Sexual segregation in vertebrates: Proximate and ultimate causes

Integrative and Comparative Biology

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 245-257

  Ruckstuhl, K E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BOVIDAE; UNGULATA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 34547814167     PISSN: 15407063     EISSN: 15577023     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icb/icm030     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Altringham JD, Senior P. 2005. Social systems and ecology of bats. In: Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P, editors. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: ecology of the two sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 280-302.
2. Barboza PS, Bowyer RT. 2000. Sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: a new gastrocentric hypothesis. J Mammal 81:473-89.
3. Barboza PS, Bowyer RT. 2001. Seasonality of sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: extending the gastrocentric model. Alces 37:275-92.
4. Beier P. 1987. Sex differences in quality of white-tailed deer diets. J Mammal 68:323-9.
5. Bleich VC, Bowyer RT, Wehausen JD. 1997. Sexual segregation in mountain sheep: resources or predation? Wildl Monogr 134:1-50.
6. Bon R. 1991. Social and spatial segregation of males and females in polygamous ungulates: proximate factors. In: Spitz F, Janeau G, Gonzalez G, Aulagnier S, editors. Toulouse, France, Paris: SFEMP-IRGM. p 195-8.
7. Bon R, Campan R. 1996. Unexplained sexual segregation in polygamous ungulates: a defence of an ontogenetic approach. Behav Proc 38:131-54.
8. Bonenfant C, Loe LE, Mysterud A, Langvatn R, Stenseth NC, Gaillard JM, Klein F. 2004. Multiple causes of sexual segregation in European red deer: enlightenments from varying breeding phenology at high and low latitude. P Roy Soc Lond B 271:883-92.
9. Bowyer RT. 1984. Sexual segregation in southern mule deer. J Mammal 65:410-7.
10. Bowyer RT. 2004. Sexual segregation in ruminants: definitions, hypotheses, and implications for conservation and management. J Mammal 85:1039-52.
11. Bowyer RT, Kie JG. 2004. Effects of foraging activity on sexual segregation in mule deer. J Mammal 85:498-504.
12. Bowyer RT, Stewart KM, Wolfe SA, Blundell GM, Lehmkuhl KL, Joy PJ, McDonough TJ, Kie JG. 2002. Assessing sexual segregation in deer. J Wildl Manage 66:536-44.
13. Calhim S, Shi J, Dunbar RIM. 2006. Sexual segregation among feral goats: testing between alternative hypotheses. Anim Behav 72:31-41.
14. Catry P, Phillips RA, Croxall JP. 2005. Sexual segregation in birds: patterns, processes and implications for conservation. In: Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P, editors. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: ecology of the two sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 351-78.
15. Clutton-Brock J, Dennis-Bryan K, Armitage PL, Jewell PA. 1990. Osteology of the Soay sheep. Bull Br Mus Nat Hist 56:1-56.
16. Clutton-Brock TH, Iason GR, Guinness FE. 1987. Sexual segregation and density-related changes in habitat use in male and female red deer (Cervus elaphus). J Zool 211:275-89.
17. Conradt L. 1998. Could asynchrony in activity between the sexes cause intersexual social segregation in ruminant? P Roy Soc Lond B 265:1359-63.
18. Conradt L. 1999. Social segregation is not a consequence of habitat segregation in red deer and feral soay sheep. Anim Behav 57:1151-7.
19. Conradt L. 2005. Definitions, hypotheses, models and measure in the study of animal segregation. In: Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P, editors. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: ecology of the two sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 11-32.
20. Conradt L, Clutton-Brock TH, Thomson D. 1999. Habitat segregation in ungulates: are males forced into suboptimal habitats through indirect competition by females? Oecologia 119:367-77.
21. Conradt L, Gordon IJ, Clutton-Brock TH, Thomson D, Guinness FE. 2001. Could the indirect competition hypothesis explain inter-sexual site segregation in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)? J Zool 254:185-93.
22. Conradt L, Roper TJ. 2000. Activity synchrony and social cohesion: a fisson-fusion model. P Roy Soc Lond B 267:2213-8.
23. Cransac N, Gerard J-F, Maublanc M-L, Pépin D. 1998. An example of segregation between age and sex classes only weakly related to habitat use in mouflon sheep (Ovis gmelini). J Zool 244:371-8.
