Am J Dis Child 1988;142:508-11.
31. Calpin C, Dick P, Poon A, Feldman W. Is bone marrow aspiration needed in acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura to rule out leukemia? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:345-7.
32. Bolton-Maggs PH, Moon I. Assessment of UK practice for management of acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura against published guidelines. Lancet 1997;350:620-3.
33. Vesely S, Buchanan G, Cohen A, Raskob G, George J. Self reported diagnostic and management strategies in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: results of a survey of practicing pediatric hematology-oncology specialists. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2000;22:55-61.
34. Zipursky A, Poon A, Doyle J. Leukemia in Down syndrome: a review. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1992;9:139-149.
35. Watts RG. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a 10-year natural history study at the children's hospital of Alabama. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2004;43:691-702.
36. Schultz Beardsley D, Nathan DG. P1atelet abnormalities in infancy and childhood. In: Nathan DG, Orkin SH, eds. Nathan and Oski's hematology of infancy and childhood. Philadelphia: Saunders Company; 1998. p. 1585-630.
37. Beng H. Chong, Tee Beng Keng. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Advances in the diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 2000;37:249-60.
38. Taub JW, Warrier I, Holtkamp C, Beardsley DS, Lusher JM. Characterization of autoantibodies against the platelet giycoprotein antigens IIb/IIIa in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura. Am J Hematol 1995;48:104-7.
39. Romero-Guzman LT, Lopez-Karpovitch X, Paredes R, Barrales-Benitez O, Piedras J. Detection of platelet-associated immunoglobulin by flow cytometry for the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective study and critical review. Haematologica 2000; 85:627-31.
40. Kuwana M, Kurata Y, Fujimura K, Fujisawa K, Wada H, Nagasawa T, Nomura S, Kojima T, Yagi H, Ikeda Y. Preliminary laboratory based diagnostic criteria for immune thrombocytopenic purpura: evaluation by multi-center prospective study. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:1936-43.
41. Cines DB, Bussel JB, McMillan RB, Zehnder JL. Congenital and Acquired Thrombocytopenia. Hematology 2004:390-406
42. Manco-Johnson MJ, Nuss R, Key N, Moertel C, Jacobson L, Meech S, Weinberg A, Lefkowitz J. Lupus anticoagulant and protein S deficiency in children with postvaricella purpura fulminans or thrombosis. J Pediatr 1996;128:319-23.
43. Nugent DJ. Controversies in the treatment of pediatric immune thrombocytopenias. B1ood Reviews 2002; 16:15-17.
44. Lee MS, Kim WC. Intracranial hemorrhage associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: report of seven patients and a meta-analysis. Neurology 1998;50:1160-3.
45. Butros LJ, Bussel JB. Intracranial hemorrhage in immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a retrospective analysis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003;25:660-4.
46. Dickerhoff R, von Ruecker A. The clinical course of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children who did not receive intravenous immunoglobulins or sustained prednisone treatment. J Pediatr 2000;137:629-32.
47. Tancabelic J, Stout LA, Wetering J. Acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children and adolescents in South Dakota 1998-2004. S D J Med 2005; 58:465-8.
48. Sutor AH, Harms A, Kaufmehl K. Acute immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in childhood: retrospective and prospective survey in Germany. Semin Thromb Hemost 2001;27:253-67.
49. Iyori H, Bessho F, Ookawa H, Konishi S, Shirahata A, Miyazaki S, Fujisawa K, Akatsuka J. Intracranial hemorrhage in children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol 2000;79:691-5.
50. Kuenzlen E, Bauer J, Bertram U, Becker T, Lampert F, Rottger P, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Fatal outcome of acute thrombocytopenic purpura associated with a viral infection in an 11 year old child. Blut 1984;48: 363-7.
51. Suttorp M, Klapperich B, Polchau H, Rister M. Therapieformen bei acuter idiopathischer thrombozytopenischer Purpura im Kindesalter. Pädiatrische Praxis 1989;38:257-64.
52. Imbach P, Wagner HP, Berchtold W, Gaedicke G, Hirt A, Joller P, Mueller-Eckhardt C, Muller B, Rossi E, Barandun S. Intravenous immunoglobulin versus oral corticosteroids in acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Lancet 1985;ii:464-8.
