Significant predictors of test anxiety among students with and without learning disabilities

Journal of Learning Disabilities

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 360-376

  Whitaker Sena, Jolyn D ^a,b   Lowe, Patricia A ^b   Lee, Steven W ^b  

^a Ottawa Public School District   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547397600     PISSN: 00222194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/00222194070400040601     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Alpert, R., & Haber, R. N. (1960). Anxiety in academic achievement situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 207-215.
2. Araki, N. (1992). Test anxiety in elementary and junior high school students in Japan. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 5, 205-215.
3. Beidel, D. C. (1998). Social anxiety disorder: Etiology and early clinical presentation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 27-32.
4. Benson, J. (1998, Spring). Developing a strong program of construct validation: A test anxiety example. Educational Measurement: Issue and Practice, pp. 10-22.
5. Bryan, J. H., Sonnefeld, L. J., & Grabowski, B. (1983). The relationship between fear of failure and learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 6, 217-222.
6. Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (2nd ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
7. Casbarro, J. (2005). Test anxiety and what you can do about it. Port Chester, NY: Dude.
8. Cattell, R. B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis in the behavioral and life sciences. New York: Plenum Press.
9. Chapell, M. S., Blanding, Z. B., Silverstein, M. E., Takahashi, M., Newman, B., Gubi, A., et al. (2005). Test anxiety and academic performance in undergraduate and graduate students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 268-274.
10. Cizek, G., & Burg, S. (2005). Addressing test anxiety in a high-stakes environment: Strategies for classrooms and schools. London: Corwin Press.
11. Deffenbacher, J. L. (1978). Worry, emotionality and task-generated interference in test anxiety. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 248-254.
12. Di Maria, F., & Di Nuovo, S. (1990). Gender differences in social and test anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 525-530.
13. Everson, H. T., Millsap, R. E., & Rodriguez, C. M. (1991). Isolating gender differences in test anxiety: A confirmatory factor analysis of the Test Anxiety Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51, 243-251.
14. Eysenck, M. W. (1992). Anxiety: The cognitive perspective. Hove, UK: Erlbaum.
15. Fan, X., & Thompson, B. (2001). Confidence intervals about score reliability coefficients, please: An EPM guidelines editorial. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 517-531.
16. Feldt, L. S. (1990). The sampling theory for the intraclass reliability coefficient. Applied Measurement in Education, 3, 361-367.
17. Ferrando, P. J., Varea, M. D., & Lorenzo, U. (1999). A psychometric study of the Test Anxiety Scale for Children in a Spanish sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 34-44.
18. Ford, C. E., Pelham, W. E., & Ross, A. O. (1985). Selective attention deficits in high test anxious children: A failure to replicate. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18, 15-18.
19. Friedman, I. A., & Bendas-Jacob, O. (1997). Measuring perceived test anxiety in adolescents: A self-report scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57, 1035-1045.
20. Fulk, B. M., Brigham, F. J., & Lohman, D. A. (1998). Motivation and self-regulation: A comparison of students with learning and behavior problems. Remedial and Special Education, 19, 300-309.
21. Gierl, M. J., & Rogers, W. T. (1996). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Test Anxiety Inventory using Canadian high school students. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 315-324.
22. Hamilton, V. (1975). Socialization anxiety and information processing: A capacity model of anxiety induced performance deficits. In I. G. Sarason & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 2, pp. 45-68). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
23. Hancock, D. R. (2001). Effects of test anxiety and evaluative threat on students' achievement and motivation. The Journal of Educational Research, 94, 284-290.
24. Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
25. Heath, N. L., & Glen, T. (2005). Positive illusory bias and the self-protective hypothesis in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 272-281.
26. Heiman, T., & Precel, K. (2003). Students with learning disabilities in higher education: Academic strategies profile. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36, 248-258.
27. Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58, 47-77.
28. Henson, R. K. (2001). Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates: A conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 177-189.
