Guideline for parenteral nutrition of the DGEM. Part 16: Hepatology;16 Hepatologie

Aktuelle Ernahrungsmedizin

Volumn 32, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2007, Pages

  Plauth, M ^a   Schutz T ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Acute liver failure; Alcoholic liver disease; Hepatic encephalopathy; Liver cirrhosis; Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; GERMANY; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW;

EID: 34447565072     PISSN: 03410501     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Mendenhall CL, Tosch T, Weesner RE et al. VA cooperative study on alcoholic hepatitis. II: Prognostic significance of protein-calorie malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43: 213-218
2. Mendenhall CL, Moritz TE, Roselle GA et al. A study of oral nutritional support with oxandrolone in malnourished patients with alcoholic hepatitis: results of a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Hepatology 1993; 17: 564-576
3. Mendenhall CL, Moritz TE, Roselle GA et al. Protein energy malnutrition in severe alcoholic hepatitis: diagnosis and response to treatment. The VA Cooperative Study Group #275. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995; 19: 258-265
4. Plauth M, Merli M, Kondrup J, Ferenci P, Weimann A, Müller M. ESPEN Guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. Clin Nutr 1997; 16: 43-55
5. Achord JL. A prospective randomized clinical trial of peripheral amino acid-glucose supplementation in acute alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 871-875
6. Bonkovsky HL, Fiellin DA, Smith GS, Slaker DP, Simon D, Galambos JT. A randomized, controlled trial of treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with parenteral nutrition and oxandrolone. I. Short-term effects on liver function. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 1200-1208
7. Bonkovsky HL, Singh RH, Jafri IH et al. A randomized, controlled trial of treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with parenteral nutrition and oxandrolone. II. Short-term effects on nitrogen metabolism, metabolic balance, and nutrition. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 1209-1218
8. Calvey H, Davis M, Williams R. Controlled trial of nutritional supplementation, with and without branched chain amino acid enrichment, in treatment of acute alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1985; 1: 141-151
9. Diehl AM, Boitnott JK, Herlong HF et al. Effect of parenteral amino acid supplementation in alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 1985; 5: 57-63
10. Mezey E, Caballeria J, Mitchell MC, Pares A, Herlong HF, Rodes J. Effect of parenteral amino acid supplementation on short-term and long-term outcomes in severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 1991; 14: 1090-1096
11. Nasrallah SM, Galambos JT. Aminoacid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis. Lancet 1980; 2: 1276-1277
12. Naveau S, Pelletier G, Poynard Tet al. A randomized clinical trial of supplementary parenteral nutrition in jaundiced alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1986; 6: 270-274
13. Simon D, Galambos JT. A randomized controlled study of peripheral parenteral nutrition in moderate and severe alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1988; 7: 200-207
14. Swart GR, Zillikens MC, Vuure JK van, Berg JW van den. Effect of a late evening meal on nitrogen balance in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. BMJ 1989; 299: 1202-1203
15. Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Westerterp KR, Hoek B van, Swart GR. Energy expenditure and substrate metabolism in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: effects of the pattern of food intake. Gut 1995; 36: 110-116
16. Zillikens MC, Berg JW van den, Wattimena JL, Rietveld T, Swart GR. Nocturnal oral glucose supplementation. The effects on protein metabolism in cirrhotic patients and in healthy controls. J Hepatol 1993; 17: 377-383
17. John WJ, Phillips R, Ott L, Adams LJ, McClain CJ. Resting energy expenditure in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1989; 13: 124-127
18. Östeneichische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für klinische Ernährung. Empfehlungen für die parenterale und enterale Ernährungstherapie des Erwachsenen - Version 2004. www.ake-nutrition.at 2004
19. Alberino F, Gatta A, Amodio P et al. Nutrition and survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. Nutrition 2001; 17: 445-450
20. Caregaro L, Alberino F, Amodio P et al. Malnutrition in alcoholic and virus-related cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63; 602-609
21. Harrison J, McKiernan J, Neuberger JM. A prospective study on the effect of recipient nutritional status on outcome in liver transplantation. Transpl Int 1997; 10: 369-374
22. Merli M, Riggio O, Dally L. Does malnutrition affect survival in cirrhosis? PINC (Policentrica Italiana Nutrizione Cirrosi). Hepatology 1996; 23: 1041-1046
