Three dimensional ultrasound: An overview of its clinical use

Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 145-179

  Deurloo, K L ^a   Kist, W J ^a   Van Vugt, J M G ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENAL GLAND; AMNION FLUID; ARM; BRAIN SIZE; ECHOGRAPHY; HEART VOLUME; KIDNEY; LIVER WEIGHT; LUNG VOLUME; NASAL BONE; NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY MEASUREMENT; PLACENTA; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; SKELETON; SKULL; SPINE; THIGH; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; UMBILICAL CORD; YOLK SAC;

EID: 34447323278     PISSN: 09655395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0965539507001969     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Brinkley JF, McCallum WD, Muramatsu SK, Liu DY. Fetal weight estimation from ultrasonic three-dimensional head and trunk reconstructions: evaluation in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144: 715-21.
2. Baba K, Satoh K, Sakamoto S, Okai T, Ishii S. Development of an ultrasonic system for three-dimensional reconstruction of the fetus. J Perinat Med 1989; 17: 19-24.
3. Fredfeldt KE, Holm HH, Pedersen JF. Three-dimensional ultrasonic scanning. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1984; 25: 237-41.
4. Maymon R, Herman A, Ariely S, Dreazen E, Buckovsky I, Weinraub Z. Three-dimensional vaginal sonography in obstetrics and gynaecology. Hum Reprod Update 2000; 6: 475-84.
5. Farrell T, Leslie JR, Chien PF, Agustsson P. The reliability and validity of three dimensional ultrasound volumetric measurements using an in vitro balloon and in vivo uterine model. BJOG 2001; 108: 573-82.
6. Gilja OH, Thune N, Matre K, Hausken T, Odegaard S, Berstad A. In vitro evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography in volume estimation of abdominal organs. Ultrasound Med Biol 1994; 20: 157-65.
7. King DL, King DL, Jr., Shao MY. Evaluation of in vitro measurement accuracy of a three-dimensional ultrasound scanner. J.Ultrasound Med 1991; 10: 77-82.
8. Riccabona M, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH, Davidson TE. Distance and volume measurement using three-dimensional ultrasonography. J. Ultrasound Med 1995; 14: 881-86.
9. Riccabona M, Nelson TR, Pretorius DH. Three-dimensional ultrasound: accuracy of distance and volume measurements. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996; 7: 429-34.
10. Sedgmen B, McMahon C, Cairns D, Benzie RJ, Woodfield RL. The impact of two-dimensional versus three-dimensional ultrasound exposure on maternal-fetal attachment and maternal health behavior in pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 245-51.
11. Robinson HP. "Gestation sac" volumes as determined by sonar in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975; 82: 100-107.
12. Lee W, Deter RL, McNie B, Powell M, Balasubramaniam M, Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Romero R. Quantitative and morphological assessment of early gestational sacs using three-dimensional ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 28: 255-60.
13. Steiner H, Gregg AR, Bogner G, Graf AH, Weiner CP, Staudach A. First trimester three-dimensional ultrasound volumetry of the gestational sac. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1994; 255: 165-70.
14. Muller T, Sutterlin M, Pohls U, Dietl J. Transvaginal volumetry of first trimester gestational sac: a comparison of conventional with three-dimensional ultrasound. J Perinat Med 2000; 28: 214-20.
15. Acharya G, Morgan H. First-trimester, three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound volumetry in normal pregnancies and spontaneous miscarriages. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 575-79.
16. Acharya G, Morgan H. Does gestational sac volume predict the outcome of missed miscarriage managed expectantly? J Clin Ultrasound 2002; 30: 526-31.
17. Falcon O, Wegrzyn P, Faro C, Peralta CF, Nicolaides KH. Gestational sac volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation: relation to chromosomal defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 546-50.
18. Cepni I, Bese T, Ocal P, Budak E, Idil M, Aksu MF. Significance of yolk sac measurements with vaginal sonography in the first trimester in the prediction of pregnancy outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 10: 969-72.
19. Nyberg DA, Mack LA, Harvey D, Wang K. Value of the yolk sac in evaluating early pregnancies. J Ultrasound Med 1988; 7: 129-35.
20. Kupesic S, Kurjak A, Ivancic-Kosuta M. Volume and vascularity of the yolk sac studied by three-dimensional ultrasound and color Doppler. J Perinat Med 1999; 27: 91-96.
21. Kupesic S, Kurjak A. Volume and vascularity of the yolk sac assessed by three-dimensional and power Doppler ultrasound. Early Pregnancy 2001; 5: 40-41.