53. Lilleyman JS. Intracranial haemorrhage in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Paediatric Haematology Forum of the British Society for Haematology. Arch Dis Child 1994;71:251-3.
54. Arya LS, Jain Y, Narain S, Choudhry VP, Pati HP. Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage in Children with Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Indian Pediatr 2002;39:468-72.
55. Medeiros D, Buchanan GR. Major hemorrhage in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura: immediate response to therapy and long-term outcome J Pediatr 1998;133:334-9.
56. Gadner H. Management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Rev Clin Exp Hematol 2001;5: 201-21; discussion 311-2.
57. Ahmed S, Siddiqui AK, Shahid RK, Kimpo M, Sison CP, Hoffman MA Prognostic variables in newly diagnosed childhood immune thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol 2004;77:358-62.
58. Bruin M, Bierings M, Uiterwaal C, Revesz T, Bode L, Wiesman ME, Kuijpers T, Tamminga R, de Haas M. Platelet count, previous infection and FCGR2B genotype predict development of chronic disease in newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenia in childhood: results of a prospective study. Br J Haematol 2004; 127:561-7.
59. Lowe E, Buchanan G. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic pupura diagnosed during the second decade of life. J Pediatr 2002;141:253-8.
60. Moser AM, Shalev H, Kapelushnik J. Anti-D exerts a very early response in childhood acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;19:407-11.
61. Ancona KG, Parker RI, Arias MP, Prakash D. Randomized trial of high-dose methylprednisolone versus intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;24:540-4.
62. Duru F, Fisgin T, Yarali N, Kara A. Clinical course of children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura treated with intravenous immunoglobulin G or megadose methylprednisolone or observed without therapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;19:219-25.
63. Sutor AH, Dickerhoff R, Gaedicke G, Pollmann H. Hämostasiologie: Akute postinfektiöse Immunthrombozytopenie im Kindesalter. In: Reinhard D, Creutzig U, Kiess W, Luthardt T, Michalk D, Schmidt E, et al, editors. Leitlinien Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin. Munich: Urban & Fischer; 1999. p. 23-27.
64. Rutter A, Luger TA: High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins: an approach to treat severe immune-mediated and autoimmune diseases of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:1010-24.
65. Blanchette VS, Luke B, Andrew MI. A prospective, randomized trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin G therapy, oral prednisone therapy, and no therapy in childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. J Pediatr 1993;123:989-95.
66. Beck CE, Nathan PC, Parkin PC, Blanchette VS, Macarthur C. Corticosteroids versus intravenous immune globulin for the treatment of acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 2005;147:521-7.
67. Teeling JL, Jansen-Hendriks T, Kuijpers TW, de Haas M, van de Winkel JG, Hack CE. Therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations depends on the immunoglobulin G dimers: studies in experimental immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2001;98:1095-9.
68. Blanchette V, Imbach P, Andrew M. Randomised trial of intravenous immunoglobulin G, intravenous anti-D and oral prednisone in childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 1994;344:703-7.
69. Rosthoj S, Nielsen S, Pedersen FK. Randomized trial comparing intravenous immunoglobulin with methylprednisolone pulse therapy in acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Danish I.T.P. Study Group. Acta Paediatr 1996;85:910-5.
70. Tarantino MD, Madden RM, Fennewald DL, Patel CC, Bertolone SJ. Treatment of childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura with anti-D immune globulin or pooled immune globulin. J Pediatr 1999; 134:21-6.
71. Warrier I, Bussel JB, Valdez L, Barbosa J, Beardsley DS. Safety and efficacy of low dose intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) treatment for infants and children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Low-Dose IVIG Study Group. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1997;19:197-201.
72. Benesch M, Kerbl R, Lackner H, Berghold A, Schwinger W, Triebl-Roth K, Urban C. Low-dose versus high-dose immunoglobulin for primary treatment of acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children: results of a prospective, randomized single-center trial. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003;25:797-800.
73. Wordell CJ Use of intravenous immune globulin therapy: an overview. DICP 1991;25:805-17.
74. Marilyn Hanchett RN. Managingb ITP at Home with MG. Available at http://www.pdsa.org/Conference2005/Hanchett.ppt downloaded on 28-5-2006.
75. Niebanck AE, Kwiatkowski JL, Raffini LJ. Neutropenia following IVIG therapy in pediatric patients with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncoi.2005;27:145-7.