23. Moukarzel AA, Najm I, Vargas J, McDiarmid SV, Busuttil RW, Ament ME. Effect of nutritional status on outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation in pediatric patients. Transplant Proc 1990; 22: 1560-1563
24. Pikul J, Sharpe MD, Lowndes R, Ghent CN. Degree of preoperative malnutrition is predictive of postoperative morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1994; 57: 469-472
25. Selberg O, Böttcher J, Pirlich M, Henkel E, Manns M, Müller M. Clinical significance and correlates of whole body potassium status in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 2006; 16: 36-48
26. Selberg O, Böttcher J, Tusch G, Pichlmayr R, Henkel E, Müller MJ. Identification of high- and low-risk patients before liver transplantation: a prospective cohort study of nutritional and metabolic parameters in 150 patients. Hepatology 1997; 25: 652-657
27. No authors listed. Nutritional status in cirrhosis. Italian Multicentre Cooperative Project on Nutrition in Liver Cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 317-325
28. Lautz HU, Selberg O, Korber J, Bürger M, Müller MJ. Protein-calorie malnutrition in liver cirrhosis. Clin Investig 1992; 70: 478-486
29. Bunout D, Aicardi V, Hirsch S et al. Nutritional support in hospitalized patients with alcoholic liver disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 1989; 43: 615-621
30. Cabre E, Gonzalez-Huix F, Abad-Lacruz A et al. Effect of total enteral nutrition on the short-term outcome of severely malnourished cirrhotics. A randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 715-720
31. Kearns PJ, Young H, Garcia G et al. Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 200-205
32. Kondrup J, Müller MJ. Energy and protein requirements of patients with chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 1997; 27: 239-247
33. Schütz T, Bechstein WO, Neuhaus P, Lochs H, Plauth M. Clinical practice of nutrition in acute liver failure - a European survey. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 975-982
34. Keohane PP, Attrill H, Grimble G, Spiller R, Frost P, Silk DB. Enteral nutrition in malnourished patients with hepatic cirrhosis and acute encephalopathy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1983; 7: 346-350
35. Garrison RN, Cryer HM, Howard DA, Polk HC Jr. Clarification of risk factors for abdominal operations in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1984; 199: 648-655
36. Fan ST, Lo CM, Lai EC, Chu KM, Liu CL, Wong J. Perioperative nutritional support in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1547-1552
37. Kanematsu T, Koyanagi N, Matsumata T, Kitano S, Takenaka K, Sugimachi K. Lack of preventive effect of branched-chain amino acid solution on postoperative hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, prospective trial. Surgery 1988; 104: 482-488
38. Reilly J, Mehta R, Teperman L et al. Nutritional support after liver transplantation: a randomized prospective study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990; 14: 386-391
39. Wicks C, Somasundaram S, Bjarnason I et al. Comparison of enteral feeding and total parenteral nutrition after liver transplantation. Lancet 1994; 344: 837-840
40. Hasse JM, Blue LS, Liepa GU et al. Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995; 19: 437-443
41. Müller MJ, Lautz HU, Plogmann B, Burger M, Korber J, Schmidt FW. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in patients with cirrhosis: the impact of cause, clinical staging and nutritional state. Hepatology 1992; 15: 782-794
42. Müller MJ, Böttcher J, Selberg O et al. Hypermetabolism in clinically stable patients with liver cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 1194-1201
43. Plauth M, Schutz T, Buckendaht DP et al. Weight gain after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is associated with improvement in body composition in malnourished patients with cirrhosis and hypermetabolism. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 228-233
44. Nielsen K, Kondrup J, Martinsen L et al. Long-term oral refeeding of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Br J Nutr 1995; 74: 557-567
45. Nielsen K, Martinsen L, Dossing H, Stilling B, Kondrup J. Energy expenditure measured by the doubly labeled water method during hyperalimentation of patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1991; 13: S151
46. Campillo B, Bories PN, Devanlay M, Sommer F, Wirquin E, Fouet P. The thermogenic and metabolic effects of food in liver cirrhosis: consequences on the storage of nutrients and the hormonal counterregulatory response. Metabolism 1992; 41: 476-482
47. Müller MJ, Willmann O, Rieger A et al. Mechanism of insulin resistance associated with liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 2033-2041
48. Riggio O, Merli M, Romiti A et al. Early postprandial energy expenditure and macronutrient use after a mixed meal in cirrhotic patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1992; 16: 445-450
