Adrenocortical tumorigenesis

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1088, Issue , 2006, Pages 319-334

  Beuschlein, Felix ^a   Reincke, Martin ^a  

^a LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Activin; Adrenal incidentaloma; Adrenal tumorigenesis; Adrenocortical adenoma; Adrenocortical carcinoma; Conn's syndrome; Cushing's syndrome; Hyperaldosteronism; IGF 1; Inhibin; p53; Steroidogenesis

Indexed keywords

PEPTIDE HORMONE; SOMATOMEDIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ADRENAL CORTEX CARCINOMA; ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMA; CARCINOGENESIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONFERENCE PAPER; HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREVALENCE; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; ADRENAL CORTEX; ADRENAL CORTEX TUMOR; ANIMAL; GENETICS; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ADRENAL CORTEX; ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS; ANIMALS; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; HUMANS; HYPERALDOSTERONISM;

EID: 34447642687     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1366.001     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (112)

1. ABECASSIS, M. et al. 1985. Serendipitous adrenal masses: prevalence, significance, and management. Am. J. Surg. 149: 783-788.
2. HEDELAND, H., G. OSTBERG & B. HOKFELT. 1968. On the prevalence of adrenocortical adenomas in an autopsy material in relation to hypertension and diabetes. Acta Med. Scand. 184: 211-214.
3. PRINZ, R.A. et al. 1982. Incidental asymptomatic adrenal masses detected by computed tomographic scanning. Is operation required? JAMA 248: 701-704.
4. GLAZER, H.S. et al. 1982. Nonfunctioning adrenal masses: incidental discovery on computed tomography. Am. J. Roentgenol. 139: 81-85.
5. BELLDEGRUN, A. et al. 1986. Incidentally discovered mass of the adrenal gland. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 163: 203-208.
6. KLOOS, R.T. et al. 1995. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Endocr. Rev. 16: 460-484.
7. ETTINGHAUSEN, S.E. & M.E. BURT. 1991. Prospective evaluation of unilateral adrenal masses in patients with operable non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 9: 1462-1466.
8. PORTE MD, H.L. et al. 1998. Adrenalectomy for a solitary adrenal metastasis from lung cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 65: 331-335.
9. SIEMER, S. et al. 2004. Adrenal metastases in 1635 patients with renal cell carcinoma: outcome and indication for adrenalectomy. J. Urol. 171: 2155-2159; discussion 2159.
10. ALAMDARI, F.I. & B. LJUNGBERG. 2005. Adrenal metastasis in renal cell carcinoma: a recommendation for adjustment of the TNM staging system. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 39: 277-282.
11. LIPSETT, M.B., R. HERTZ & G.T. ROSS. 1963. Clinical and pathophysiologic aspects of adrenocortical carcinoma. Am. J. Med. 35: 374-383.
12. AHLMAN, H. et al. 2001. Cytotoxic treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. World J. Surg. 25: 927-933.
13. WOOTEN, M.D. & D.K. KING. 1993. Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Epidemiology and treatment with mitotane and a review of the literature. Cancer 72: 3145-3155.
14. FASSNACHT, M.,W. KENN & B. ALLOLIO. 2004. Adrenal tumors: how to establish malignancy? J. Endocrinol. Invest. 27: 387-399.
15. MANTERO, F. et al. 2000. A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 637-644.
16. KOROBKIN, M. et al. 1998. CT time-attenuation washout curves of adrenal adenomas and nonadenomas. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 170: 747-752.
17. PENA, C.S. et al. 2000. Characterization of indeterminate (lipid-poor) adrenal masses: use of washout characteristics at contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology 217: 798-802.
18. KOROBKIN, M. et al. 1995. Characterization of adrenal masses with chemical shift and gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 197: 411-418.
19. HONIGSCHNABL, S. et al. 2002. How accurate is MR imaging in characterisation of adrenal masses: update of a long-term study. Eur. J. Radiol. 41: 113-122.
