Two-dimensional modelling of subduction zone anisotropy with application to southwestern Japan

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 170, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 839-856

  Long, Maureen D ^a,c   Hager, Bradford H ^a   de Hoop, Maarten V ^b   van der Hilst, Rob D ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Deformation; Finite element methods; Seismic anisotropy; Shear wave splitting; Subduction zone; Upper mantle

Indexed keywords

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; NEWTONIAN FLUID; PHILIPPINE SEA PLATE; RAY TRACING; RHEOLOGY; S-WAVE; SEISMIC ANISOTROPY; SUBDUCTION ZONE; TRANSVERSE ISOTROPY; TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; VISCOUS FLOW;

ASIA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; JAPAN;

EID: 34547207635     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: 1365246X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03464.x     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Anderson, M.L., Zandt, G., Triep, E., Fouch, M. & Beck S., 2004. Anisotropy and mantle flow in the Chile-Argentina subduction zone from shear wave splitting analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.
2. Ando, M., Ishikawa Y. & Yamazaki, F., 1983. Shear wave polarization anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath Honshu, Japan, J. geophys. Res., 88, 5850-5864.
3. Anglin, D.K. & Fouch, M.J., 2005. Seismic anisotropy in the Izu-Bonin subduction system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.
4. Arcay, D., Tric, E. & Doin, M.P., 2005. Numerical simulations of subduction zones: Effect of slab dehydration on the mantle wedge dynamics, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 149, 133-153.
5. Becker, T.W., Kellogg, J.B., Ekstrom, G. & O'Connell, R.J., 2003. Comparison of azimuthal seismic anisotropy from surface waves and finite strain from global mantle-circulation models, Geophys. J. Int., 155, 696-714.
6. Behn, M.D., Conrad, C.P. & Silver, P.G., 2004. Detection of upper mantle flow associated with the African Superplume, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 224, 259-274.
7. Ben Ismaïl, W. & Mainprice, D., 1998. An olivine fabric database: An overview of upper mantle fabrics and seismic anisotropy, Tectonophysics, 296, 145-157.
8. Billen, M.I. & Gurnis, M., 2001. A low viscosity wedge in subduction zones, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 193, 227-236.
9. Billen, M.I., Gurnis, M. & Simons, M., 2003. Multiscale dynamics of the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone, Geophys. J. Int., 153, 359-388.
10. Blackman, D. & Kendall, J.-M., 2002. Seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle 2. Predictions for current plate boundary flow models, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3.
11. Browaeys, J.T. & Chevrot, S., 2004. Decomposition of the elastic tensor and geophysical applications, Geophys. J. Int., 159, 667-678.
12. Buttles, J. & Olson, P., 1998. A laboratory model of subduction zone anisotropy, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 164, 245-262.
13. Chevrot, S., 2000. Multichannel analysis of shear wave splitting, J. geophys. Res., 105, 21579-21590.
14. Chevrot, S., 2006. Finite-frequency vectorial tomography: A new method for high-resolution imaging of upper mantle anisotropy, Geophys. J. Int., 165, 641-657.
15. Chevrot, S. & Van Der Hilst, R.D., 2003. On the effects of a dipping axis of symmetry on shear wave splitting measurements in a transversely isotropic medium, Geophys. J. Int., 152, 497-505.
16. Chevrot, S., Favier, N. & Komatitsch, D., 2004. Shear wave splitting in three-dimensional anisotropic media, Geophys. J. Int., 159, 711-720.
17. Conder, J.A., Wiens. D.A. & Morris, J., 2002. On the decompression melting structure at volcanic arcs and back-arc spreading centers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29.
18. Conrad, C.P. & Hager, B.H., 1999. Effects of plate bending and fault strength at subduction zones on plate dynamics, J. geophys. Res., 104, 17551-17571.
19. Currie, C.A., Cassidy, J. F., Hyndman, R.D. & Bostock, M. G., 2004. Shear wave anisotropy beneath the Cascadia subduction zone and western North American craton, Geophys. J. Int., 157, 341-353.
20. Eberle, M.A., Grasset, O. & Sotin, C., 2002. A numerical study of the interaction of the mantle wedge, subducting slab, and overriding plate, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 134, 191-202.
21. Elkins Tanton, L.T., Grove, T. L. & Donnelly-Nolan, J., 2001. Hot, shallow melting under the Cascades volcanic arc, Geology, 29, 631-634.
22. Engdahl, E.R., Van Der Hilst, R.D. & Buland, R.P., 1998. Global teleseismic earthquake relocation from improved travel times and procedures for depth determination, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 88, 722-743.
23. Farra, V., 2001. High order perturbations of the phase velocity and polarization of q P and q S waves in anisotropic media, Geophys. J. Int., 147, 93-104.