22. Babinszki A, Nyari T, Jordan S, Nasseri A, Mukherjee T, Copperman AB. Three-dimensional measurement of gestational and yolk sac volumes as predictors of pregnancy outcome in the first trimester. Am J Perinatol 2001; 18: 203-11.
23. Figueras F, Torrents M, Munoz A, Comas C, Antolin E, Echevarria M, Carrera JM. Three-dimensional yolk and gestational sac volume. A prospective study of prognostic value. J Reprod Med 2003; 48: 252-56.
24. Moore TR, Cayle JE. The amniotic fluid index in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 1168-173.
25. Magann EF, Nolan TE, Hess LW, Martin RW, Whitworth NS, Morrison JC. Measurement of amniotic fluid volume: accuracy of ultrasonography techniques. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 167: 1533-537.
26. Spara GP, Gadelha DC, Mauad FF, El Beitune P. Amniotic fluid volumetry by three-dimensional ultrasonography during the first trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006; 32: 1135-139.
27. Grover J, Mentakis EA, Ross MG. Three-dimensional method for determination of amniotic fluid volume in intrauterine pockets. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 1007-1010.
28. Mann SE, Grover J, Ross MG. Novel technique for assessing amniotic fluid volume: use of a three-dimensional bladder scanner. J Matern Fetal Med. 2000; 9: 308-310.
29. Bonilla-Musoles F, Machado LE, Osborne NG, Raga F, Bonilla F, Puig MJ, Machado F. Morphological assessment of the umbilical cord with three-dimensional ultrasonography. Ultrasound Rev Obstet Gynecol 2002; 1: 17-42.
30. Weissman A, Drugan A. Sonographic findings of the umbilical cord: implications for the risk of fetal chromosomal anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 17: 536-41.
31. Hata T, Aoki S, Hata K, Miyazaki K. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic assessment of the umbilical cord during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1998; 45: 159-64.
32. Jurgens J. Detection of a true knot of the umbilical cord with 3D-angiosonography. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 2002; 62: 486-89.
33. Yonemoto H, Itoh S, Nakamura Y, Kinoshita K. Umbilical cord cyst detected in the first trimester by two- and three-dimensional sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 2006; 34: 150-52.
34. Habek D, Kulas T, Selthofer R, Rosso M, Popovic Z, Petrovic D, Ugljarevic M. 3D-ultrasound detection of fetal grasping of the umbilical cord and fetal outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther 2006; 21: 332-33.
35. Hanaoka U, Yanagihara T, Tanaka H, Hata T. Comparison of three-dimensional, two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound in predicting the presence of a nuchal cord at birth. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 471-74.
36. Brinkley JF, McCallum WD, Muramatsu SK, Liu DY. Fetal weight estimation from lengths and volumes found by three-dimensional ultrasonic measurements. J Ultrasound Med 1984; 3: 163-68.
37. Blaas HG, Eik-Nes SH, Berg S, Torp H. In-vivo three-dimensional ultrasound reconstructions of embryos and early fetuses. Lancet 1998; 352: 1182-186.
38. Hull AD, James G, Salerno CC, Nelson T, Pretorius DH. Three-dimensional ultrasonography and assessment of the first-trimester fetus. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 287-93.
39. Hafner E, Schuchter K, van LM, Metzenbauer M, llinger-Paller B, Philipp K. Three-dimensional sonographic volumetry of the placenta and the fetus between weeks 15 and 17 of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 116-20.
40. Deurloo KL, Spreeuwenberg MD, Rekoer-Hollander M, van Vugt JMG. Reproducibility of three-dimensional ultrasound measurements of fetal and placental volume at gestational ages of 11-18 weeks. J Clin Ultrasound 2007; 35: 125-32.
41. Blaas HG, Taipale P, Torp H, Eik-Nes SH. Three-dimensional ultrasound volume calculations of human embryos and young fetuses: a study on the volumetry of compound structures and its reproducibility. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 640-46.
42. Aviram R, Shpan DK, Markovitch O, Fishman A, Tepper R. Three-dimensional first trimester fetal volumetry: comparison with crown rump length. Early Hum Dev 2004; 80: 1-5.
43. Falcon O, Cavoretto P, Peralta CF, Csapo B, Nicolaides KH. Fetal head-to-trunk volume ratio in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 755-60.
44. Falcon O, Peralta CF, Cavoretto P, Auer M, Nicolaides KH. Fetal trunk and head volume in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 517-20.
