Fear conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence for delayed extinction of autonomic, experiential, and behavioural responses

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Volumn 45, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 2019-2033

  Blechert, Jens ^a   Michael, Tanja ^a   Vriends, Noortje ^a   Margraf, Jürgen ^a   Wilhelm, Frank H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Contingency awareness; Evaluative conditioning; Pavlovian differential fear conditioning; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Skin conductance; US expectancy bias

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BEHAVIOR; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTINGENCY AWARENESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE; ELECTROSTIMULATION; EXPECTANCY; EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING; FEAR; FEAR CONDITIONING; HABITUATION; HUMAN; IMAGE DISPLAY; LEARNING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PARAMETER; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; REINFORCEMENT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STIMULUS; STIMULUS RESPONSE;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; ELECTROSHOCK; EXTINCTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; FEAR; FEMALE; GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE; HABITUATION, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOMETRICS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 34547677777     PISSN: 00057967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.02.012     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Alloy L.B., and Tabachnik N. Assessment of covariation by humans and animals: The joint influence of prior expectations and current situational information. Psychological Review 91 1 (1984) 112-149
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Ayers E.D., White J., and Powell D.A. Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning in combat veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 38 3 (2003) 230-247
4. Baeyens F., Eelen P., Van den Bergh O., and Crombez G. Acquired affective evaluative value: Conservative but not unchangeable. Behaviour Research and Therapy 27 3 (1989) 279-287
5. Blechert, J., Michael, T., Williams, L. S., Purkis, H. M., & Wilhelm, F. H. (in press). When two paradigms meet: Does evaluative learning extinguish in differential fear conditioning? Learning and Motivation.
6. Bouton M.E. Context and ambiguity in the extinction of emotional learning: Implications for exposure therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy 26 2 (1988) 137-149
7. Bouton M.E., Mineka S., and Barlow D.H. A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychological Review 108 (2001) 4-32
8. Brown T.A., DiNardo P.A., and Lehman C.L. Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110 (2001) 49-58
9. Buckley T.C., Blanchard E.B., and Neill W.T. Information processing and PTSD: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review 20 8 (2000) 1041-1065
10. Chan C.K., and Lovibond P.F. Expectancy bias in trait anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105 4 (1996) 637-647
11. Clark R.E., and Squire L.R. Classical conditioning and brain systems: The role of awareness. Science 280 5360 (1998) 77-81
12. Coles M.E., and Heimberg R.G. Memory biases in the anxiety disorders: Current status. Clinical Psychology Review 22 (2002) 587-627
13. Davey G.C.L. A conditioning model of phobias. In: Davey G.C.L. (Ed). Phobias: A handbook of theory, research and treatment (1997), Wiley, Chichester 301-322
14. Davis M., Falls W.A., and Gewirtz J. Neural systems involved in fear inhibition: Extinction and conditioned inhibition. In: Myslobodsky M., and Weiner I. (Eds). Contemporary issues in modelling psychopathology (2000), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 113-141
15. De Houwer J., Thomas S., and Baeyens F. Associative learning of likes and dislikes: A review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning. Psychological Bulletin 127 (2001) 853-869
16. de Jong P.J., Vorage I., and van den Hout M.A. Counterconditioning in the treatment of spider phobia: effects on disgust, fear and valence. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 11 (2000) 1055-1069
17. DiNardo P.A., Brown T.A., and Barlow D.H. Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Lifetime version (ADIS-IV-L) (1994), Graywind, Albany, NY
18. Ehlers A., and Clark D.M. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 (2000) 319-345
19. Ehlers, A., Steil, R., Winter, H., & Foa, E. B. (1996). Übersetzung der posttraumatic diagnostic scale von Foa (1995). Unpublished manuscript, Oxford, UK.
20. Foa E.B., Hembree E.A., Cahill S.P., Rauch S.A.M., Riggs D.S., Feeny N.C., et al. Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: Outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73 5 (2005) 953-964
21. Fowles D.C., Christie M.J., Edelberg R., Grings W.W., Lykken D.T., and Venables P.H. Publications recommendations for electrodermal measurements. Psychophysiology 18 (1981) 232-239
22. Fredrikson M., Annas P., Georgiades A., Hursti T., and Tersman Z. Internal consistency and temporal stability of classically conditioned skin conductance responses. Biological Psychology 35 2 (1993) 153-163
23. Freyberger H.J., Spitzer C., Stieglitz R.D., Kuhn G., Magdeburg N., and Bernstein Carlson E. The Fragebogen (Questionnaire) zu dissoziativen Symptomen (FDS): German adaptation, reliability, and validity of the American Dissociative Experience Scale (DES). Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie 48 6 (1998) 223-229
24. Grillon C. Associative learning deficits increase symptoms of anxiety in humans. Biological Psychiatry 51 (2002) 851-858
25. Grillon C. Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: Aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology. Biological Psychiatry 52 10 (2002) 958-975