76. Kattamis AC, Shankar S, Cohen AR. Neurologic complications of treatment of childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura with intravenously administered immunoglobulin G. J Pediatr. 1997;130: 281-3.
77. Jayabose S, Mahmoud M, Levendoglu-Tugal O, Sandoval C, Ozkaynak F, Giamelli J Jr, Visintainer P. Corticosteroid prophylaxis for neurologlc complications of intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1999;21:514-7.
78. WHO Pharmaceuticals Newsletter No. 1, 2006. Available at http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/newsletter/PN2006_1.pdf downloaded on 28-5-2006.
79. Scheinfeld NS, John E Godwin Intravenous Immunoglobulin, eMedicine. Last Updated March 10, 2005. Available at http://www.emedicine.com/med/ topic3546.htmdownloaded on 25-5-2006.
80. Normal immunoglobulin. British National Formulary. Available at http://www.bnf.org/bnf/bnf/51/6539.htm downloaded on 20-5-2006.
81. Buchanan G, Holtkamp C. Prednisone therapy for children with newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A randomized clinical trial. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1984;6:355-61.
82. Blanchette V, Carcao M. Childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura: 20 years later. Semin Thromb Hemost 2003;29:595-603.
83. van Hoff J, Ritchey AK. Pulse methylprednisolone therapy for acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Pediatr 1988;113:563-6.
84. Khalifa AS, Tolba KA, el-Alfy MS, Gadallah M, Ibrahim FH. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Egyptian children. Acta Haematol 1993;90:125-9.
85. Ozsoylu S, Irken G, Karabent A. High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone for acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Eur J Haematol 1989;42:431-5.
86. Albayrak D, Islek I, Kalayci AG, Gurses NAcute immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a comparative study of very high oral doses of methylprednisolone and intravenously administered immune globulin. J Pediatr. 1994;125:1004-7.
87. Kumar M, Vik T A, Johnson C S, Southwood M E, Croop J M. Treatment, outcome, and cost of care in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 2005;78:181-7.
88. Tarantino MD, Young G, Bertolone SJ, Kalinyak KA, Sharer FE, Kulkarni R, Lisa C. Weber, Mary L. Davis, Henry Lynn, Diane J. Single dose of Anti-D immune globulin at 75 ug/kg is as effective as intravenous immune globulin at rapidly raising the platelet count in newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children. J Pediatr 2006;148:489-94.
89. Scaradavou A, Woo B, Woloshi B, Cunningham-Rundles S, Ettinger LJ, Aledort LM, Bussel JB. Intravenous anti-D treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura: experience in 272 patients. Blood 1997;89: 2689-700.
90. Gaines A. Acute onset hemoglobinemia and/or hemoglobinuria and sequelae following Rho (D) immune globulin intravenous administration in immune thrombocytopenic purpura patients. Blood 2000;95:2523-9.
91. Christopher K, Horkan C, Barb IT, Arbelaez C, Hodgdon TA, Yodice PC. Rapid irreversible encephalopathy associated with anti-D immune globulin treatment for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 2004;77:299-302.
92. Sandier SG. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. eMedicine. September 9, 2005 available at http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1151.htm downloaded on May 28, 2006.
93. Bengtson K, Skinner M, Ware R. Successful use of anti-CD20 (Rituximab) in severe, life-threatening childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura. J Pediatr 2003;143:670-3.
94. Wang J, Wiley JM, Luddy R, Greenberg J, Feuerstein MA, Bussel JB. Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children assessment of Rituximab treatment. J Pediatr 2005;146:217-21.
95. Eden OB, Lilleyman JS. Guidelines for management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:1056-8.
96. Culic S. Recombinant factor VIIa for refractive haemorrhage in autoimmune idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Hematol 2003;120:909-10.
97. Wrobel G, Dobaczewski G, Patkowski D, Sokol A, Grotthus E. Experiences with recombinant factor VII in the treatment of severe refractory thrombocytopenia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;47 (5 suppl):729-30.
98. Cines DB, Lanchette VSB. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 2002;346:995-1008.
99. Imbach P, Akatsuka J, Blanchette VS, Burek-Kozlowska A, Bussel J, Gaedicke G, Gianella-Borradori A, Gugler E, Hirt A, Imholz B. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is a model for pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmunity. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154: Suppl 4:60-4.