45. Falcon O, Peralta CF, Cavoretto P, Faiola S, Nicolaides KH. Fetal trunk and head volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation in chromosomally normal pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 263-66.
46. Geirsson RT. Intrauterine volume in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1986; 136: 1-74.
47. Geirsson RT, Ogston SA, Patel NB, Christie AD. Growth of total intrauterine, intra-amniotic and placental volume in normal singleton pregnancy measured by ultrasound. BJOG 1985; 92: 46-53.
48. Hafner E, Philipp T, Schuchter K, llinger-Paller B, Philipp K, Bauer P. Second-trimester measurements of placental volume by three-dimensional ultrasound to predict small-for-gestational-age infants. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998; 12: 97-102.
49. Hafner E, Metzenbauer M, llinger-Paller B, Hoefinger D, Schuchter K, Sommer-Wagner H, Philipp K. Correlation of first trimester placental volume and second trimester uterine artery Doppler flow. Placenta 2001; 22: 729-34.
50. Wegrzyn P, Faro C, Falcon O, Peralta CF, Nicolaides KH. Placental volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation: relation to chromosomal defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 28-32.
51. Chen M, Leung KY, Lee CP, Tang MH, Ho PC. Placental volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound in the prediction of fetal alpha(0)-thalassemia: a preliminary report. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 28: 166-72.
52. Metzenbauer M, Hafner E, Hoefinger D, Schuchter K, Philipp K. Associations between birth weight and placental volume in the first trimester. Z.Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2002; 206: 138-41.
53. Metzenbauer M, Hafner E, Schuchter K, Philipp K. First-trimester placental volume as a marker for chromosomal anomalies: preliminary results from an unselected population. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 240-42.
54. Metzenbauer M, Hafner E, Hoefinger D, Schuchter K, Stangl G, Ogris E, Philipp K. Three-dimensional ultrasound measurement of the placental volume in early pregnancy: method and correlation with biochemical placenta parameters. Placenta 2001; 22: 602-605.
55. Wegrzyn P, Fabio C, Peralta A, Faro C, Borenstein M, Nicolaides KH. Placental volume in twin and triplet pregnancies measured by three-dimensional ultrasound at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 647-51.
56. Hafner E, Metzenbauer M, Hofinger D, Munkel M, Gassner R, Schuchter K, llinger-Paller B, Philipp K. Placental growth from the first to the second trimester of pregnancy in SGA-foetuses and pre-eclamptic pregnancies compared to normal foetuses. Placenta 2003; 24: 336-42.
57. Hata T, Kanenishi K, Inubashiri E, Tanaka H, Senoh D, Manabe A, Miyake K, Kondoh S, Hata T. Three-Dimensional Sonographic Features of Placental Abnormalities. Gynecologic Obstet Invest 2004; 57: 61-65.
58. Nicolaides KH, Azar G, Byrne D, Mansur C, Marks K. Fetal nuchal translucency: ultrasound screening for chromosomal defects in first trimester of pregnancy. Br Med J 1992; 304: 867-69.
59. Chung BL, Kim HJ, Lee KH. The application of three-dimensional ultrasound to nuchal translucency measurement in early pregnancy (10-14 weeks): a preliminary study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15: 122-25.
60. Eppel W, Worda C, Frigo P, Lee A. Three- versus two-dimensional ultrasound for nuchal translucency thickness measurements: Comparison of feasibility and levels of agreement. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21: 596-601.
61. Clementschitsch G, Hasenohrl G, Schaffer H, Steiner H. Comparison between two- and three-dimensional ultrasound measurements of nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 475-80.
62. Paul C, Krampl E, Skentou C, Jurkovic D, Nicolaides KH. Measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 481-84.
63. Roberts AB, Mitchell JM, McCowan LM, Barker S. Ultrasonographic measurement of liver length in the small-for-gestational-age fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: 634-38.
64. Murao F, Seno D, Aoki S, Takamiya O, Yamamoto K, Iwanari O, Kaneda K, Kitao M. Ultrasonographic measurement of prenatal fetal liver. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi 1988; 40: 1550-554.
65. Murao F, Takamiya O, Yamamoto K, Iwanari O. Detection of intrauterine growth retardation based on measurements of size of the liver. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990; 29: 26-31.
66. Murao F, Takamori H, Hata K, Hata T, Kitao M. Fetal liver measurements by ultrasonography. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1987; 25: 381-85.
67. Roberts AB, Mitchell J, Murphy C, Koya H, Cundy T. Fetal liver length in diabetic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1308-312.