20. FRILLING, A. et al. 2004. Importance of adrenal incidentaloma in patients with a history of malignancy. Surgery 136: 1289-1296.
21. FARDELLA, C.E. et al. 2000. Primary hyperaldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile, and molecular biology. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 1863-1867.
22. GORDON, R.D. et al. 1993. How common is primary aldosteronism? Is it the most frequent cause of curable hypertension? J. Hypertens. Suppl. 11: S310-S311.
23. LIM, P.O. et al. 1999. Potentially high prevalence of primary aldosteronism in a primary-care population. Lancet 353: 40.
24. MULATERO, P. et al. 2004. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 1045-1050.
25. BLUMENFELD, J.D. et al. 1994. Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism. Ann. Intern. Med. 121: 877-885.
26. STOWASSER, M. et al. 2001. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2: 156-169.
27. YOUNG, W.F., JR. 2003. Minireview: primary aldosteronism - changing concepts in diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinology 144: 2208-2213.
28. TIU, S.C. et al. 2005. The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 72-78.
29. SEILER, L. et al. 2004. Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: value of different screening parameters and influence of antihypertensive medication. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 150: 329-337.
30. AGHARAZII, M. et al. 2001. Captopril suppression versus salt loading in confirming primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 37: 1440-1443.
31. GANGULY, A. 1998. Primary aldosteronism. N. Engl. J. Med. 339: 1828-1834.
32. STOKES, G.S., J.C. MONAGHAN & B.A. MENNIE. 1984. Use of an intravenous sodium load in screening for primary hyperaldosteronism. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 14: 201-207.
33. LINDHOLM, J. et al. 2001. Incidence and late prognosis of Cushing's syndrome: a population-based study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 117-123.
34. URBANIC, R.C. & J.M. GEORGE. 1981. Cushing's disease-18 years' experience. Medicine (Baltimore) 60: 14-24.
35. PUTIGNANO, P. et al. 2003. Midnight salivary cortisol versus urinary free and midnight serum cortisol as screening tests for Cushing's syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 4153-4157.
36. REIMONDO, G. et al. 2005. Evaluation of the effectiveness of midnight serum cortisol in the diagnostic procedures for Cushing's syndrome. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 153: 803-809.
37. REINCKE, M. et al. 1992. Preclinical Cushing's syndrome in adrenal "incidentalomas": comparison with adrenal Cushing's syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75: 826-832.
38. ROSS, N.S. 1994. Epidemiology of Cushing's syndrome and subclinical disease. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 23: 539-546.
39. TERZOLO et al. 1998. Subclinical Cushing's syndrome in adrenal incidentaloma. Clin. Endocrinol. 48: 89-97.
40. TERZOLO, M. et al. 2002. Adrenal incidentaloma: a new cause of the metabolic syndrome? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87: 998-1003.
41. BARZON, L. et al. 2002. Development of overt Cushing's syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 146: 61-66.
42. TERZOLO, M. et al. 2005. Midnight serum cortisol as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with a clinically inapparent adrenal adenoma. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 153: 307-315.
43. ALLOLIO, B. et al. 2004. Management of adrenocortical carcinoma. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 60: 273-287.
44. OSELLA, G. et al. 1994. Endocrine evaluation of incidentally discovered adrenal masses (incidentalomas). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79: 1532-1539.
45. TERZOLO, M. et al. 2000. The value of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate measurement in the differentiation between benign and malignant adrenal masses. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 142: 611-617.
46. GRUMBACH, M.M. et al. 2003. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). Ann. Intern. Med. 138: 424-429.
47. BEUSCHLEIN, F. et al. 1994. Clonal composition of human adrenocortical neoplasms. Cancer Res. 54: 4927-4932.
48. GICQUEL, C. et al. 1994. Clonal analysis of human adrenocortical carcinomas and secreting adenomas. Clin. Endocrinol (Oxf). 40: 465-477.
