Herb-drug interactions: A review and study based on assessment of clinical case reports in literature

Indian Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 129-139

  Gohil, K J ^a   Patel, J A ^b  

^a UKA TARSADIA UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b NIRMA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Case series; Clinical assessment; Clinical case reports; Herb drug interactions

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CAFFEINE; CLONAZEPAM; CLOPIDOGREL; CYCLOSPORIN; DICLOFENAC; DIGOXIN; ERGOTAMINE; FENTANYL; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; HALOPERIDOL; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; IBUPROFEN; INDINAVIR; IRINOTECAN; LITHIUM; LOPERAMIDE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NIFEDIPINE; NITROUS OXIDE; OLANZAPINE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PHENPROCOUMON; PROPOFOL; SEVOFLURANE; TACROLIMUS; THEOPHYLLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN;

AGITATION; ANXIETY; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BLEEDING; BLOOD; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CONVALESCENCE; DEPRESSION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG INFORMATION; DRUG SAFETY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HERB DRUG INTERACTION; HUMAN; INDIA; IRRITABILITY; LOGORRHEA; MANIC PSYCHOSIS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; PUBLICATION; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; RISK MANAGEMENT; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SPEECH DISORDER; STANDARDIZATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 34447629547     PISSN: 02537613     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.33432     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Mathur A. Who owns traditional knowledge? Working Paper No. 96, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations; 2003. p. 1-33.
2. Agrawal OP, Raju PS. In: Abdin MZ, Abroi YP, editors. Global market of herbal products: Opportunities for India. Traditional system of medicine. Narosa Publishing House: New Delhi, India; 2006. p. 5-10.
3. Wakdikar S. Global health care challenge: Indian experiences and new prescriptions. Electronic J Biotechnol 2004;7:214-20.
4. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: Results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 1998;28:1569-75.
5. Ramakrishnappa K. Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. New York, USA: 2003. Impact of Cultivation and Gathering of Medicinal Plants on Biodiversity: Case studies from India. United Nations Publications: p. 210-5.
6. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005, Document WHO/EDM/ TRM/2002.1, WHO: Geneva; 2002. p. 11.
7. Fugh-Berman A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet 2000;355:134-8.
8. Fugh-Berman A, Ernst E. Herb-drug interactions: Review and assessment of report reliability. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001;52:587-95.
9. Winker MA, Flanagin A, Chi-Lum B, White J, Andrews K, Kennett RL, et al. Guidelines for medical and health information sites on the internet: Principles governing AMA web sites. American Medical Association. JAMA 2000;283:1600-6.
10. Wootton J. Directory of databases. The Vienna International Academy For Integrated medicine. The Rosenthal center for Complementary and Alternative medicine. 2004. [Last accessed on 2006 May 1]. Available from: http://cpmcnet. columbia.edu/dept/rosenthal/Databases.html.
11. Blumenthal M. Interactions between herbs and conventional drugs: Introductory considerations. Herbalgram 2000;49:52-63.
12. th ed. Therapeutic Research Faculty: Stockton, CA; 2003. p. 1228-9.
13. Thompson Coon J, Pittler M, Ernst E. Herb-drug interactions: Survey of leading pharmaceutical/herbal companies. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1371.
14. Lambrecht JE, Hamilton W, Rabinovich A. A review of herb-drug interactions: Documented and theoretical. US Pharma 2000;25:8.
15. Diane SG. Assessment of herb drug interaction in literature shows many case reports lack adequate information to determine report reliability. Herbalgram 2003;57:22-3.
16. Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: A systematic review. Drugs 2001;61:2163-75.
17. Brazier N, Levine MAH. Drug-herb interaction among commonly used conventional medicines: A compendium for health care professionals. Am J Ther 2003;10:163-9.
18. Izzo AA. Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): A review of the clinical evidence. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;42:139-48.
19. Rogers T. Herb-drug interactions. Canadian AIDS treatment information exchange (CATIE) 2004:01-06. [Last accessed on 2005 Jun 9]. Available from: http://www. catie.ca/pdf/supple-e/herb%20drug%20interactions.pdf.
20. Cupp MJ. Herbal remedies: Adverse effects and drug interactions. Am Fam Phy 1999;59:1239-45.
21. Barone GW, Gurley BJ, Ketel BL, Abul-Ezz Sr. Herbal supplements: A potential for drug interactions in transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001;71:239-41.