24. Favier, N. & Chevrot, S., 2003. Sensitivity kernels for shear wave splitting in transverse isotropic media, Geophys. J. Int., 153, 213-228.
25. Favier, N., Chevrot, S. & Komatitsch, D., 2004. Near-field influences on shear wave splitting and traveltime sensitivity kernels, Geophys. J. Int., 156, 467-4482.
26. Fischer, K.M. & Yang, X., 1994. Anisotropy in Kuril-Kamchatka subduction zone structure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 5-8.
27. Fischer, K.M., Fouch, M. J., Wiens, D.A. & Boettcher, M. S., 1998. Anisotropy and flow in Pacific subduction zone back-arcs, Pure appl. Geophys., 151, 463-475.
28. Fischer, K.M., Parmentier, E.M., Stine, A.R. & Wolf, E.R., 2000. Modeling anisotropy and plate-driven flow in the Tonga subduction zone back arc, J. geophys. Res., 105, 16181-16191.
29. Fukao, Y., 1984. Evidence from core-reflected shear waves for anisotropy in the Earth's mantle, Nature, 309, 695-698.
30. Funiciello, F., Faccenna, C., Giardini, D. & Regenauer-Lieb, K., 2003. Dynamics of retreating slabs: 2. Insights from 3-D laboratory experiments, J. geophys. Res., 108, 2207.
31. Funiciello, F., Moroni, M., Piromallo, C., Faccenna, C., Cendese, A. & Bui, H.A., 2006. Mapping mantle flow during retreating subduction: laboratory models analyzed by feature tracking, J. geophys. Res., 111.
32. Gledhill, K. & Gubbins, D., 1996. SKS splitting and the seismic anisotropy of the mantle beneath the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 95, 227-236.
33. Gripp, A.E. & Gordon, R.G., 2002. Young tracks of hot spots and current plate velocities, Geophys. J. Int., 150, 321-361.
34. Gudmundsson, O. & Sambridge, M., 1998. A regionalized upper mantle (RUM) seismic model, J. geophys. Res., 103, 7121-7136.
35. Hall, C., Fischer, K.M., Parmentier, E.M. & Blackman, D.K., 2000. The influence of plate motions on three-dimensional back arc mantle flow and shear wave splitting, J. geophys. Res., 105, 28009-28033.
36. Harmon, N., Forsyth, D. W., Fischer, K.M. & Webb, S.C., 2004. Variations in shear-wave splitting in young Pacific seafloor, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.
37. Hartog, R. & Schwartz, S., 2000. Subduction-induced strain in the upper mantle east of the Mendocino triple junction, California, J. geophys. Res., 105, 7909-7930.
38. Helffrich, G., Wiens, D.A., Vera, E., Barrientos, S., Shore, P., Robertson, S. & Adaros, R., 2002. A teleseismic shear-wave splitting study to investigate mantle flow around South America and implications for plate-driving forces, Geophys. J. Int., 149, F1-F7.
39. Heuret, A. & Lallemand, S., 2005. Plate motions, slab dynamics and back-arc deformation, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 149, 31-51.
40. Holtzmann, B.K., Kohlstedt, D.L., Zimmernman, M.E., Heidelbach, F., Hiraga, T. & Hustoft, J., 2003. Melt segregation and strain partitioning: Implications for seismic anisotropy and mantle flow, Science, 301, 1227-1230.
41. Jech, J. & Pšenčík, I., 1989. First-order perturbation method for anisotropic media, Geophys. J. Int., 99, 369-376.
42. Jung, H. & Karato, S.-I., 2001. Water-induced fabric transitions in olivine, Science, 293, 1460-1463.
43. Kaminski, É., 2002. The influence of water on the development of lattice preferred orientation in olivine aggregates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29.
44. Kaminski, É. & Ribe, N.M., 2001. A kinematic model for recrystallization and texture development in olivine polycrystals, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 189, 253-267.
45. Kaminski, É. & Ribe, N.M., 2002. Timescales for the evolution of seismic anisotropy in mantle flow, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3.
46. Kaminski, É., Ribe, N.M. & Browaeys, J.T., 2004. D-Rex, a program for calculation of seismic anisotropy due to crystal lattice preferred orientation in the convective upper mantle, Geophys. J. Int., 158, 744-752.
47. Karato, S.-i., 1992. On the Lehmann discontinuity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 2255-2258.
48. Karato, S.-i., 2003. Mapping water content in the upper mantle, in Inside the Subduction Factory, pp. 135-152, ed. Eiler, J.M., Am. Geophys. Union. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 138.
49. Katayama, I. & Karato, S., 2007. The effect of water on low temperature rheology of olivine, J. geophys. Res., submitted.
50. Katayama, I., Jung, H. & Karato, S.-i., 2004. New type of olivine fabric from deformation experiments at modest water content and low stress, Geology, 32, 1045-1048.