49. WIEDEMANN, H.R. 1964. Complexe malformatif familial avec hernie ombilicale et macroglossie-un syndrome nouveau? J. Genet. Hum. 13: 223-232.
50. GICQUEL, C. et al. 1994. Rearrangements at the 11p15 locus and overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-II gene in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 78: 1444-1453.
51. BOULLE, N. et al. 1998. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and IGF-binding protein-2 are associated with malignancy in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 1713-1720.
52. GIORDANO, T.J. et al. 2003. Distinct transcriptional profiles of adrenocortical tumors uncovered by DNA microarray analysis. Am. J. Pathol. 162: 521-531.
53. WEBER, M.M. et al. 1997. Insulin-like growth factor receptors in normal and tumorous adult human adrenocortical glands. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 136: 296-303.
54. WEBER, M.M. et al. 1999. Postnatal overexpression of insulin-like growth factor II in transgenic mice is associated with adrenocortical hyperplasia and enhanced steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 140: 1537-1543.
55. HATADA, I. & T. MUKAI. 1995. Genomic imprinting of p57KIP2, a cyclindependent kinase inhibitor, in mouse. Nat. Genet. 11: 204-206.
56. MATSUOKA, S. et al. 1995. p57KIP2, a structurally distinct member of the p21CIP1 Cdk inhibitor family, is a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Genes Dev. 9: 650-662.
57. ZHANG, P. et al. 1997. Altered cell differentiation and proliferation in mice lacking p57KIP2 indicates a role in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Nature 387: 151-158.
58. LIU, J. et al. 1997. Ribonucleic acid expression of the clustered imprinted genes, p57KIP2, insulin-like growth factor II, and H19, in adrenal tumors and cultured adrenal cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82: 1766-1771.
59. BOURCIGAUX, N. et al. 2000. High expression of cyclin E and G1 CDK and loss of function of p57KIP2 are involved in proliferation of malignant sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 322-330.
60. MALKIN, D. et al. 1990. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science 250: 1233-1238.
61. LEVINE, A.J. 1997. p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88: 323-331.
62. RIBEIRO, R.C. et al. 2001. An inherited p53 mutation that contributes in a tissuespecific manner to pediatric adrenal cortical carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 9330-9335.
63. DIGIAMMARINO, E.L. et al. 2002. A novel mechanism of tumorigenesis involving pH-dependent destabilization of a mutant p53 tetramer. Nat. Struct. Biol. 9: 12-16.
64. REINCKE, M. et al. 1994. p53 mutations in human adrenocortical neoplasms: immunohistochemical and molecular studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 78: 790-794.
65. VALE, W. et al. 1986. Purification and characterization of an FSHreleasing protein from porcine ovarian follicular fluid. Nature 321: 776-779.
66. SPENCER, S.J. et al. 1999. Proliferation and apoptosis in the human adrenal cortex during the fetal and perinatal periods: implications for growth and remodeling. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 1110-1115.
67. BILLIAR, R.B. et al. 1999. Functional capacity of fetal zone cells of the baboon fetal adrenal gland: a major source of alpha-inhibin. Biol. Reprod. 61: 142-146.
68. CHEN, Y.G. et al. 2002. Regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis by activin. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood). 227: 75-87.
69. SPENCER, S.J. et al. 1992. Activin and inhibin in the human adrenal gland. Regulation and differential effects in fetal and adult cells. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 142-149.
70. MATZUK, M.M. & A. BRADLEY. 1994. Identification and analysis of tumor suppressor genes using transgenic mouse models. Semin. Cancer Biol. 5: 37-45.
71. BEUSCHLEIN, F. et al. 2003. Activin induces x-zone apoptosis that inhibits luteinizing hormone-dependent adrenocortical tumor formation in inhibin-deficient mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23: 3951-3964.