68. Chang FM, Hsu KF, Ko HC, Yao BL, Chang CH, Yu CH, Chen HY. Three-dimensional ultrasound assessment of fetal liver volume in normal pregnancy: a comparison of reproducibility with two-dimensional ultrasound and a search for a volume constant. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997; 23: 381-89.
69. Chang CH, Yu CH, Chang FM, Ko HC, Chen HY. The assessment of normal fetal liver volume by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 1123-129.
70. Boito SME, Laudy JAM, Struijk PC, Stijnen T, Wladimiroff JW. Three-dimensional US assessment of hepatic volume, head circumference, and abdominal circumference in healthy and growth-restricted fetuses. Radiology 2002; 223: 661-65.
71. Laudy JA, Janssen MM, Struyk PC, Stijnen T, Wallenburg HC, Wladimiroff JW. Fetal liver volume measurement by three-dimensional ultrasonography: a preliminary study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998; 12: 93-96.
72. Kuno A, Hayashi Y, Akiyama M, Yamashiro C, Tanaka H, Yanagihara T, Hata T. Three-dimensional sonographic measurement of liver volume in the small-for-gestational-age fetus. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 361-66.
73. Boito S, Struijk PC, Ursem NT, Fedele L, Wladimiroff JW. Fetal brain/liver volume ratio and umbilical volume flow parameters relative to normal and abnormal human development. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 21: 256-61.
74. Chang CH, Yu CH, Ko HC, Chen CL, Chang FM. Predicting fetal growth restriction with liver volume by three-dimensional ultrasound: efficacy evaluation. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006; 32: 13-17.
75. Boito SM, Struijk PC, Ursem NT, Stijnen T, Wladimiroff JW. Assessment of fetal liver volume and umbilical venous volume flow in pregnancies complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. BJOG 2003; 110: 1007-1013.
76. Konje JC, Bell SC, Morton JJ, de Chazal R, Taylor DJ. Human fetal kidney morphometry during gestation and the relationship between weight, kidney morphometry and plasma active renin concentration at birth. Clin Sci 1996; 91: 169-75.
77. Hinchliffe SA, Lynch MR, Sargent PH, Howard CV, Van Velzen D. The effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the development of renal nephrons. BJOG 1992; 99: 296-301.
78. Kingdom JC, McQueen J, Connell JM, Whittle MJ. Fetal angiotensin II levels and vascular (type I) angiotensin receptors in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. BJOG 1993; 100: 476-82.
79. Hsieh YY, Chang CC, Lee CC, Tsai HD. Fetal renal volume assessment by three-dimensional ultrasonography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 377-79.
80. Yu C, Chang C, Chang F, Ko H, Chen H. Fetal renal volume in normal gestation: a three-dimensional ultrasound study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000; 26: 1253-256.
81. Chang CH, Yu CH, Chang FM, Ko HC, Chen HY. Assessment of fetal adrenal gland volume using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2002; 28: 1383-387.
82. Schild RL, Plath H, Hofstaetter C, Hansmann M. Diagnosis of a fetal mesoblastic nephroma by 3D-ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15: 533-36.
83. Chang LW, Chang FM, Chang CH, Yu CH, Cheng YC, Chen HY. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal multicystic dysplastic kidney with two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2002; 28: 853-58.
84. Moeglin D, Talmant C, Duyme M, Lopez AC. Fetal lung volumetry using two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 119-27.
85. Lee A, Kratochwil A, Stumpflen I, Deutinger J, Bernaschek G. Fetal lung volume determination by three-dimensional ultrasonography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 588-92.
86. Pohls UG, Rempen A. Fetal lung volumetry by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998; 11: 6-12.
87. Bahmaie A, Hughes SW, Clark T, Milner A, Saunders J, Tilling K, Maxwell DJ. Serial fetal lung volume measurement using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 154-58.
88. Gerards FA, Engels MA, Twisk JW, van Vugt JM. Normal fetal lung volume measured with three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 134-44.
89. Chang CH, Yu CH, Chang FM, Ko HC, Chen HY. Volumetric assessment of normal fetal lungs using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 935-42.
90. Sabogal JC, Becker E, Bega G, Komwilaisak R, Berghella V, Weiner S, Tolosa J. Reproducibility of fetal lung volume measurements with 3-dimensional ultrasonography. J.Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: 347-52.
91. Peralta CF, Cavoretto P, Csapo B, Falcon O, Nicolaides KH. Lung and heart volumes by three-dimensional ultrasound in normal fetuses at 12-32 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 128-133.
