Pheochromocytoma: Physiopathologic implications and diagnostic evaluation

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1088, Issue , 2006, Pages 346-360

  Zapanti, Evangelia ^a,c   Ilias, Ioannis ^b  

^a ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS   (Greece)

^c NONE   (Greece)

Author keywords

Catecholamines; Computed tomography; CRH; Cytokines; Fluorine radioisotopes; Insulin resistance; Intra adrenal; Magnetic resonance imaging; Octreotide; Pathophysiology; Pheochromocytoma; Positron emission tomography; Radionuclide imaging

Indexed keywords

(3 IODOBENZYL)GUANIDINE; ADRENALIN; ADRENALIN C 11; CATECHOLAMINE; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; FLUORODOPAMINE F 18; FLUOROHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE F 18; HYDROXYEPHEDRINE C 11; IODINE 123; NORADRENALIN; PENTETATE INDIUM IN 111; RADIOISOTOPE; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT;

ADRENAL GLAND; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARAGANGLIOMA; PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; SCINTIGRAPHY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TUMOR LOCALIZATION; ULTRASOUND; ANIMAL; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; SCINTISCANNING;

ANIMALS; CATECHOLAMINES; HUMANS; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIOISOTOPES;

EID: 34447648932     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1366.022     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (99)

1. BORNSTEIN, M.E. et al. 1998. Intraadrenal interactions in the regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis. Endocr. Rev. 19: 101-143.
2. MANASSE, P. 1896. Zur Histologie und Histogenese der primaren Nierengeschwulste. Virchows Archiv. 145: 113-157.
3. SMYTHE, G.A. et al. 1992. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma by simultaneous measurement of urinary excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Clin. Chem. 38: 486-492.
4. MOTTA-RAMIREZ, G.A. et al. 2005. Comparison of CT findings in symptomatic and incidentally discovered pheochromocytomas. Am. J. Roentgenol. 185: 684-688.
5. BEARD, C.M. et al. 1983. Occurrence of pheochromocytoma in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950 through 1979. Mayo Clin. Proc. 58: 802-804.
6. LACK, E.E. 1997. Tumors of the Adrenal Gland and Extra-adrenal Paraganglia. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Washington, D.C.
7. GRUMBACH, M.M. et al. 2003. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). Ann. Intern. Med. 138: 424-429.
8. NEUMANN, H.P. et al. 2002. Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 346: 1459-1466.
9. ILIAS, I. et al. 2004. Current approaches and recommended algorithm for the diagnostic localization of pheochromocytoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 479-491.
10. WILLIAMS, E.D. 1980. In Histological Typing of Endocrine Tumors: 33-39. World Health Organization. Geneva.
11. ARGIRIS, A. et al. 2003. PET scan assessment of chemotherapy response in metastatic paraganglioma. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 26: 563-566.
12. HOFFMAN, B.B. et al. 1990. Catecholamines and sympathomimetic agents. In The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics. A.G. Gilman, et al., Eds.: 187-220. Pergamon Press. New York.
13. BRAVO, E.L. et al. 1993. Pheochromocytoma. In Endocrine Crises. Endocrin. Metab. Clin. North Am. 22: 329-341.
14. STEWART, A.F. et al. 1987. Two forms of parathyroid -like adenylate cyclase stimulating protein derived from tumours associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2: 587-593.
15. FONSECA, V. et al. 1993. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. In Catecholamines. Baillieres Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 7: 510-544.
16. FORTAK, W. et al. 1968. O wystepowaniu komorek chromochlonnych w korze nadnerczy szczurow bialych [On the occurrence of chromophilic cells in the adrenal cortex of white rats]. Endokrynol. Pol. 19: 117-128.
17. KMIEC, B. 1968. Histologiczne i histochemiczne badania nad odbudowa rdzenia nadnerczy po ich enukleacji u szczurow bialych [Histologic and histochemical observations on regeneration of the adrenal medulla after enucleation in white rats]. Folia. Morphol. (Warsz) 27: 238-245.
18. BORNSTEIN, S.R. et al. 1991. Morphological evidence for a close interaction of chromaffin cells with cortical cells within the adrenal gland. Cell Tissue Res. 265: 1-9.
19. BORNSTEIN, S.R. et al. 1990. Effects of splanchnic nerve stimulation on the adrenal cortex may be mediated by chromaffin cells in a paracrine manner. Endocrinology 127: 900-906.
20. EHRHART-BORNSTEIN, M. et al. 1991. Adrenaline stimulates cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P450 mRNA accumulation in bovine adrenocortical cells. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 131: R5-R8.