26. Grillon C., and Morgan C.A. Fear-potentiated startle conditioning to explicit and contextual cues in Gulf War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108 (1999) 134-142
27. Guthrie R.M., and Bryant R.A. Extinction learning before trauma and subsequent posttraumatic stress. Psychosomatic Medicine 68 2 (2006) 307-311
28. Hautzinger M., Bailer M., Worall H., and Keller F. Beck-depressions-inventar (BDI) (1994), Huber, Bern
29. Hermans, D. (2002). Extinction, reinstatement, and counterconditioning of acquired stimulus valence. In Paper presented at the special interest meeting on human evaluative conditioning. Lignely, Belgium.
30. Hermans D., Dirikx T., Vansteenwegen D., Baeyens F., Van den Bergh O., and Eelen P. Reinstatement of fear responses in human aversive conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43 4 (2005) 533-551
31. Hettema J.M., Annas P., Neale M.C., Kendler K.S., and Fredrikson M. A twin study of the genetics of fear conditioning. Archives of General Psychiatry 60 (2003) 702-708
32. Jackson E.D., Payne J.D., Nadel L., and Jacobs W.J. Stress differentially modulates fear conditioning in healthy men and women. Biological Psychiatry 59 6 (2006) 516-522
33. Laux L., Glanzmann P., Schaffner P., and Spielberger C.D. Das State-Trait-Angstinventar (STAI) (1981), Weinheim-Testgesellschaft, Beltz
34. Liberman L.C., Lipp O.V., Spence S.H., and March S. Evidence for retarded extinction of aversive learning in anxious children. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44 10 (2006) 1491-1502
35. Lipp O.V., Oughton N., and LeLievre J. Evaluative learning in human Pavlovian conditioning: Extinct but still there?. Learning and Motivation 34 (2003) 219-239
36. Lissek S., Powers A.S., McClure E.B., Phelps E.A., Woldehawariat G., Grillon C., et al. Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43 11 (2005) 1391-1424
37. Lovibond P.F. Fear and avoidance: An integrated expectancy model. In: Craske M.G., Hermans D., and Vansteenwegen D. (Eds). Fear and learning. From basic processes to clinical implications (2006), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 117-132
38. Lovibond P.F., Davis N.R., and O'Flaherty A.S. Protection from extinction in human fear conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 10 (2000) 967-983
39. Lovibond P.F., and Shanks D.R. The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: Empirical evidence and theoretical implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 28 (2002) 3-26
40. Margraf, J., Schneider, S., Soeder, N., Neumer, S., & Becker, E. (1996). F-DIPS. Diagnostisches Interview Psychischer Störungen (Forschungsversion). Technische Universität Dresden.
41. Michael T., Ehlers A., and Halligan S.L. Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. Emotion 5 1 (2005) 103-112
42. Michael, T., Blechert, J., Vriends, N., Margraf, J., & Wilhelm, F. H. (in press). Physiological and evaluative responses during aversive conditioning in panic disorder: Resistance to extinction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
43. Morgan C.A., Grillon C., Southwick S.M., Davis M., and Charney D.S. Fear-potentiated startle in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 38 6 (1995) 378-385
44. Neumann D.L., Lipp O.V., and Cory S.E. Conducting extinction in multiple contexts does not necessarily attenuate the renewal of shock expectancy in a fear-conditioning procedure with humans. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 2 (2007) 385-394
45. Ohman A., and Bohlin G. Magnitude and habituation of the orienting reaction as predictors of discriminative electrodermal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 6 4 (1973) 293-299
46. Ohman A., and Bohlin G. The relationship between spontaneous and stimulus-correlated electrodermal responses in simple and discriminative conditioning paradigms. Psychophysiology 10 6 (1973) 589-600
47. Ohman A., Fredrikson M., Hugdahl K., and Rimmo P.A. The premise of equipotentiality in human classical conditioning: Conditioned electrodermal responses to potentially phobic stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 105 4 (1976) 313-337
48. Orr S.P., Metzger L.J., Lasko N.B., Macklin M.L., Peri T., and Pitman R.K. De novo conditioning in trauma-exposed individuals with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 (2000) 290-298
49. Orr S.P., Milad M.R., Metzger L.J., Lasko N.B., Gilbertson M.W., and Pitman R.K. Effects of beta blockade, PTSD diagnosis, and explicit threat on the extinction and retention of an aversively conditioned response. Biological Psychology 73 (2006) 262-271
50. Peri T., Ben-Shakhar G., Orr S.P., and Shalev A.Y. Psychophysiologic assessment of aversive conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 47 (2000) 512-519
51. Pitman R.K. Post-traumatic stress disorder, hormones, and memory. Biological Psychiatry 26 3 (1989) 221-223
52. Pitman R.K., and Orr S.P. Test of the conditioning model of neurosis: Differential aversive conditioning of angry and neutral facial expressions in anxiety disorder patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95 (1986) 208-213
53. Rachman S. The return of fear: Review and prospect. Clinical Psychology Review 9 (1989) 147-168
54. Rau V., DeCola J.P., and Fanselow M.S. Stress-induced enhancement of fear learning: An animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 29 8 (2005) 1207-1223
55. Reiss S. Expectancy model of fear, anxiety, and panic. Clinical Psychology Review 11 2 (1991) 141-153
56. Rescorla R.A. Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. Psychological Bulletin 72 2 (1969) 77-94
57. Rothbaum B.O., and Davis M. Applying learning principles to the treatment of post-trauma reactions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1008 (2003) 112-121
58. Vythilingam M., Lawley M., Collin C., Bonne O., Agarwal R., Hadd K., et al. Hydrocortisone impairs hippocampal-dependent trace eyeblink conditioning in post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 31 1 (2006) 182-188