92. Ruano R, Joubin L, Aubry MC, Thalabard JC, Dommergues M, Dumez Y, Benachi A. A nomogram of fetal lung volumes estimated by 3-dimensional ultrasonography using the rotational technique (virtual organ computer-aided analysis). J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 701-709.
93. Gerards FA, Twisk JW, Bakker M, Barkhof F, van Vugt JM. Fetal lung volume: three-dimensional ultrasonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 29: 533-36.
94. Wladimiroff JW. Fetal lung volumetry: A step closer to a clinically acceptable predictor of lung hypoplasia? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 124-27.
95. Osada H, Iitsuka Y, Masuda K, Sakamoto R, Kaku K, Seki K, Sekiya S. Application of lung volume measurement by three-dimensional ultrasonography for clinical assessment of fetal lung development. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 841-47.
96. Ruano R, Benachi A, Martinovic J, Grebille AG, Aubry MC, Dumez Y, Dommergues M. Can three-dimensional ultrasound be used for the assessment of the fetal lung volume in cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia? Fetal Diagn Ther 2004; 19: 87-91.
97. Ruano R, Benachi A, Joubin L, Aubry MC, Thalabard JC, Dumez Y, Dommergues M. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic assessment of fetal lung volume as prognostic factor in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. BJOG 2004; 111: 423-29.
98. Ruano R, Martinovic J, Dommergues M, Aubry MC, Dumez Y, Benachi A. Accuracy of fetal lung volume assessed by three-dimensional sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 725-30.
99. Ruano R, Aubry MC, Barthe B, Mitanchez D, Dumez Y, Benachi A. Quantitative analysis of fetal pulmonary vasculature by 3-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 1720-728.
100. Sklansky MS, Nelson T, Strachan M, Pretorius D. Real-time three-dimensional fetal echocardiography: initial feasibility study. J Ultrasound Med 1999; 18: 745-52.
101. Michailidis GD, Simpson JM, Karidas C, Economides DL. Detailed three-dimensional fetal echocardiography facilitated by an Internet link. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 325-28.
102. Levental M, Pretorius DH, Sklansky MS, Budorick NE, Nelson TR, Lou K. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of normal fetal heart: comparison with two-dimensional imaging. J Ultrasound Med 1998; 17: 341-48.
103. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Rappe N, Sierra F, Barth H, Schmidt S. Three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasonography for obtaining the four and five-chamber view: comparison with cross-sectional (2-D) fetal sonographic screening. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15: 397-402.
104. Arzt W, Tulzer G, Aigner M. Real time 3D sonography of the normal fetal heart-clinical evaluation. Ultraschall in der Medizin 2002; 23: 388-91.
105. Bega G, Kuhlman K, Lev-Toaff A, Kurtz A, Wapner R. Application of three-dimensional ultrasonography in the evaluation of the fetal heart. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 307-13.
106. Esh-Broder E, Ushakov FB, Imbar T, Yagel S. Application of free-hand three-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of fetal cardiac ejection fraction: a preliminary study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23: 546-51.
107. Bhat AH, Corbett V, Carpenter N, Liu N, Liu R, Wu A et al. Fetal ventricular mass determination on three-dimensional echocardiography: studies in normal fetuses and validation experiments. Circulation 2004; 110: 1054-1060.
108. Meyer-Wittkopf M, Cooper S, Vaughan J, Sholler G. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic analysis of congenital heart disease in the fetus: comparison with cross-sectional (2D) fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 17: 485-92.
109. Hata T, Aoki S, Manabe A, Hata K, Miyazaki K. Visualization of fetal genitalia by three-dimensional ultrasonography in the second and third trimesters. J Ultrasound Med 1998; 17: 137-39.
110. Lev-Toaff AS, Ozhan S, Pretorius D, Bega G, Kurtz AB, Kuhlman K. Three-dimensional multiplanar ultrasound for fetal gender assignment: value of the mid-sagittal plane. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 345-50.
111. Michailidis GD, Papageorgiou P, Economides DL. Assessment of fetal anatomy in the first trimester using two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. Br J Radiol 2002; 75: 215-19.
112. Blaas HG, Eik-Nes SH, Kiserud T, Berg S, Angelsen B, Olstad B. Three-dimensional imaging of the brain cavities in human embryos. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995; 5: 228-32.
113. Chang CH, Chang FM, Yu CH, Ko HC, Chen HY. Assessment of fetal cerebellar volume using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000; 26: 981-88.
114. Paladini D, Volpe P. Posterior fossa and vermianmorphometry in the characterization of fetal cerebellar abnormalities: a prospective three-dimensional ultrasound study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 482-89.