22. Karliova M, Treichel U, Malago M, Frilling A, Gerken G, Broelsch CE. Interaction of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) with cyclosporin A metabolism in a patient after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2000;33:853-5.
23. Mai I, Kruger H, Budde K, Johne A, Brockmoller J, Neumayer HH, et al. Hazardous pharmacokinetic interaction of Saint John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) with the immunosuppressant cyclosporin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;38:500-2.
24. Breidenbach TH, Hoffmann MW, Becker TH, Schlitt H, Klempnauer J. Drug interaction of St. John's wort with cyclosporin. Lancet 2000;355:1912.
25. Breidenbach T, Kliem V, Burg M, Radermacher J, Hoffmann MW, Klempnauer J. Profound drop of cyclosporin A whole blood trough levels caused by St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Transplantation 2000;69:2229-30.
26. Ruschitzka F, Meier PJ, Turina M, Luscher TF, Noll G. Acute heart transplant rejection due to Saint John's wort. Lancet 2000;355:548-9.
27. Rey JM, Walter G. Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in depression: Pest or blessing? Med J Aust 1998;169:583-6.
28. Nebel A, Schneider BJ, Baker RA, Kroll DJ. Potential metabolic interaction between St. John's wort and theophylline. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:502.
29. Yue QY, Bergquist C, Gerden B. Safety of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Lancet 2000;355:576-7.
30. Hall SD, Wang Z, Huang S, Mitchell A, Hamman BS, Vasavada N, et al. The interaction between St. John's wort and an oral contraceptive. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:525-35.
31. Cheng TO. St John's wort interaction with digoxin. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2548.
32. Johne A, Brockmoller J, Bauer S, Maurer A, Langheinrich M, Roots I. Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:338-45.
33. Scott GN, Elmer GW. Update on natural product drug interactions. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2002;59:339-47.
34. Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Chaitt D, Alfaro RM, Falloon J. Indinavir concentrations and St. John's wort. Lancet 2000;355:547-8.
35. Lau WC, Carville DG, Guyer KE, Neer CJ, Bates ER. St. John's wort enhances the platelet inhibitory effect of clopidogrel in clopidogrel 'resistant' healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:382A.
36. Tatro DS, editor. Drug interaction facts: Herbal supplements and food. Saint Louis, MO. Facts and comparisons, ISBN 1574392123. A Walters Kluwer Company; 2004. Also available from: http://www.factsandcomparisons.com.
37. Roby CA, Anderson GD, Kantor E, Dryer DA, Burstein AH. St John's wort effect on CYP3A4 activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;67:451-7.
38. Kerb R, Bauer S, Brockmoller J, Roots I. Urinary- [hydroxyl cortisol excretion rate is affected by treatment with hypericum extract. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;52:186.
39. nd ed. American Psychiatric Publishing: Washington DC; 2003. p. 11-40.
40. Obach RS. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by constituents of St. John's wort, an herbal preparation used in the treatment of depression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;294:88-95.
41. Bressler R. Herb-drug interactions. St. John's wort and prescription medications. Geriatrics 2005;60:21-3.
42. Durr D, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA, Rentsch KM, Steinert HC, Meier PJ, et al. St. John's wort induces intestinal P- glycoprotein/ MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:598-604.
43. Yu DK. The contribution of P-glycoprotein to pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:1203-11.
44. Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Perri D, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of Ginkgo biloba during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;13:e277-84.
45. Waksman JC, Heard K, Joliff H, Daly FF, Bogdan GM, Dart RC. Serotonin syndrome associated with the use of St. John's wort and paroxetine. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000;38:521.
46. Gordon JB. SSRIs and St. John's wort: Possible toxicity? Am Fam Physician 1998;57:950,953.
47. Barbanel DM, Yusufi B, O'Shea D, Bench CJ. Mania in a patient receiving testosterone replacement postorchidectomy taking St. John's wort and sertraline. J Psychopharmacol 2000;14:84-6.
48. Lantz MS, Buchalter E, Giambanco V. St. John's wort and antidepressant drug interactions in the elderly. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999;12:7-10.
49. Prost N, Tichadou L, Rodor F, Nguyen N, David JM, Jean Pastor MJ. St. Johns wort-venlafaxine interaction. Presse Med 2000;29:1285-6.