49. Campillo B, Fouet P, Bonnet JC, Atlan G. Submaximal oxygen consumption in liver cirrhosis. Evidence of severe functional aerobic impairment. J Hepatol 1990; 10: 163-167
50. DeLissio M, Goodyear LJ, Fuller S, Krawitt EL, Devlin JT. Effects of treadmill exercise on fuel metabolism in hepatic cirrhosis. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 210-215
51. Müller MJ, Dettmer A, Tettenborn M et al. Metabolic, endocrine, haemodynamic and pulmonary responses to different types of exercise in individuals with normal or reduced liver function. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1996; 74: 246-257
52. Plevak DJ, DiCecco SR, Wiesner RH et al. Nutritional support for liver transplantation: identifying caloric and protein requirements. Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69: 225-230
53. Weimann A, Kuse ER, Bechstein WO, Neuberger JM, Plauth M, Pichlmayr R. Perioperative parenteral and enteral nutrition for patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Results of a questionnaire from 16 European transplant units. Transpl Int 1998; 11, Suppl 1: S289-S291
54. Plank LD, Metzger DJ, McCall JL et al. Sequential changes in the metabolic response to orthotopic liver transplantation during the first year after surgery. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 245-255
55. Perseghin G, Mazzaferro V, Benedini S et al. Resting energy expenditure in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with liver cirrhosis: relation with insulin sensitivity and effect of liver transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 541-548
56. Merli M, Erikson S, Hagenfeldt H, Wahren J. Splanchnic and peripheral exchange of FFA in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 2006; 3: 348-355
57. Merli M, Riggio O, Romiti A et al. Basal energy production rate and substrate use in stable cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1990; 12: 106-112
58. Owen OE, Trapp VE, Reichard GA Jr et al. Nature and quantity of fuels consumed in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 1821-1832
59. Petrides AS, DeFronzo RA. Glucose and insulin metabolism in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1989; 8: 107-114
60. Selberg O, Burchert W, Hoff J van den et al. Insulin resistance in liver cirrhosis. Positron-emission tomography scan analysis of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1897-1902
61. Bianchi G, Marchesini G, Zoli M, Bugianesi E, Fabbri A, Pisi E. Prognostic significance of diabetes in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994; 20: 119-125
62. Müller MJ, Pirlich M, Balks HJ, Selberg O. Glucose intolerance in liver cirrhosis: role of hepatic and non-hepatic influences. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1994; 32: 749-758
63. Wolfe RR, Allsop JR, Burke JF. Glucose metabolism in man: responses to intravenous glucose infusion. Metabolism 1979; 28: 210-220
64. Golling M, Lehmann T, Senninger N, Herfarth C, Otto G. Tacrolimus reduction improves glucose metabolism and insulin secretion after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996; 28: 3180-3182
65. Druml W, Fischer M, Pidlich J, Lenz K. Fat elimination in chronic hepatic failure: long-chain vs medium-chain triglycerides. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 812-817
66. Müller M, Rieger A, Willmann O, Lautz HU, Balks H, Mühlen A von zur. Metabolic responses to lipid infusions in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Nutr 1992; 11: 193-206
67. Michel H, Bories P, Aubin JP, Pomier-Layrargues G, Bauret P, Bellet-Herman H. Treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics with a branched-chain amino acids enriched versus a conventional amino acids mixture. A controlled study of 70 patients. Liver 1985; 5: 282-289
68. Wahren J, Denis J, Desurmont P et al. Is intravenous administration of branched chain amino acids effective in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy? A multicenter study. Hepatology 1983; 3: 475-480
69. Holm E, Leweling H, Saeger H, Arnold V, Gladisch R. Exogenous lipids as a caloric support in hepatic failure. In: Francavilla A, Panella C, Leo A Di, Thiel D van (eds): Liver and hormones. New York: Raven Press, 1987: 125-144
70. Naylor CD, O'Rourke K, Detsky AS, Baker JP. Parenteral nutrition with branched-chain amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy. A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 1033-1042
71. Mendenhall C, Bongiovanni G, Goldberg S et al. VA Cooperative Study on Alcoholic Hepatitis. III: Changes in protein-calorie malnutrition associated with 30 days of hospitalization with and without enteral nutritional therapy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1985; 9: 590-596
72. Nielsen K, Kondrup J, Martinsen L, Stilling B, Wikman B. Nutritional assessment and adequacy of dietary intake in hospitalized patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Br J Nutr 1993; 69: 665-679