115. Endres LK, Cohen L. Reliability and validity of three-dimensional fetal brain volumes. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 1265-269.
116. Chang CH, Yu CH, Chang FM, Ko HC, Chen HY. The assessment of normal fetal brain volume by 3-D ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 1267-272.
117. Roelfsema NM, Hop WC, Boito SM, Wladimiroff JW. Three-dimensional sonographic measurement of normal fetal brain volume during the second half of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecology 2004; 190: 275-80.
118. Monteagudo A, Timor-Tritsch IE, Mayberry P. Three-dimensional transvaginal neurosonography of the fetal brain: 'navigating' in the volume scan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 307-13.
119. Pooh RK, Pooh K. Transvaginal 3D and Doppler ultrasonography of the fetal brain. Seminars Perinatol 2001; 25: 38-43.
120. Cohen LS, Sankpal R, Endres L. Transabdominal three-dimensional volume imaging of the fetal brain at 18-24 weeks' gestation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2001; 72: 145-50.
121. Pilu G, Segata M, Ghi T, Carletti A, Perolo A, Santini D, Bonasoni P, Tani G, Rizzo N. Diagnosis of midline anomalies of the fetal brain with the three-dimensional median view. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 522-29.
122. Chen CP, Shih JC, Tzen CY, Wang W. Three-dimentional ultrasound in the evaluation of complex anomalies associated with fetal ventral midline defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19: 102-104.
123. Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Mayberry P. Three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of the fetal brain: the three horn view. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 302-306.
124. Kalache KD, Eder K, Esser T, Proquitte H, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Hartung JP, Bamberg C. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic reslicing of the fetal brain to assist prenatal diagnosis of central nervous system anomalies. J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 509-14.
125. Correa FF, Lara C, Bellver J, Remohi J, Pellicer A, Serra V. Examination of the fetal brain by transabdominal three-dimensional ultrasound: potential for routine neurosonographic studies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 503-508.
126. Tonni G, Centini G. Three-dimensional first-trimester transvaginal diagnosis of alobar holoprosencephaly associated with omphalocele in a 46,XX fetus. Am J Perinatol 2006; 23: 67-69.
127. Gerards FA, Engels MA, Barkhof F, Van Den Dungen FA, Vermeulen RJ, van Vugt JM. Prenatal diagnosis of aneurysms of the vein of Galen (vena magna cerebri) with conventional sonography, three-dimensional sonography, and magnetic resonance imaging: report of 2 cases. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 1363-368.
128. Chen SH, Chang FM. Prenatal diagnosis of occipital meningocele using three-dimensional ultrasonography. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23: 762-63.
129. Blaas HGK, Eik-Nes SH, Vainio T, Vogt Isaksen C. Alobar holoprosencephaly at 9 weeks gestational age visualized by two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15: 62-65.
130. Devonald KJ, Ellwood DA, Griffiths KA, Kossoff G, Gill RW, Kadi AP, Nash DM, Warren PS, Davis W, Picker R. Volume imaging: three-dimensional appreciation of the fetal head and face. J Ultrasound Med 1995; 14: 919-25.
131. Pretorius DH, Nelson TR. Fetal face visualization using three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1995; 14: 349-56.
132. Lee A, Deutinger J, Bernaschek G. Three dimensional ultrasound: abnormalities of the fetal face in surface and volume rendering mode. BJOG 1995; 102: 302-306.
133. Merz E, Weber G, Bahlmann F, Miric-Tesanic D. Application of transvaginal and abdominal three-dimensional ultrasound for the detection or exclusion of malformations of the fetal face. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 9: 237-43.
134. Hata T, Yonehara T, Aoki S, Manabe A, Hata K, Miyazaki K. Three-dimensional sonographic visualization of the fetal face. Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170: 481-83.
135. Viereck N, Meyer-Wittkopf M, Schmidt S. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal face. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 2002; 62: 768-71.
136. Pretorius DH, House M, Nelson TR, Hollenbach KA. Evaluation of normal and abnormal lips in fetuses: comparison between three- and two-dimensional sonography. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 1233-237.
137. Chmait R, Pretorius D, Jones M, Hull A, James G, Nelson T, Moore T. Prenatal evaluation of facial clefts with two-dimensional and adjunctive three-dimensional ultrasonography: A prospective trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 946-49.
138. Lee W, Kirk JS, Shaheen KW, Romero R, Hodges AN, Comstock CH. Fetal cleft lip and palate detection by three-dimensional ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 314-20.