50. Khawaja IS, Marotta RF, Lippmann S. Herbal medicines as a factor in delirium. Psychiatr Serv 1999;50:969-70.
51. Almeida JC, Grimsley EW. Coma from the health food store: Interaction between kava and alprazolam. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:940-1.
52. Cott JM, Fugh-Berman A. Is St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) an effective antidepressant? J Nerv Ment Dis 1998;186:500-1.
53. Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Perri D, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of Ginkgo biloba during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Phamacol 2006;13:e277-84.
54. Rosenblatt M, Mindel J. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1108.
55. Rowin J, Lewis SL. Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. Neurology 1996;46:1775-6.
56. Galluzzi S, Zanetti O, Binetti G, Trabucchi M, Frisoni GB. Coma in a patient with Alzheimer's disease taking low dose trazodone and gingko biloba. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:679-80.
57. Meisel C, Johne A, Roots I. Fatal intracerebral mass bleeding associated with Ginkgo biloba and ibuprofen. Atherosclerosis 2003;167:367.
58. Mathews MK. Association of Ginkgo biloba with intra cerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1998;50:1933.
59. Mohutsky MA, Anderson GD, Miller JW, Elmer GW. Ginkgo biloba: Evaluation of CYP2C9 drug interactions in vitro and in vivo. Am J Ther 2006;13:24-31.
60. Schelosky L, Raffauf C, Jendroska K, Poewe W. Kava and dopamine antagonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58:639-40.
61. Abebe W. Herbal medication: Potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs. J Clin Pharm Ther 2002;27:391-401.
62. Dharmananda S. Checking for possible herb-drug interactions, PR. Institute for Traditional Medicine. Portland Oregon, 2003. [Last accessed on 2006 Mar 9]. Available from: http://www.itmonline.org/arts/herbdrug2.htm.
63. Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Luke AL. Potential interaction between alternative medicine and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57:1221-7.
64. Janetzky K, Morreale AP. Probable interaction between warfarin and ginseng. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1997;54:692-3.
65. Mandy CL. Interactions between Herbs and Cardiac Medications. Pharmacotherapy Update Newsletter, The Cleveland Clinic Center for ContinuingEducation.2001;IV [II]. [Last accessed on 2006 Mar 10]. Available from: http://www.clevelandclinicmeded. com/medical_info/pharmacy/MarApr2001/ herbs_cardiac.htm.
66. McRae S. Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and siberian ginseng. CMAJ 1996;155:293-5.
67. Yu CM, Chan JC, Sanderson JE. Chinese herbs and warfarin potentiation by 'danshen'. J Intern Med 1997;241:337-9.
68. Izzat MB. A taste of Chinese medicine! Ann Thorac Surg 1998;66:941-2.
69. Tam LS, Chan TY, Leung WK, Critchley JA. Warfarin interactions with Chinese traditional medicines. Danshen and methyl-salicylate medicated oil. Aust NZ J Med 1995;25:258.
70. Ellis GR, Stephens MR. Untitled (Photograph and brief case report). In 'Minerva'. Br Med J 1999;319:650.
71. Page RL, Lawrence JD. Potentiation of warfarin by Dong Quai. Pharmacother 1999;19:870-6.
72. Wells PS, Holbrook AM, Crowther NR, Hirsh J. Interactions of warfarin with drugs and food. Ann Int Med 1994;131:676-83.
73. Sunter WH. Warfarin and garlic. Pharm J 1991;246:722.
74. Shaw D, Leon D, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements: A 5-year toxicological study (1991-95). Drug Safety 1997;17:342-56.
75. Yip AS, Chow WH, Tai YT, Cheung KL. Adverse effect of topical methyl salicylate ointment on warfarin anticoagulation: An unrecognized potential hazard. Postgrad Med J 1990;66:367-9.
76. Lambert JP, Cormier A. Potential interaction between warfarin and boldo-fenugreek. Pharmacother 2001;21:509-12.
77. Smith M, Lin KM, Zheng YP. An open trial of nifedipine-herb interactions: Nifedipine with St. John's wort, ginseng or ginkgo biloba. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:86.
78. Taylor JR, Wilt VM. Probable antagonism of warfarin by green tea. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:426-8.
79. Wong AL, Chan TY. Interaction between warfarin and the herbal product quilinggao. Ann Pharmacother 2003;37:836-8.
80. Lam AY, Elmer GW, Mohutsky MA. Possible interaction between warfarin and Lycium barbarum L. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:1199-201.