21. BORNSTEIN, S.R. et al. 1999. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)- and non-ACTH-mediated regulation of the adrenal cortex: neural and immune inputs. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 1729-1736.
22. WHITCOMB, R.W. et al. 1988. Monocytes stimulate cortisol production by cultured human adrenocortical cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 33-38.
23. VOUTILAINEN, R. 1998. Adrenocortical cells are the site of secretion and action of insulin-like growth factors and TNF. Horm. Metab. Res. 30: 432-435.
24. GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, J.A. et al. 1995. Interleukin 1 is expressed in human adrenal gland in vivo. Possible role in a local immune-adrenal axis. Clin. Exp. Immunol . 99: 137-141.
25. GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, J.A. et al. 1994. Interleukin-6 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human adrenal gland in vivo: new clue to a paracrine or autocrine regulation of adrenal function. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79: 1492-1497.
26. GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, J.A. et al. 1996. Human adrenal cells express TNF - mRNA: evidence for a paracrine control of adrenal function. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81: 807-813.
27. KONTOGEORGOS, G. et al. 2002. Growth factors and cytokines in paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas, with special reference to sustentacular cells. Endocr. Pathol. 13: 197-206.
28. JUDD, A.M. 1998. Cytokine expression in the rat adrenal cortex. Horm. Metab. Res. 30: 404-410.
29. MARX, C. et al. 1998. Regulation of adrenocortical function by cytokines: relevance for immune-endocrine interaction. Horm. Metab. Res. 30: 416-442.
30. EREM, C. et al. 2005. Pheochromocytoma combined with pre-clinical Cushing's syndrome in the same adrenal gland. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 28: 561-565.
31. FINKENSTEDT, G. et al. 1999. Pheochromocytoma and subclinical Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy: diagnosis, medical pre-treatment and cure by laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomy. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 22: 551-557.
32. OTSUKA, F. et al. 2005. An extraadrenal abdominal pheochromocytoma causing ectopic ACTH syndrome. Am. J. Hypertens. 18: 1364-1368.
33. OMURA, M. et al. 1994. A patient with malignant paraganglioma that simultaneously produces adrenocorticotropic hormone and interleukin-6. Cancer 74: 1634-1639.
34. VENIHAKI, M. et al. 1998. KAT 45, a noradrenergic human pheochromocytoma cell line producing corticotropin- releasing hormone. Endocrinology 139: 713-722.
35. BRAVO, E.L. et al. 1984. Pheochromocytoma: diagnosis, localization and management. N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 1298-1303.
36. PLOUIN, P.F. et al. 1981. Le depistage du pheochromocytome: chez quels hypertendus? Etude semiologique chez 2585 hypertendus dont 11 ayant un pheochromocytome [Screening for phaeochromocytoma: in which hypertensive patients? A semiological study of 2585 patients, including 11 with phaeochromocytoma]. Nouv. Presse. Med. 10: 869-872.
37. BRAVO, E.L. et al. 2003. Pheochromocytoma: state-of-the art and future prospects. Endocr. Rev. 24: 539-553.
38. BRAVO, E.L. et al. 1979. Circulating and urinary catecholamines in pheochromocytoma. Diagnostic and pathophysiologic implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 682-686.
39. BRAVO, E.L. et al. 1990. A reevaluation of the hemodynamics of pheochromocytoma. Hypertension 15 (Suppl): 128-131.
40. SODE, J. et al. 1967. Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiomyopathy associated with pheochromocytoma: report of three cases. Am. J. Surg. 114: 927-931.
41. SHIMIZU, C. et al. 2001. Interleukin-6 (Il-6) producing pheochromocytoma: direct Il-6 suppression by non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 54: 405-410.
42. MINETTO, M. et al. 2003. Interleukin-6 producing pheoochromocytoma presenting with acute inflammatory syndrome. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 26: 453-457.
43. AKIRA, S. et al. 1990. Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL 6 and related molecules (IL 1 and TNF). FASEB J. 4: 2860-2867.
44. FUKUMOTO, S. et al. 1991. Pheochromocytoma with pyrexia and marked inflammatory signs: a paraneoplastic syndrome with possible relation to interleukin-6 production. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73: 877-881.
45. SUZUKI, K. et al. 1991. Interleukin-6-producing pheochromocytoma. Acta Haematologica. 85: 217-219.