72. BUCKLEY, D.I. & J. RAMACHANDRAN. 1981. Characterization of corticotropin receptors on adrenocortical cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 7431-7435.
73. YAMAZAKI, T. et al. 1996. 15-lipoxygenase metabolite(s) of arachidonic acid mediates adrenocorticotropin action in bovine adrenal steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 137: 2670-2675.
74. LIN, D. et al. 1995. Role of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. Science 267: 1828-1831.
75. LEHOUX, J.G., A. FLEURY & L. DUCHARME. 1998. The acute and chronic effects of adrenocorticotropin on the levels of messenger ribonucleic acid and protein of steroidogenic enzymes in rat adrenal in vivo. Endocrinology 139: 3913-3922.
76. LYONS, J. et al. 1990. Two G protein oncogenes in human endocrine tumors. Science 249: 655-659.
77. PARMA, J. et al. 1993. Somatic mutations in the thyrotropin receptor gene cause hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas. Nature 365: 649-651.
78. LATRONICO, A.C. et al. 1995. No evidence for oncogenic mutations in the adrenocorticotropin receptor gene in human adrenocortical neoplasms. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80: 875-877.
79. LIGHT, K. et al. 1995. Are activating mutations of the adrenocorticotropin receptor involved in adrenal cortical neoplasia? Life Sci. 56: 1523-1527.
80. REINCKE, M. et al. 1993. No evidence for oncogenic mutations in guanine nucleotide-binding proteins of human adrenocortical neoplasms. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77: 1419-1422.
81. REINCKE, M. et al. 1997. Deletion of the adrenocorticotropin receptor gene in human adrenocortical tumors: implications for tumorigenesis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82: 3054-3058.
82. ZWERMANN, O. et al. 2005. ACTH 1-24 inhibits proliferation of adrenocortical tumors in vivo. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 153: 435-444.
83. SCHIMMER, B.P. et al. 1995. Adrenocorticotropin-resistant mutants of the Y1 adrenal cell line fail to express the adrenocorticotropin receptor. J. Cell. Physiol. 163: 164-171.
84. ROSEN, E.D. & B.M. SPIEGELMAN. 2001. PPARgamma: a nuclear regulator of metabolism, differentiation, and cell growth. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 37731-37734.
85. BETZ, M.J. et al. 2005. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists suppress adrenocortical tumor cell proliferation and induce differentiation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 3886-3896.
86. FERRUZZI, P. et al. 2005. Thiazolidinediones inhibit growth and invasiveness of the human adrenocortical cancer cell line H295R. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 1332-1339.
87. ZHAO, J. et al. 1999. Analysis of genomic alterations in sporadic adrenocortical lesions. Gain of chromosome 17 is an early event in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Am. J. Pathol. 155: 1039-1045.
88. DOHNA, M. et al. 2000. Adrenocortical carcinoma is characterized by a high frequency of chromosomal gains and high-level amplifications. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28: 145-152.
89. KJELLMAN, M. et al. 1996. Genetic aberrations in adrenocortical tumors detected using comparative genomic hybridization correlate with tumor size and malignancy. Cancer Res. 56: 4219-4223.
90. SIDHU, S. et al. 2002. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of adrenocortical tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87: 3467-3474.
91. LACROIX, A. et al. 2001. Ectopic and abnormal hormone receptors in adrenal Cushing's syndrome. Endocr. Rev. 22: 75-110.
92. ARNALDI, G. et al. 1998. Variable expression of the V1 vasopressin receptor modulates the phenotypic response of steroid-secreting adrenocortical tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 2029-2035.
93. AMIGH, K.S. et al. 2005. Elevated expression of luteinizing hormone receptor in aldosterone-producing adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005-1298.
94. MILLINGTON, D.S. et al. 1976. In vitro synthesis of steroids by a feminising adrenocortical carcinoma: effect of prolactin and other protein hormones. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh) 82: 561-571.