51. Katayama, I., Karato, S. & Brandon, M., 2005. Evidence of high water content in the deep upper mantle inferred from deformation microstructures, Geology, 33, 613-616.
52. Kelemen, P. B., Rilling, J.L., Parmentier, E.M., Mehl, L. & Hacker, B. R., 2003. Thermal structure due to solid-state flow in the mantle wedge beneath arcs, in Inside the Subduction Factory, pp. 223-276, ed. Eiler, J.M., Am. Geophys. Union. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 138.
53. Kellogg, L.H. & King, S.D., 1997. The effect of temperature dependent viscosity on the structure of new plumes in the mantle: results of a finite element model in a spherical, axisymmetric shell, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 148, 12-26.
54. Kennett, B.L.N. & Engdahl, E.R., 1991. Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification, Geophys. J. Int., 105, 429-465.
55. Kincaid, C. & Griffiths, R.W., 2004. Variability in flow and temperatures within mantle subduction zones, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5.
56. Kincaid, C. & Sacks, I.S., 1997. Thermal and dynamical evolution of the upper mantle in subduction zones, J. geophys. Res., 102, 12295-12315.
57. King, S. D. & Hager, B.H., 1990. The relationship between plate velocity and trench viscosity in Newtonian and power-law subduction calculations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 2409-2412.
58. King, S.D., Raefsky, A. & Hager, B.H., 1990. ConMan: Vectorizing a finite element code for incompressible two-dimensional convection in the Earth's mantle, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 59, 195-207.
59. King, S.K., 1991. The interaction of subducting slabs and the 670 km discontinuity, Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of Technology.
60. Kneller, E.A., van Keken, P.E., Karato, S.-i. & Park, J., 2005. B-type olivine fabric in the mantle wedge: Insights from high-resolution non-Newtonian subduction zone models, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 237, 781-797.
61. Kneller, E.A., Long, M.D., van Keken, P. E., Syracuse, E. & Abers, G., 2006. Olivine fabric transitions and shear-wave anisotropy in the Ryukyu subduction system, Eos Trans. AGU, 87 (52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract U13B-02.
62. Kneller, E.A., van Keken, P.E., Katayama, I. & Karato, S.-i., 2007. Stress, strain, and B-type olivine fabric in the fore-arc mantle: sensitivity tests using high-resolution steady-state subduction zone models, J. geophys Res., 112.
63. Kohlstedt, D.L., Evans, B. & Mackwell, S.J., 1995. Strength of the lithosphere: Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments, J. geophys. Res., 100, 17587-17602.
64. Kumazawa, M. & Anderson, O.L., 1968. Elastic moduli, pressure derivatives, and temperature derivatives of single-crystal olivine and single-crystal forsterite, J. geophys. Res., 74, 5961-5972.
65. Lallemand, S., Heuret, A. & Boutelier, D., 2005. On the relationships between slab dip, back-arc stress, upper plate absolute motion, and crustal nature in subduction zones, Geophys. Geochem. Geosyst., 6.
66. Lassak, T.M., Fouch, M.J., Hall, C.E. & Kaminski, É., 2006. Seismic characterization of mantle flow in subduction systems: Can we resolve a hydrated mantle wedge?Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 243, 632-649.
67. Levin, V., Menke, W. & Park, J., 1999. Shear wave splitting in the Appalachians and the Urals: A case for multilayered anisotropy, J. geophys. Res., 104, 17975-17993.
68. Levin, V., Droznin, D., Park, J. & Gordeev, E., 2004. Detailed mapping of seismic anisotropy with local shear waves in southeastern Kamchatka, Geophys. J. Int., 158, 1009-1023.
69. Li, C., Van Der Hilst, R.D. & Toksöz, M.N., 2006. Constraining P-wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 154, 180-195.
70. Long, M.D. & Van Der Hilst, R.D., 2005. Upper mantle anisotropy beneath Japan from shear wave splitting, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 151, 206-222.
71. Long, M. D. & Van Der Hilst, R.D., 2006. Shear wave splitting from local events beneath the Ryukyu Arc: Trench-parallel anisotropy in the mantle wedge, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 155, 300-312.
72. Long, M.D., de Hoop, M.V. & Van Der Hilst, R.D., 2007. Wave-equation shear wave splitting intensity tomography, Geophys. J. Int., submitted.
73. Malvern, L. E., 1969. Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Media, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
74. Margheriti, L., Nostro, C., Cocco, M. & Amato, A., 1996. Seismic anisotropy beneath the Northern Apennines (Italy) and its tectonic implications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2721-24.
75. McKenzie, D., 1979. Finite deformation during fluid flow, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 58, 689-715.
76. Mensch, T. & Rasolofosaon, P., 1997. Elastic-wave velocities in anisotropic media of arbitrary symmetry - generalization of Thomsen's parameters ε, δ, and γ, Geophys. J. Int., 128, 43064.