81. Yue QY, Jansson K. Herbal drug Curbicin and anticoagulant effect with and without warfarin: Possibly related to the vitamin E component. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:838.
82. Bressler R. Herb drug interactions: Interactions between saw palmetto and prescription medications. Geriatrics 2005;60:32-4.
83. Miller LG. Herbal medicines: Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2200-11.
84. Ernst E. The risk benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw palmetto and Kava. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:42-53.
85. Angell M, Kassirer JP. Alternative medicine- The risks of untested and unregulated remedies. N Engl J Med 1998;339:839-41.
86. Callaway JC, Grob CS. Ayahuasca preparations and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A potential combination for severe adverse interactions. J Psychoactive Drugs 1998;30:367-9.
87. Moses G. Thyroxine interacts with celery seed tablets? Aust Prescriber 2001;24:6-7.
88. Arya SC. Controlling angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitor induced cough by fennel fruit. Indian J Pharmacol 1999;31:1999.
89. Meckes-Lozyoa M, Roman-Ramos R. Opuntia streptacantha: A coadjutor in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Am J Chin Med 1986;14:116-8.
90. Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, Gallicano KD, Falloon J. The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:234-8.
91. Srivastava KC, Mustafa T. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and rheumatic disorders. Med Hypothesis 1989;29:25-8.
92. rd ed. Eclectic Medical Publications. [Last accessed on 2006 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.eclecticherb.com/emp/ updatesHCDI.html.
93. Ishiguchi T, Mikita N, Iwata T, Nakata H, Sato H, Higashimoto Y, et al. Myoclonus and metabolic alkalosis from licorice in antacid. Intern Med 2004;43:59-62.
94. Cambria-Kiely JA. Effect of Soy milk on warfarin efficacy. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:1893-6.
95. Light TD, Light JA. Acute renal transplant rejection possibly related to herbal medications. Am J Transplant 2003;3:1608-9.
96. Dandekar UP, Chandra RS, Dalvi SS, Joshi MV, Gokhale PC, Sharma AV, et al. Analysis of clinically important interaction between phenytoin and shankhapushpi, an ayurvedic preparation. J Ethnopharmacol 1992;35:285-8.
97. Koupparis LS. Harmless herbs: A cause for concern. Anesthesia 2000;55:101-2.
98. Dharmananda S. The interactions of herbs and drugs, Institute for Traditional Med, Portland Oregon. [Last accessed on 2000 March 9]. Available from: http://www. itmonline.org/arts/herbdrug.htm.
99. Bailey DG, Spence JD, Edgar B, Bayliff CD, Arnold JM. Ethanol enhances the hemodynamic effects of felodipine. Clin Invest Med 1989:12:357-62.
100. Bailey DG, Arnold JM, Spence JD. Grapefruit juice- drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998;46:101-10.
101. Fukuda K, Ohta T, Oshima Y, Ohashi N, Yoshikawa M, Yamazoe Y. Specific CYP3A4 inhibitors in grapefruit juice: Furocoumarin dimers as components of drug interaction. Pharmacogenetics 1997;7:391-6.
102. Kane GC, Lipsky JJ. Drug-Grapefruit juice interactions. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:933-92.
103. Kalyn R. Focus on erlotinib. British Columbia Cancer agency. Provin Syst Ther Update Prog 2006;9:1-3.
104. Jellin JM, editor. Natural medicine comprehensive database, Pharmacist's letter stockton. Therapeutic Research Faculty: 1999.
105. Elinov E, Chajek-Shaul T. Licorice consumption causing severe hypokalemic paralysis. Myo Clin Proc 2003;78:767-8.
106. Ding X, Staudinger JL. The ratio of constitutive androstane receptor to pregnane X receptor determines the activity of guggulsterone against the Cyp2b10 promoter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;314:120-7.
107. Fung S. Drug interactions between select psychiatric herbal remedies. For your inpharmation. Pharma Newsletter 2001;21:15.
108. Crose S, McKeating K. Delayed emergence and St. John's wort. Anesthesiol 2002;96:1025-7.
109. Bolley R, Zulke C, Kammerl M, Fischereder M, Kramer BK. Tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity unmasked by induction of the CYP3A4 system with St. John's wort. Transplant 2002;73:1009.
110. Mathijssen RH, Verweij J, de Bruijn P, Loos WJ, Sparreboom A. Effects of St. John's wort on Irinotecan metabolism. J Nat Cancer Inst 2002;94:1247-9.