46. CHUNG, C.H. et al. 2005. Intrahepatic cholestasis as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with pheochromocytoma. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 28: 175-179.
47. BORNSTEIN, S.R. et al. 1996. Expression of interleukin-1 in human pheochromocytoma. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 19: 693-698.
48. TAKAHASHI, K. 2001. Adrenomedullin from a pheochromocytoma to the eye: implications of the adrenomedullin research for endocrinology in the 21st century. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 193: 79-114.
49. WEBBER, J. et al. 1993. Metabolic actions of catecholamines in man. Bailliere's Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 7: 393-413.
50. SACCA, L. et al. 1982. Mechanisms of epinephrine-induced glucose intolerance in normal humans: role of the splanchnic bed. J. Clin. Invest. 69: 284-293.
51. TURNBULL, D.M. et al. 1980. Hormonal and metabolic studies in a patient with pheochromocytoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 930-933.
52. METZ, S.A. et al. 1978. Induction of defective insulin secretion and impaired glucose tolerance by clonidine: selective stimulation of metabolic alpha adrenergic pathways. Diabetes 27: 554-562.
53. LORINI, R. et al. 1983. Pheochromocytoma and diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 19: 275-276.
54. DI PAOLO, S. et al. 1989. Beta-adrenoreceptors desensitization may modulate catecholamine induced insulin resistance in human pheochromocytoma. Diabetes Metab. 15: 409-415.
55. WISNER, T.D. et al. 2003. Improvement of insulin sensitivity after adrenalectomy in patients with pheochromocytoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 3632-3636.
56. DIAMANTI-KANDARAKIS, E. et al. 2003. Insulin resistance in pheochromocytoma improves more by surgical rather by medical treatment. Hormones (Athens) 2: 61-66.
57. PACAK, K. et al. 2001. Recent advances in genetics, diagnosis, localization and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Ann. Intern. Med. 134: 315-329.
58. PEPLINSKI, G.R. et al. 1994. The predictive value of diagnostic tests for pheochromocytoma. Surgery 116: 1101-1110.
59. KOROBKIN, M. et al. 1998. CT time-attenuation washout curves of adrenal adenomas and nonadenomas. Am. J. Roentgenol. 170: 747-752.
60. HONIGSCHNABL, S. et al. 2002. How accurate is MR imaging in characterisation of adrenal masses: update of a long-term study. Eur. J. Radiol. 41: 113-122.
61. MANNELLI, M. et al. 1999. Pheochromocytoma in Italy: a multicentric retrospective study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 142: 619-624.
62. SADHEV, A. et al. 2005. CT and MR imaging of unusual locations of extra-adrenal paragangliomas (pheochromcytomas). Eur. Radiol. 15: 85-92.
63. HIORNS, M.P. et al. 2001. Radiology of neuroblastoma in children. Eur. Radiol. 11: 2071-2081.
64. ARSLAN, H. et al. 2000. Power Doppler scanning in the diagnosis of carotid body tumors. J. Ultrasound Med. 19: 367-370.
65. MOZLEY, P.D. et al. 1994. The efficacy of iodine-123-MIBG as a screening test for pheochromocytoma. J. Nucl. Med. 35: 1138-1144.
66. VAN DER HARST, E. et al. 2001. [(123)I]metaiodobenzylguanidine and [(111)In]octreotide uptake in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 685-693.
67. FURUTA, N. et al. 1999. Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma using [123I]-compared with [131I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy. Int. J. Urol. 6: 119-124.
68. KALTSAS, G. et al. 2001. Comparison of somatostatin analog and metaiodobenzylguanidine radionuclides in the diagnosis and localization of advanced neuroendocrine tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 895-902.
69. ERICKSON, D. et al. 2001. Benign paragangliomas: clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in 236 patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 5210-5216.
70. SHULKIN, B.L. et al. 1992. PET scanning with hydroxyephedrine: an approach to the localization of pheochromocytoma. J. Nucl. Med. 33: 1125-1131.
71. TRAMPAL, C. et al. 2004. Pheochromocytomas: detection with 11C hydroxyephedrine PET. Radiology 230: 423-428.
72. ILIAS, I. et al. 2003. Superiority of 6-[18F]-fluorodopamine positron emission tomography versus [131I]- metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in the localization of metastatic pheochromocytoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 4083-4087.
73. ILIAS, I. et al., 2004. Comparison of 6-[18F]-fluorodopamine positron emission tomography with [123I]- metaiodobenzylguanidine and [111In]-pentetreotide scintigraphy in the localization of pheochromocytoma, ENDO: 86th Annual Meeting of the American Endocrine Society. New Orleans, LA. The Endocrine Society: 452-453.
74. HOEGERLE, S. et al. 2002. Pheochromocytomas: detection with 18F DOPA whole body PET-initial results. Radiology 222: 507-512.