139. Rotten D, Levaillant JM. Two- and three-dimensional sonographic assessment of the fetal face. 2. Analysis of cleft lip, alveolus and palate. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 24: 402-11.
140. Campbell S, Lees C, Moscoso G, Hall P. Ultrasound antenatal diagnosis of cleft palate by a new technique: The 3D 'reverse face' view. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 12-18.
141. Lee W, Comstock CH, Kirk JS, Smith RS, Monck JW, Deenadayalu R, Bendick PJ. Birthweight prediction by three-dimensional ultrasonographic volumes of the fetal thigh and abdomen. J Ultrasound Med 1997; 16: 799-805.
142. Chang FM, Liang RI, Ko HC, Yao BL, Chang CH, Yu CH. Three-dimensional ultrasound-assessed fetal thigh volumetry in predicting birth weight. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 331-39.
143. Song TB, Moore TR, Lee JI, Kim YH, Kim EK. Fetal weight prediction by thigh volume measurement with three-dimensional ultrasonography. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96: 157-61.
144. Patipanawat S, Komwilaisak R, Ratanasiri T. Correlation of weight estimation in large and small fetuses with three-dimensional ultrasonographic volume measurements of the fetal upper-arm and thigh: A preliminary report. J Med Assoc Thai 2006; 89: 13-19.
145. Chang CH, Yu CH, Ko HC, Chen CL, Chang FM. The efficacy assessment of thigh volume in predicting intrauterine fetal growth restriction by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2005; 31: 883-87.
146. Liang RI, Chang FM, Yao BL, Chang CH, Yu CH, Ko HC. Predicting birth weight by fetal upper-arm volume with use of three-dimensional ultrasonography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 632-38.
147. Chang CH, Yu CH, Chang FM, Ko HC, Chen HY. Assessment of normal fetal upper arm volume by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2002; 28: 859-63.
148. Chang CH, Yu CH, Ko HC, Chen CL, Chang FM. Fetal upper arm volume in predicting intrauterine growth restriction: a three-dimensional ultrasound study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2005; 31: 1435-439.
149. Chang CH, Yu CH, Ko HC, Chang FM, Chen HY. Prenatal assessment of normal fetal humerus volume by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 1675-680.
150. Chang CH, Yu CH, Ko HC, Chen CL, Chang FM. Predicting fetal growth restriction by humerus volume: A three-dimensional ultrasound study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006; 32: 791-95.
151. Lee W, Deter RL, Ebersole JD, Huang R, Blanckaert K, Romero R. Birth weight prediction by three-dimensional ultrasonography: fractional limb volume. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 1283-292.
152. Lee W, Deter RL, McNie B, Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R. Individualized growth assessment of fetal soft tissue using fractional thigh volume. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 24: 766-74.
153. Schild RL, Fimmers R, Hansmann M. Can 3D volumetric analysis of the fetal upper arm and thigh improve conventional 2D weight estimates? Ultraschall in der Medizin 1999; 20: 31-37.
154. Schild RL, Fimmers R, Hansmann M. Fetal weight estimation by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 445-52.
155. Cicero S, Bindra R, Rembouskos G, Spencer K, Nicolaides KH. Integrated ultrasound and biochemical screening for trisomy 21 using fetal nuchal translucency, absent fetal nasal bone, free beta-hCG and PAPP-A at 11 to 14 weeks. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23: 306-310.
156. Bekker MN, Twisk JW, van Vugt JM. Reproducibility of the fetal nasal bone length measurement. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: 1613-618.
157. Benoit B, Chaoui R. Three-dimensional ultrasound with maximal mode rendering: a novel technique for the diagnosis of bilateral or unilateral absence or hypoplasia of nasal bones in second-trimester screening for Down syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 19-24.
158. Goncalves LF, Espinoza J, Lee W, Schoen ML, Devers P, Mazor M, Chaiworapongsa T, Devore GR, Romero R. Phenotypic characteristics of absent and hypoplastic nasal bones in fetuses with Down syndrome: description by 3-dimensional ultrasonography and clinical significance. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: 1619-627.
159. Rembouskos G, Cicero S, Longo D, Vandecruys H, Nicolaides KH. Assessment of the fetal nasal bone at 11-14 weeks of gestation by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23: 232-36.
160. Seow KM, Huang LW, Lin YH, Pan HS, Tsai YL, Hwang JL. Prenatal three-dimensional ultrasound diagnosis of a camptomelic dysplasia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2004; 269: 142-44.