95. DANILOWICZ, K. et al. 2002. Androgen-secreting adrenal adenomas. Obstet. Gynecol. 100: 1099-1102.
96. LEINONEN, P. et al. 1991. Testosterone-secreting virilizing adrenal adenoma with human chorionic gonadotrophin receptors and 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 34: 31-35.
97. DE LANGE, W.E., J.J. PRATT & H. DOORENBOS. 1980. A gonadotrophin responsive testosterone producing adrenocortical adenoma and high gonadotrophin levels in an elderly woman. Clin. Endocrinol (Oxf) 12: 21-28.
98. BUGALHO, M.J. et al. 2000. Presence of a Gs alpha mutation in an adrenal tumor expressing LH/hCG receptors and clinically associated with Cushing's syndrome. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 14: 50-54.
99. PABON, J.E. et al. 1996. Novel presence of luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptors in human adrenal glands. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81: 2397-2400.
100. SERON-FERRE, M., C.C. LAWRENCE & R.B. JAFFE. 1978. Role of hCG in regulation of the fetal zone of the human fetal adrenal gland. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 46: 834-837.
101. MAZZUCO, T.L. et al. 2005. Ectopic expression of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor gene is a sufficient genetic event to induce benign adrenocortical tumor in a xenotransplantation model. Endocrinology 147: 782-790.
102. MATZUK, M.M. et al. 1994. Development of cancer cachexia-like syndrome and adrenal tumors in inhibin-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 8817-8821.
103. KANANEN, K. et al. 1996. Gonadectomy permits adrenocortical tumorigenesis in mice transgenic for the mouse inhibin alpha-subunit promoter/simian virus 40 T-antigen fusion gene: evidence for negative autoregulation of the inhibin alpha-subunit gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 10: 1667-1677.
104. WOOLLEY, G.W. & C.C. LITTLE. 1945. The incidence of adrenal cortical carcinoma in gonadectomized female mice of the extreme dilution strain. II. Observation on the accessory sex organs. Cancer Res. 5: 203-210.
105. BIELINSKA, M. et al. 2005. Gonadotropin-induced adrenocortical neoplasia in NU/J nude mice. Endocrinology 146: 3975-3984.
106. BIELINSKA, M. et al. 2003. Mouse strain susceptibility to gonadectomy-induced adrenocortical tumor formation correlates with the expression of GATA-4 and luteinizing hormone receptor. Endocrinology 144: 4123-4133.
107. RILIANAWATI et al. 1998. Direct luteinizing hormone action triggers adrenocortical tumorigenesis in castrated mice transgenic for the murine inhibin alpha-subunit promoter/simian virus 40 T-antigen fusion gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 12: 801-809.
108. MIKOLA, M. et al. 2003. High levels of luteinizing hormone analog stimulate gonadal and adrenal tumorigenesis in mice transgenic for the mouse inhibin-alpha-subunit promoter/simian virus 40 T-antigen fusion gene. Oncogene 22: 3269-3278.
109. KANANEN, K. et al. 1997. Suppression of gonadotropins inhibits gonadal tumorigenesis in mice transgenic for the mouse inhibin alpha-subunit promoter/simian virus 40 T-antigen fusion gene. Endocrinology 138: 3521-3531.
110. KERO, J. et al. 2000. Elevated luteinizing hormone induces expression of its receptor and promotes steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex. J. Clin. Invest. 105: 633-641.
111. KIIVERI, S. et al. 1999. Reciprocal changes in the expression of transcription factors GATA-4 and GATA-6 accompany adrenocortical tumorigenesis in mice and humans. Mol. Med. 5: 490-501.
112. RAHMAN, N.A. et al. 2004. Adrenocortical tumorigenesis in transgenic mice expressing the inhibin alpha-subunit promoter/simian virus 40 T-antigen transgene: relationship between ectopic expression of luteinizing hormone receptor and transcription factor GATA-4. Mol. Endocrinol. 18: 2553-2569.