24. Croft DP, Morrell LJ, Wade AS, Piyapong C, Ioannou CC, Dyer JRG, Chapman BB, Yan W, Krause J. 2006. Predation risk as a driving force for sexual segregation: a cross-population comparison. Am Nat 167:867-78.
25. Dehn MM. 1990. Vigilance for predators: detection and dilution effects. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 26:337-42.
26. du Toit J. 2005. Sex differences in the foraging ecology of large mammalian herbivores. In: Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P, editors. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: ecology of the two sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 35-52.
27. Geist V. 1974. On the relationship of social evolution and ecology in ungulates. Amer Zool 14:205-20.
28. Geist V. 1988. Sexual dimorphism in the Cervidae and its relation to habitat. J Zool 214:45-53.
29. Jakimchuk RD, Ferguson SH, Sopuck LG. 1987. Differential habitat use and sexual segregation in the Central Arctic caribou herd. Can J Zool 65:534-41.
30. Jarman MV, Jarman PJ. 1973. Daily activity of impala. E Afr Wildl J 11:75-92.
31. Jarman PJ. 1974. The social organisation of antelope in relation to their ecology. Behaviour 48:215-67.
32. Jarman P. 1983. Mating system and sexual dimorphism in large, terrestrial, mammalian herbivores. Biol Reviews 58:485-520.
33. Jewell PA. 1997. Survival and behaviour of castrated Soay sheep (Ovis aries) in a feral island population on Hirta, St. Kilda, Scotland. J Zool 243:623-36.
34. Kie JG, Bowyer RT. 1999. Sexual segregation in white-tailed deer: density-dependent changes in use of space, habitat selection, and dietary niche. J Mamm 80:1004-20.
35. Kohlmann SG, Müller DM, Alkon PU. 1996. Antipredator constraints on lactating Nubian ibexes. J Mammal. 77:1122-1131.
36. Krause J, Godin J-GJ. 1996. Phenotypic variability within and between fish shoals. Ecology 77:1586-91.
37. Krause J, Godin JGJ, Brown D. 1996. Size-assortativeness in multi-species fish shoals. J Fish Biol 49:221-5.
38. Krause J, Hartmann N, Pritchard VL. 1999. The influence of nutritional state on shoal choice in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Anim Behav 57:771-5.
39. Lindström K, Ranta E. 1993. Social preference by male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, based on shoal size and sex. Anim Behav 46:1029-31.
40. Loe LE, Irvine RJ, Bonenfant C, Stien A, Langvatn R, Albon SD, Mysterud A, Stenseth NC. 2006. Testing five hypotheses of sexual segregation in an arctic ungulate. J Anim Ecol 75:485-96.
41. MacFarlane AM. 2006. Can the activity budget hypothesis explain sexual segregation in western grey kangaroos? Behaviour 143:1123-43.
42. MacFarlane AM, Coulson G. 2005. Synchrony and timing of breeding influences sexual segregation in western grey and red kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus and Macropus rufus). J Zool 267:419-29.
43. Main MB, Coblentz BE. 1996. Sexual segregation in rocky mountain mule deer. J Wildl Manage 60:497-507.
44. Main MB, du Toit J. 2005. Sex differences in reproductive strategies affect habitat choice in ungulates. In: Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P, editors. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: ecology of the two sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 148-61.
45. Main MB, Weckerly FW, Bleich VC. 1996. Sexual segregation in ungulates: new directions for research. J Mammal 77:449-61.
46. Michelena P, Bouquet PM, Dissac A, Fourcassie V, Lauga J, Gerard JF, Bon R. 2004. An experimental test of hypotheses explaining social segregation in dimorphic ungulates. Anim Behav 68:1371-80.
47. Michelena P, Henric K, Angibault JM, Gautrais J, Lapeyronie P, Porter RH, Deneubourg JL, Bon R. 2005. An experimental study of social attraction and spacing between the sexes in sheep. J Exp Biol 208:4419-26.
48. Michelena P, Noel S, Gautrais J, Gerard JF, Deneubourg JL, Bon R. 2006. Sexual dimorphism, activity budget and synchrony in groups of sheep. Oecologia 148:170-80.
49. Miquelle DG, Peek JM, Van Ballenberghe V. 1992. Sexual segregation in Alaskan moose. Wildl Monogr 122:1-57.
50. Mooring MS, Fitzpatrick TA, Benjamin JE, Fraser IC, Nishihira TT, Reisig DD, Rominger EM. 2003. Sexual segregation in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis candensis mexicana). Behaviour 140:183-207.