73. Swart GR, Berg JW van den, Vuure JK van, Tietveld T, Wattimena D, Frenkel M. Minimum protein requirements in liver cirrhosis determined by nitrogen balance measurements at three levels of protein intake. Clin Nutr 1989; 8: 329-336
74. Fischer JE, Rosen HM, Ebeid AM, James JH, Keane JM, Soeters PB. The effect of normalization of plasma amino acids on hepatic encephalopathy in man. Surgery 1976; 80: 77-91
75. Freund H, Dienstag J, Lehrich J et al. Infusion of branched-chain enriched amino acid solution in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Ann Surg 1982; 196: 209-220
76. Holm E, Striebel K, Meisinger E, Haux P, Langhans W, Becker H. Aminosäurengemische zur parenteralen Ernährung bei Leberinsuffizienz. Infusionstherapie 1978; 5: 274-292
77. Cerra FB, Cheung NK, Fischer JE et al. Disease-specific amino acid infusion (F080) in hepatic encephalopathy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1985; 9: 288-295
78. Fiaccadori F, Ginelli F, Pedretti C, Pelosi G, Sacchini D, Zeneroli M. Branched-chain enriched amino acid solutions in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: A controlled trial. Ital J Gastroenterology 1985; 17: 5-10
79. Rossi-Fanelli F, Riggio O, Cangiano C et al. Branched-chain amino acids vs lactulose in the treatment of hepatic coma: a controlled study. Dig Dis Sci 1982; 27: 929-935
80. Strauss E, Santos W Dos, Silva E Da. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized clinical trial comparing a branched chain enriched amino acid solution to oral neomycin. Nutr Supp Services 1986; 6: 18-21
81. Vilstrup H, Gluud C, Hardt F et al. Branched chain enriched amino acid versus glucose treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. A double-blind study of 65 patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1990; 10: 291-296
82. Als-Nielsen B, Koretz RL, Kjaergard LL, Gluud C. Branched-chain amino acids for hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2003 CD001939
83. Plank LD, McCall JL, Gane EJ et al. Pre- and postoperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a pilot study of safety and efficacy. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 288-296
84. Singer P, Cohen J, Cynober L. Effect of nutritional state of brain-dead organ donor on transplantation. Nutrition 2001; 17: 948-952
85. Prijatmoko D, Strauss BJ, Lambert JR et al. Early detection of protein depletion in alcoholic cirrhosis: role of body composition analysis. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 1839-1845
86. Garrett-Laster M, Russell RM, Jacques PF. Impairment of taste and olfaction in patients with cirrhosis: the role of vitamin A. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1984; 38: 203-214
87. Weismann K, Christensen E, Dreyer V. Zinc supplementation in alcoholic cirrhosis. A double-blind clinical trial. Acta Med Scand 1979; 205: 361-366
88. Aggett P. Severe Zinc defiency. In: Mills C (ed): Zinc in Human Biology. Berlin: Springer, 1989: 259-274
89. Barry M, Keeling PW, Feely J. Tissue zinc status and drug elimination in patients with chronic liver disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990; 78: 547-549
90. Halsted JA, Hackley B, Rudzki C, Smith JC Jr. Plasma zinc concentration in liver diseases. Comparison with normal controls and certain other chronic diseases. Gastroenterology 1968; 54: 1098-1105
91. Thuluvath PJ, Triger DR. Selenium in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 1992; 14: 176-182
92. Grungreiff K, Abicht K, Kluge M et al. Clinical studies on zinc in chronic liver diseases. Z Gastroenterol 1988; 26: 409-415
93. Rijt CC Van der, Schalm SW, Schat H, Foeken K, Jong G De. Overt hepatic encephalopathy precipitated by zinc deficiency. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1114-1118
94. Bresci G, Parisi G, Banti S. Management of hepatic encephalopathy with oral zinc supplementation: a long-term treatment. Eur J Med 1993; 2: 414-416
95. Reding P, Duchateau J, Bataille C. Oral zinc supplementation improves hepatic encephalopathy. Results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1984; 2: 493-495
96. Riggio O, Ariosto F, Merli M et al. Short-term oral zinc supplementation does not improve chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Results of a double-blind crossover trial. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 1204-1208
97. Marchesini G, Fabbri A, Bianchi G, Brizi M, Zoli M. Zinc supplementation and amino acid-nitrogen metabolism in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 1996; 23: 1084-1092
98. Mills PR, Shenkin A, Anthony RS et al. Assessment of nutritional status and in vivo immune responses in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 38: 849-859
99. Shenker S, Halff G. Nutritional therapy in alcoholic liver disease. Sem Liver Dis 1993; 13: 196-209
100. Lieber CS. Alcohol, liver, and nutrition. J Am Coll Nutr 1991; 10: 602-632