161. Chang JZ, Shih JC, Pan HS, Hwang JL. Early diagnosis of fetal exencephaly during the first trimester: Report of a case. J Med Ultrasound 2001; 9: 25-28.
162. Chen CP, Chern SR, Shih JC, Wang W, Yeh LF, Chang TY, Tzen CY. Prenatal diagnosis and genetic analysis of type I and type II thanatophoric dysplasia. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21: 89-95.
163. Chang LW, Chang CH, Yu CH, Chang FM. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of osteogenesis imperfecta at early pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22: 77-78.
164. McEwing RL, Alton K, Johnson J, Scioscia AL, Pretorius DH. First-trimester diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta type II by three-dimensional sonography. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 311-14.
165. Blaicher W, Lee A, Deutinger J, Bernaschek G. Sirenomelia: Early prenatal diagnosis with combined two- and three-dimensional sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 17: 542-43.
166. Chen CP, Shih JC, Tzen CY, Lin YH, Wang W. Recurrent short-rib polydactyly syndrome: Prenatal three-dimensional ultrasound findings and associations with congenital high airway obstruction and pyelectasia. Prenatal Diagnosis 2005; 25: 417-18.
167. Bonilla-Musoles F, Machado LE, Osborne NG, Munoz EA, Raga F, Blanes J, Bonilla F. Two- and three-dimensional ultrasound in malformations of the medullary canal: Report of four cases. Prenatal Diagnosis 2001; 21: 622-26.
168. Yanagihara T, Hata T. Three-dimensional sonographic visualization of fetal skeleton in the second trimester of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000; 49: 12-16.
169. Krakow D, Williams III J, Poehl M, Rimoin DL, Platt LD. Use of three-dimensional ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of prenatal-onset skeletal dysplasias. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 21: 467-72.
170. Garjian KV, Pretorius DH, Budorick NE, Cantrell CJ, Johnson DD, Nelson
171. Kos M, Hafner T, Funduk-Kurjak B, Bozek T, Kurjak A. Limb deformities and three-dimensional ultrasound. J Perinat Med 2002; 30: 40-47.
172. Budorick NE, Pretorius DH, Johnson DD, Nelson TR, Tartar MK, Lou KV. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal distal lower extremity: normal and abnormal. J Ultrasound Med 1998; 17: 649-60.
173. Ruano R, Molho M, Roume J, Ville Y. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal skeletal dysplasias by combining two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound and intrauterine three-dimensional helical computer tomography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 24: 134-40.
174. Wallny TA, Schild RL, Fimmers R, Wagner UA, Hansmann ME, Schmitt O. The fetal spinal canal-a three-dimensional study. Ultrasound Med Biol 1999; 25: 1329-333.
175. Johnson DD, Pretorius DH, Riccabona M, Budorick NE, Nelson TR. Three-dimensional ultrasound of the fetal spine. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 434-38.
176. Lee W, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, Williams R, McNie B, Johnson A, Treadwell M, Comstock CH. A diagnostic approach for the evaluation of spina bifida by three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 619-26.
177. Pretorius DH, Nelson TR. Prenatal visualization of cranial sutures and fontanelles with three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1994; 13: 871-76.
178. Dikkeboom CM, Roelfsema NM, Van Adrichem LNA, Wladimiroff JW. The role of three-dimensional ultrasound in visualizing the fetal cranial sutures and fontanels during the second half of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 24: 412-16.
179. Liu IF, Chang CH, Yu CH, Cheng YC, Chang FM. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal acrania using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2005; 31: 175-78.
180. Faro C, Wegrzyn P, Benoit B, Chaoui R, Nicolaides KH. Metopic suture in fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 286-89.
181. Faro C, Wegrzyn P, Benoit B, Chaoui R, Nicolaides KH. Metopic suture in fetuses with holoprosencephaly at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 162-66.
182. Faro C, Benoit B, Wegrzyn P, Chaoui R, Nicolaides KH. Three-dimensional sonographic description of the fetal frontal bones and metopic suture. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 618-21.
183. Lee W, McNie B, Chaiworapongsa T, Conoscenti G, Kalache KD, Vettraino IM, Romero R, Comstock CH. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic presentation of micrognathia. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 775-81.
184. Michailidis GD, Papageorgiou P, Morris RW, Economides DL. The use of three-dimensional ultrasound for fetal gender determination in the first trimester. Br J Radiol 2003; 76: 448-51.
185. Benoit B. The value of three-dimensional ultrasonography in the screening of the fetal skeleton. Childs Nerv Syst 2003; 19: 403-409.