29. Hill, K. T. (1984). Debilitating motivation and testing: A major educational problem, possible solutions, and policy applications. In P. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: Student motivation (pp. 245-274). New York: Academic Press.
30. Hill, K. T., & Sarason, S. B. (1966). The relation of test anxiety and defensiveness to test and school performance over the elementary school years: A further longitudinal study. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 31, 1-76.
31. Hodapp, V. (1995). The TAI-G: A multidimensional approach to the assessment of test anxiety. In C. Schwarzer & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Stress, anxiety, and coping in academic settings (pp. 95-130). Tübingen, Germany: Francke.
32. Hodapp, V., & Benson, J. (1997). The multidimensionality of test anxiety: A test of different models. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 10, 219-244.
33. Hughes, C. A. (1991). Studying for and taking tests: Self-reported difficulties and strategies for university students with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities, 2, 65-71.
34. Joiner, T. E., Steer, R. A., Beck, A. T., Schmidt, N. B., Rudd, M. D., & Catanzaro, S. J. (1999). Physiological hyperarousal: Construct validity of a central aspect of the tripartite model of depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 290-298.
35. Kamphaus, R. W., & Reynolds, C. R. (2002). Reynolds intellectual screening test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
36. Kashani, J. H., & Orvaschel, H. (1990). A community study of anxiety in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 313-318.
37. Kavale, K. A., & Reece, J. H. (1992). The character of learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 15, 74-94.
38. King, N. J., Mietz, A., Tinney, L., & Ollendick, T. H. (1995). Psychopathology and cognition in adolescents experiencing severe test anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24, 49-54.
39. Kondas, A. (1967). Reduction of examination anxiety and 'stage-fright' by group desensitization and relaxation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 275-281.
40. Kovach, K., Wilgosh, L. R., & Stewin, L. L. (1998). Dealing with test anxiety and underachievement in postsecondary students with learning disabilities. Developmental Disabilities Bulletin, 26, 63-76.
41. Liebert, R. M., & Morris, L. W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20, 975-978.
42. Locker, J., & Cropley, M. (2004). Anxiety, depression, and self-esteem in secondary school children: An investigation into the impact of standard assessment tests (SATs) and other important school examinations. School Psychology International, 25, 333-345.
43. Lowe, P. A., & Lee, S. W. (2005). The Test Anxiety Inventory for Children and Adolescents. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas.
44. Lowe, P. A., Lee, S. W., & DeRuyck, K. A. (2004). An exploratory factor analysis of a new comprehensive measure of test anxiety among elementary and secondary students. Unpublished manuscript.
45. Lowe, P. A., Lee, S. W., Witteborg, K. M., Walthall, K. A., Luhr, M. E., Cullinan, C. M., et al. (2005). The Test Anxiety Inventory for Children and Adolescents (TAICA): Examination of the psychometric properties of a new multidimensional measure of test anxiety among elementary and secondary school students. Manuscript submitted for publication.
46. Lufi, D., Okasha, S., & Cohen, A. (2004). Test anxiety and its effect on personality of students with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27, 176-185.
47. Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
48. McDonald, A. S. (2001). The prevalence and effects of test anxiety in school children. Educational Psychology, 21, 89-99.
49. McKeachie, W. J. (1984). Does anxiety disrupt information processing or does poor information processing lead to anxiety? International Review of Applied Psychology, 33, 187-203.
50. Methia, R. A. (2004). Help your child overcome test anxiety and achieve higher test scores. College Station, TX: VBW.
51. Milloy, M., Winans, D., Jehlen, A., Loschert, K., & O'Neil, J. (2003). No child left behind? National Education Association Today, 21. Retrieved June 11, 2005, from http://www.nea.org/nea today/0305/ cover.html
52. Nicaise, M. (1995). Treating test anxiety: A review of three approaches. Teacher Education and Practice, 11, 65-81.
53. Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
54. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, 20 U.S.C. 70 § 6301 et seq. (2002)
55. Nottelmann, E. D., & Hill, K. T. (1977). Test anxiety and off-task behavior in evaluative situations. Child Development, 48, 225-231.
56. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
57. Paget, K. D., & Reynolds, C. R. (1984). Dimensions, levels, and reliabilities on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale with learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 137-141.
58. Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40.
59. Reynolds, C. R., & Kaiser, S. (1990). Test bias in psychological assessment. In T. B. Gutkin & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), The handbook of school psychology (2nd ed., pp. 487-525). New York: Wiley.
60. Reynolds, C. R., Lowe, P. A., & Saenz, A. L. (1999). The problem of bias in psychological assessment. In C. R. Reynolds & T. B. Gutkin (Eds.), The handbook of school psychology (3rd ed., pp. 549-595). New York: Wiley.
61. Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271-280.
62. Sarason, I. G. (1984). Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to tests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 929-938.
63. Sarason, I. G. (1988). Anxiety, self-preoccupation and attention. Anxiety Research, 1, 3-7.
64. Sarason, S. B., Davidson, K. S., Lighthall, F. F., Waite, R. R., & Ruebush, B. K. (1960). Anxiety in elementary school children. New York: Wiley.
65. Sarason, S. B., Hill, K.T., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1964). A longitudinal study of the relation of test anxiety to performance on in-telligence and achievement tests. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 29(2, Serial No. 7).
66. Scholwinski, E., & Reynolds, C. R. (1985). Dimensions of anxiety among high IQ children. Gifted Child Quarterly, 29, 125-130.
67. Seipp, B., & Schwarzer, C. (1996). Cross-cultural anxiety research. A review. In C. Schwarzer & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Stress, anxiety, and coping in academic settings (pp. 13-68). Tübingen, Germany: Francke.
68. Spielberger, C. D. (1980). Test anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
69. Spielberger, C. D., Gonzalez, H. P., Taylor, C. J., Algaze, B., & Anton, W. D. (1978). Examination stress and anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 5, pp. 167-191). New York: Hemisphere/Wiley.
70. Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1995). Test anxiety: A transactional process model. In C. D. Spielberger & P. R. Vagg (Eds.), Test anxiety: Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 3-14). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
71. Stöber, J., & Pekrun, R. (2004). Advances in test anxiety research. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17, 205-211.
72. Suinn, R. M. (1968). The desensitization of test anxiety by group and individual treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 385-387.
73. Swanson, H. L. (2005). Learning disabilities. In S. W. Lee & P. A. Lowe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of school psychology (pp. 289-293). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
74. Swanson, S., & Howell, C. (1996). Test anxiety in adolescents with learning disabilities and behavior disorders. Exceptional Children, 62, 389-397.
75. Tobias, S. (1979). Anxiety research in educational psychology. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 573-582.
76. Tyron, G. S. (1980). The measurement and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 50, 343-372.
77. Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1989). Test anxiety in elementary and secondary school students. Educational Psychologists, 24, 159-183.
78. Wilkinson, G. S. (1993). Wide range achievement test (3rd ed.). Wilmington, DE: Wide Range.
79. Wine, J. (1971). Test anxiety and direction of attention. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 92-104.
80. Wren, D. G., & Benson, J. (2004). Measuring test anxiety in children: Scale development and internal construct validation. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17, 227-240.
81. Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative and Neurological Psychology, 18, 459-482.
82. Young, F. A., & Brown, M. (1973). Effects of test anxiety and testing conditions on intelligence test scores of elementary school boys and girls. Psychological Reports, 32, 643-649.
83. Zeidner, M. (1998). Test anxiety: The state of the art. New York: Plenum Press.
84. Zeidner, M., & Safir, M. P. (1989). Sex, ethnic, and social differences in test anxiety among Israeli adolescents. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 150, 175-185.
85. Zeidner, M., & Schleyer, E. S. (1999). Test anxiety in intellectually gifted school students. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 12, 163-189.