101. Lindor KD. Management of osteopenia of liver disease with special emphasis on primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 1993; 13: 367-373
102. Crippin JS, Jorgensen RA, Dickson ER, Lindor KD. Hepatic osteodystrophy in primary biliary cirrhosis: effects of medical treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 47-50
103. Lundbom N, Laurila O, Laurila S. Central pontine myelinolysis after correction of chronic hyponatraemia. Lancet 1993; 342: 247-248
104. McDiarmid SV, Colonna JO, Shaked A, Ament ME, Busuttil RW. A comparison of renal function in cyclosporine- and FK-506-treated patients after primary orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 1993; 56: 847-853
105. Pomposelli JJ, Pomfret EA, Burns DL et al. Life-threatening hypophosphatemia after right hepatic lobectomy for live donor adult liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 637-642
106. Smyrniotis V, Kostopanagiotou G, Katsarelias D, Theodoraki K, Hondros K, Kouskouni E. Changes of serum phosphorus levels in hepatic resections and implications on patients' outcomes. Int Surg 2003; 88: 100-104
107. Tan HP, Madeb R, Kovach SJ et al. Hypophosphatemia after 95 right-lobe living-donor hepatectomies for liver transplantation is not a significant source of morbidity. Transplantation 2003; 76: 1085-1088
108. O'Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet 1993; 342: 273-275
109. Ganong W. Review of Medical Physiology. East Norwalk: Appleton & Lange, 1991
110. Schneeweiss B, Pammer J, Ratheiser K et al. Energy metabolism in acute hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 1515-1521
111. Walsh TS, Wigmore SJ, Hopton P, Richardson R, Lee A. Energy expenditure in acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 649-654
112. Samson R, Trey C, Timme A, Saunders S. Fulminating hepatitis with recurrent hypoglycemia and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1967; 53: 291-300
113. Vilstrup H, Iversen J, Tygstrup N. Glucoregulation in acute liver failure. Eur J Clin Invest 1986; 16: 193-197
114. Bernuau J, Rueff B, Benhamou JP. Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure: definitions and causes. Semin Liver Dis 1986; 6: 97-106
115. O'Grady JG, Portmann B, Williams R. Fulminant hepatic failure. In: Schoff L, Schiff ER (eds): Diseases of the liver. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1993: 1077-1090
116. Berghe G Van den, Wouters P, Weekers F et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1359-1367
117. Lin B, Ginsberg MD, Busto R. Hyperglycemic exacerbation of neuronal damage following forebrain ischemia: microglial, astrocytic and endothelial alterations. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1998; 96: 610-620
118. Delamaire M, Maugendre D, Moreno M, Goff MC Le, Allannic H, Genetet B. Impaired leucocyte functions in diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1997; 14: 29-34
119. Ohyanagi H, Nomura H, Nishimatsu S, Usami M, Kasahara H. The liver and nutrient metabolism. In: Payne-James J, Grimble G, Silk D (eds); Artificial nutrition and support in clinical practice. London: Edward Arnold, 1995: 59-71
120. Mahler H, Pasi A, Kramer JM et al. Fulminant liver failure in association with the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1142-1148
121. Schafer DF, Sorrell MF. Power failure, liver failure. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1173-1174
122. Clemmesen JO, Hoy CE, Kondrup J, Ott P. Splanchnic metabolism of fuel substrates in acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2000; 33: 941-948
123. Forbes A, Wicks C, Marshall W, Johnson P, Forsey P, Williams R. Nutritional support in fulminant hepatic failure: the safety of lipid solutions. Gut 1987; 28: 1347-1349
124. Kleinberger G. Parenteral Ernährung bei Leberinsuffizienz. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1986; 116: 545-549
125. Clemmesen JO, Kondrup J, Ott P. Splanchnic and leg exchange of amino acids and ammonia in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 1131-1139
126. Record CO, Buxton B, Chase RA, Curzon G, Murray-Lyon IM, Williams R. Plasma and brain amino acids in fulminant hepatic failure and their relationship to hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Clin Invest 1976; 6: 387-394
127. Rosen HM, Yoshimura N, Hodgman JM, Fischer JE. Plasma amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy of differing etiology. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 483-487
128. Fryden A, Weiland O, Martensson J. Successful treatment of hepatic coma probably caused by acute infectious hepatitis with balanced solution of amino acids. Scand J Infect Dis 1982; 14: 177-180
129. Hensle T, Blackburn GL, O'Donnell T, McDermott WV Jr. Intravenous feeding in hepatic failure. Surg Forum 1973; 24: 388-391
130. Schmidt LE, Dalhoff K. Serum phosphate is an early predictor of outcome in severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2002; 36: 659-665