75. HOEGERLE, S. et al. 2003. 18F-DOPA positron emission tomography for the detection of glomus tumours. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 30: 689-694.
76. HOFLAND, L.J. et al. 1999. Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1 and sst2A in human somatostatin receptor positive tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 775-780.
77. REUBI, J.C. et al. 1992. In vitro and in vivo detection of somatostatin receptors in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74: 1082-1089.
78. MUNDSCHENK, J. et al. 2003. Somatostatin receptor subtypes in human pheochromocytoma: subcellular expression pattern and functional relevance for octreotide scintigraphy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 5150-5157.
79. SCHMIDT, M. et al. 2002. Clinical value of somatostatin receptor imaging in patients with suspected head and neck paragangliomas. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 29: 1571-1580.
80. LAMBERTS, S.W. et al. 1990. Somatostatin-receptor imaging in the localization of endocrine tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 323: 1246-1249.
81. KRENNING, E.P. et al. 1993. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]- and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: the Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 20: 716-731.
82. TELISCHI, F.F. et al. 2000. Octreotide scintigraphy for the detection of paragangliomas. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 122: 358-362.
83. DUET, M. et al. 2003. Clinical impact of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of paragangliomas of the head and neck. J. Nucl. Med. 44: 1767-1774.
84. BUSTILLO, A. et al. 2004. Octreotide scintigraphy in the head and neck. Laryngoscope 114: 434-440.
85. MINN, H. et al. 2004. Imaging of adrenal incidentalomas with PET using (11)Cmetomidate and (18)F-FDG. J. Nucl. Med. 45: 972-979.
86. SHULKIN, B.L. et al. 1999. Pheochromocytomas: imaging with 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET. Radiology 212: 35-41.
87. MACFARLANE, D.J. et al. 1995. FDG PET imaging of paragangliomas of the neck: comparison with MIBG SPET. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 22: 1347-1350.
88. WITTEKINDT, C. et al. 1999. FDG PET imaging of malignant paraganglioma of the neck. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 108: 909-912.
89. EZUDDIN, S. et al. 2005. MIBG and FDG PET findings in a patient with malignant pheochromocytoma: a significant discrepancy. Clin. Nucl. Med. 30: 579-581.
90. MAMEDE, M. et al. 2006. Discordant localization of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in 6-[18F]-fluorodopamine- and [123I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine-negative metastatic pheochromocytoma sites. Nucl. Med. Commun. 27: 31-36.
91. BERRY, C.R. et al. 2002. Imaging of pheochromocytoma in 2 dogs using p-[18F] fluorobenzylguanidine. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 43: 183-186.
92. PLACHCINSKA, A. et al. 2003. Clinical usefulness of 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC scintigraphy in oncological diagnostics: a preliminary communication. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 30: 1402-1406.
93. HOFMANN, M. et al. 2001. Biokinetics and imaging with the somatostatin receptor PET radioligand (68)Ga-DOTATOC: preliminary data. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 28: 1751-1757.
94. ANDERSON, C.J. et al. 2001. 64Cu-TETA-octreotide as a PET imaging agent for patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J. Nucl. Med. 42: 213-221.
95. WESTER, H.J. et al. 2003. PET imaging of somatostatin receptors: design, synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a novel 18F-labelled, carbohydrated analogue of octreotide. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 30: 117-122.
96. SCHOTTELIUS, M. et al. 2004. First (18)F-labeled tracer suitable for routine clinical imaging of sst receptor-expressing tumors using positron emission tomography. Clin. Cancer Res. 10: 3593-3606.
97. KOWALSKI, J. et al. 2003. Evaluation of positron emission tomography imaging using [68Ga]-DOTA-D Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-Octreotide in comparison to [111In]-DTPAOC SPECT. First results in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Mol. Imaging Biol. 5: 42-48.
98. GABRIEL, M. et al. 2003. An intrapatient comparison of 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC with 111In-DTPA-octreotide for diagnosis of somatostatin receptor-expressing tumors. J. Nucl. Med. 44: 708-716.
99. MISKULIN, J. et al. 2003. Is preoperative iodine 123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy routinely necessary before initial adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma? Surgery 134: 918-922.