111. Granger AS. Ginkgo biloba precipitating epileptic seizures. Age Ageing 2001;30:523-5.
112. Fessenden JM, Wittenborn W, Clarke L. Ginkgo biloba: A case report of herbal medicine and bleeding postoperatively from a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am Surg 2001;67:33-5.
113. Ang-Lee MK, Moss J, Yuan CS. Herbal medicines and perioperative care. JAMA 2001;286:208-16.
114. Hopkins MP, Androff L, Benninghoff AS. Ginseng face cream and unexplained vaginal bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:1121-2.
115. Kabalak AA, Soyal OB, Urfalioglu A, Saracoglu F, Gogus N. Menometrorrhagia and tachyarrhythmia after using oral and topical ginseng. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2004;13:830-3.
116. Gonzalez-Seijo JC, Ramos YM, Lastra I. Maniac episode and ginseng: Report of a possible case. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15:447-8.
117. Vazquez I, Aguera-Ortiz LF. Herbal products and serious side effects: A case of ginseng- induced manic episode. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;105:76-8.
118. Donadio V, Bonsi P, Zele I, Monari L, Liguori R, Vetrugno R, et al. Myoglobinuria after ingestion of extracts of Guarana, Ginkgo biloba and kava. Neurol Sci 2000;21:124.
119. Schmidt M, Harsewinkel, Nahrstedt A. Is Kava really hepatotoxic? An analysis of the known data on adverse effect of kava preparations on the liver. The German Federal Inst for Drugs and Medical Devises.bfArM-No.98004297 CRC letter. July 2002. [Last accessed on 2006 Mar 10]. Available from: http://www.munichre. net/publications/CRC_letter_2002_07_en.pdf?rdm=84496.
120. Gruenwald J, Mueller C, Skrabal J. Kava report 2003. In depth investigation in to EU member states market restrictions on kava products, part II-A: Expert report on clinical documentation on kava kava (Piper methysticum), Center for development of Entreprise (CDE). Brussels, Belgium, March 2003. [Last accessed on 2006 Mar 10]. Available from: http://background.de/Papers/KavaReport2003-Part_IIA.pdf.
121. Pérez-Jáuregui J, Escate-Cavero A, Vega-Galina J, Ruiz-Arguelles GJ, Macip-Nieto G. A probable case of wafarin overdose during anti-inflammatory therapy. Rev Invest Clin 1995;47:311-3.
122. Joss JD, LeBlond RF. Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation associated with topical methyl salicylate. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:729-33.
123. Russmann S, Winkler A, Lovblad KO, Stanga Z, Bassetti C. Lethal Ischemic Stroke after Cisplatin-based chemotherapy for testicular carcinoma and cannabis inhalation. Eur Neurol 2002;48:178-80.
124. Naik SD, Freudenberger RS. Ephedra-associated cardiomyopathy. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:400-3.
125. Dreier JP, Endres M. Statin-associated rhabdomyolysis triggered by grapefruit consumption. Neurology 2004;62:670.
126. Hermans K, Stockman D, Van den Branden F. Grapefruit and tonic: A deadly combination in a patient with the long QT syndrome. Am J Med 2003;114:511-2.
127. Lee TH. By the way, doctor. I've been on warfarin (Coumadin) since 1979 after having a Starr-Edwards valve put in. The cardiologist insists on aggressive therapy and wants my INR at 3.5. But I've had several serious bleeds in the past year and was hospitalized three times. What's the current thinking about adequate INR levels for patients with metal heart valves? Harv Health Lett 2003;29:8.
128. Suvarna R, Pirmohamed M, Henderson L. Possible interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. BMJ 2003;327:1454.
129. Committee on Safety of Medicines. Possible interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. Curr Prob Pharmacovigilance 2004;30:10.
130. Rindone JP, Murphy TW. Warfarin-cranberry juice interaction resulting in profound hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding. Am J Ther 2006;13:283-4.
131. Segal R, Pilote L. Warfarin interactions with Matricaria chamomilla. CMAJ 2006;174:1281-2.
132. Iida R, Otsuka Y, Matsumoto K, Kuriyama S, Hosoya T. Pseudoaldosteronism due to the concurrent use of two herbal medicines containing glycyrrhizin with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Clin Exp Nephrol 2006;10:131-5.