51. Mysterud A. 2000. The relationship between ecological segregation and sexual body size dimorphism in large herbivores. Oecologia 124:40-54.
52. Neuhaus P, Ruckstuhl KE. 2002a. Foraging behaviour in Alpine ibex (Capra ibex): consequences of reproductive status, body size, age, and sex. Ecol Ethol Evol 14:373-81.
53. Neuhaus P, Ruckstuhl KE. 2002b. The link between sexual dimorphism, activity budgets, and group cohesion: the case of the plains zebra (Equus burchelli). Can J Zool 80:1437-41.
54. Neuhaus P, Ruckstuhl KE. 2004. Can the activity budget hypothesis explain sexual segregation in desert bighorn sheep? Behaviour 141:513-20.
55. Pérez-Barbería FJ, Gordon IJ. 1998. The influence of sexual dimorphism in body size and mouth morphology on diet selection and sexual segregation in cervids. Acta Vet Hung 46:357-67.
56. Pérez-Barbería FJ, Gordon IJ. 1999. Body size dimorphism and sexual segregation in polygynous ungulates: an experimental test with Soay sheep. Oecologia 120:258-67.
57. Pérez-Barbería FJ, Gordon IJ. 2000. Differences in body mass and oral morphology between the sexes in the Artiodactyla: evolutionary relationships with sexual segregation. Evol Ecol Res 2:667-84.
58. Perez-Barberia FJ, Robertson E, Gordon IJ. 2005. Are social factors sufficient to explain sexual segregation in ungulates? Anim Behav 69:827-34.
59. Robinson CJ, Pitcher TJ. 1989a. Hunger motivation as a promoter of different behaviours within a shoal of herring: selection for homogeneity in fish shoal? J Fish Biol 35:459-60.
60. Robinson CJ, Pitcher TJ. 1989b. The influence of hunger and ration level on shaol density, polarization and swimming speed of herring, Clupea harengus L. J Fish Biol 34:631-3.
61. Ruckstuhl KE. 1998. Foraging behaviour and sexual segregation in bighorn sheep. Anim Behav 56:99-106.
62. Ruckstuhl KE. 1999. To synchronise or not to synchronise: a dilemma for young bighorn males? Behaviour 136:805-18.
63. Ruckstuhl KE, Festa-Bianchet M. 2001. Group choice by subadult male bighorn sheep: trade-offs between foraging efficiency and predator avoidance. Ethology 107:161-72.
64. Ruckstuhl KE, Kokko H. 2002. Modelling sexual segregation in ungulates: effects of group size, activity budgets and synchrony. Anim Behav 64:909-14.
65. Ruckstuhl KE, Manica A, MacColl ADC, Pilkington JG, Clutton-Brock TH. 2006. The effects of castration, sex ratio and population density on social segregation and habitat use in Soay sheep. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 59:694-703.
66. Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P. 2000. Sexual segregation in ungulates: a new approach. Behaviour 137:361-77.
67. Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P. 2002. Sexual segregation in ungulates: a comparative test of three hypotheses. Biol Reviews 77:77-96.
68. Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P, editors. 2005. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: ecology of the two sexes. 1st edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 488.
69. Senior P, Butlin RK, Altringham JD. 2005. Sex and segregation in temperate bats. Proc Roy Soc Lond Series B 272:2467-73.
70. Villaret JC, Bon R. 1995. Social and spatial segregation in Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex) in Bargy, French Alps. Ethology 101:291-300.
71. Watts DP. 2005. Sexual segregation in non-human primates. In: Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P, editors. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: ecology of the two sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 327-47.
72. Weckerly FW. 2001. Are large male Roosevelt elk less social because of aggression? J Mammal 82:414-21.
73. Weckerly F, McFarland K, Ricca M, Meyer K. 2004. Roosevelt elk density and social segregation: foraging behavior and females avoiding larger groups of males. Am Midi Nat 152:386-99.
74. Weckerly FW, Ricca MA, Meyer KP. 2001. Sexual segregation in Roosevelt elk: cropping rates and aggression in mixed-sex groups. J Mammal 82:825-35.
75. Yearsley IM, Perez-Barberia FJ. 2005. Does the activity budget hypothesis explain sexual segregation in ungulates? Anim Behav 69:257-267.