77. Mizukami, T., Wallis, S.R. & Yamamoto, J., 2004. Natural examples of olivine lattice preferred orientation patterns with a flow-normal a-axis maximum, Nature, 427, 432-36.
78. Nakajima, J. & Hasegawa A., 2004. Shear-wave polarization anisotropy and subduction-induced flow in the mantle wedge of northern Japan, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 225, 365-77.
79. Nakajima, J., Shimizu, J., Hori, S. & Hasegawa, A., 2006. Shear-wave splitting beneath the southwestern Kurile arc and northeastern Japan arc: A new insight into mantle return flow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.
80. Nakamura, M., Yoshida, Y., Zhao, D., Katao, H. & Nishimura, S., 2003. Three-dimensional P- and S-wave velocity structures beneath the Ryukyu arc, Tectonophysics, 369, 121-143.
81. Park, J. & Levin, V., 2002. Seismic anisotropy: Tracing plate dynamics in the mantle, Science, 296, 485-89.
82. Peyton, V., Levin, V., Park, J., Brandon, M., Lees, J., Gordeev, E. & Ozerov, A., 2001. Mantle flow at a slab edge: Seismic anisotropy in the Kamchatka region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 379-82.
83. Pozgay, S. H., Wiens, D.A., Conder, J.A., Shiobara, H. & Sugioka, H., 2007. Mantle flow throughout the Mariana subduction system from shear wave splitting, Geophys. J. Int., in press.
84. Ribe, N. M., 1992. On the relationship between seismic anisotropy and finite strain, J. geophys. Res., 97, 8737-8748.
85. Rupke, L.H., Phipps Morgan, J., Hort, M. & Connolly, J.A.D., 2004. Serpentine and the subduction zone water cycle, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 223, 17-34.
86. Russo, R.M. & Silver, P.G., 1994. Trench-parallel flow beneath the Nazca Plate from seismic anisotropy, Science, 263, 1105-111.
87. Saltzer, R.L., Gaherty, J. & Jordan, T.H., 2000. How are vertical shear wave splitting measurements affected by variations in the orientation of azimuthal anisotropy with depth? Geophys. J. Int., 141, 374-390.
88. Schulte-Pelkum, V. & Blackman, D.K., 2003. A synthesis of seismic P and S anisotropy, Geophys. J. Int., 154, 166-178.
89. Silver, P.G. & Savage, M.K., 1994. The interpretation of shear-wave splitting parameters in the presence of two anisotropic layers, Geophys. J. Int., 119, 949-963.
90. Skemer, P., Katayama, I. & Karato, S.-i., 2006. Deformation fabrics of the Cima di Gagnone peridotite massif, Central Alps, Switzerland: evidence of deformation at low temperatures in the presence of water, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 152, 43-51.
91. Smith, G.P., Wiens, D.A., Fischer, K.M., Dorman, L.M., Webb, S.C. & Hildebrand, J.A., 2001. A complex pattern of mantle flow in the Lau Backarc, Science, 292, 713-716.
92. Stacey, F. D., 1992. Physics of the Earth, Brookfield Press, Brisbane, Australia.
93. Stern, R.J., 2002. Subduction zones, Rev. Geophys., 40.
94. Syracuse, E.M. & Abers, G.A., 2006. Global compilation of variations in slab depth beneath arc volcanoes and implications, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7.
95. Tackley, P.J., 1993. Effects of strongly temperature-dpendent viscosity on time-dependent, 3-dimensional models of mantle convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2187-2190.
96. Thomsen, L., 1986. Weak elastic anisotropy, Geophysics, 51, 1954-1966.
97. Turcotte, D.L. & Schubert, G., 1982. Geodynamics: Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
98. van Keken, P.E., 2003. The structure and dynamics of the mantle wedge, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 215, 323-338.
99. van Keken, P.E., Kiefer, B. & Peacock, S., 2000. High resolution models of subduction zones: Implications for mantle dehydration reactions and the transport of water into the deep mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3.
100. Wiens, D. A. & Smith, G. P., 2003. Seismological constraints on structure and flow patterns within the mantle wedge, in Inside the Subduction Factory, pp. 59-81, ed. Eiler, J.M., Am. Geophys. Union. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 138.
101. Wolfe, C. J. & Solomon, S. C., 1998. Shear-wave splitting and implications for mantle flow beneath the MELT region of the East Pacific Rise, Science, 280, 1230-1232.
102. Zhang, S. & Karato, S.-i., 1995. Lattice preferred orientation of olivine aggregates deformed in simple shear, Nature, 375, 774-777.
103. Zhong, S., Zuber, M.T., Moresi, L. & Gurnis, M., 2000. Role of temperature-dependent viscosity and surface plates in spherical shell models of mantle convection, J. geophys. Res., 105, 11063-11082.