메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 281-289

A review of the management of open fractures of the tibia and femur

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANAMNESIS; BONE PLATE; COMPARTMENT SYNDROME; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FEMUR FRACTURE; FOREIGN BODY; FRACTURE EXTERNAL FIXATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTRAMEDULLARY NAIL; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MICROVASCULAR SURGERY; MUSCLE FLAP; OPEN FRACTURE; OPERATING ROOM; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOFT TISSUE INJURY; THERAPY DELAY; TIBIA FRACTURE; TIME;

EID: 33644957075     PISSN: 0301620X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.88B3.16465     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (198)

References (112)
  • 2
    • 0031552498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and management of open fractures of the lower limb
    • Howard M, Court-Brown CM. Epidemiology and management of open fractures of the lower limb. Br J Hosp Med 1997;57:582-7.
    • (1997) Br J Hosp Med , vol.57 , pp. 582-587
    • Howard, M.1    Court-Brown, C.M.2
  • 3
    • 0017076151 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty five open fractures of long bones
    • Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty five open fractures of long bones. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1976;58-A: 453-8.
    • (1976) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.58 A , pp. 453-458
    • Gustilo, R.B.1    Anderson, J.T.2
  • 4
    • 0021227567 scopus 로고
    • Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: A new classification of type III open fractures
    • Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma 1984; 24:742-6.
    • (1984) J Trauma , vol.24 , pp. 742-746
    • Gustilo, R.B.1    Mendoza, R.M.2    Williams, D.N.3
  • 6
    • 0020038192 scopus 로고
    • A new classification of soft-tissue damage in open and closed fractures
    • (in German)
    • Tscherne H, Oestern HJ. A new classification of soft-tissue damage in open and closed fractures. Unfallheilkunde 1982;65:111-15 (in German).
    • (1982) Unfallheilkunde , vol.65 , pp. 111-115
    • Tscherne, H.1    Oestern, H.J.2
  • 7
    • 0024853111 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for amputation, reconstruction and replantation of extremities in multiple trauma patients
    • (in German)
    • Sudkamp N, Haas NP, Flory PJ, Tscherne H, Berger A. Criteria for amputation, reconstruction and replantation of extremities in multiple trauma patients. Chirurg 1989;60:774-81 (in German).
    • (1989) Chirurg , vol.60 , pp. 774-781
    • Sudkamp, N.1    Haas, N.P.2    Flory, P.J.3    Tscherne, H.4    Berger, A.5
  • 8
    • 33750693891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft-tissue injury: Pathophysiology and its influence on fracture management-evaluation/classification of of closed and open injuries
    • etc: Thieme
    • Sudkamp NP. Soft-tissue injury: pathophysiology and its influence on fracture management-evaluation/classification of of closed and open injuries. In: AO principles of fracture management Stuttgart, etc: Thieme, 2000:72-5.
    • (2000) AO Principles of Fracture Management Stuttgart , pp. 72-75
    • Sudkamp, N.P.1
  • 10
    • 0028141646 scopus 로고
    • Interobserver agreement in the classification of open fractures of the tibia: The results of a survey of two hundred and forty-five orthopaedic surgeons
    • Brumback RJ, Jones AL. Interobserver agreement in the classification of open fractures of the tibia: the results of a survey of two hundred and forty-five orthopaedic surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1994;76-A:1162-6.
    • (1994) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.76 A , pp. 1162-1166
    • Brumback, R.J.1    Jones, A.L.2
  • 11
    • 0027349223 scopus 로고
    • Interobserver reliability in the Gustilo and Anderson classification of open fractures
    • Horn BD, Rettig ME. Interobserver reliability in the Gustilo and Anderson classification of open fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1993;7:357-60.
    • (1993) J Orthop Trauma , vol.7 , pp. 357-360
    • Horn, B.D.1    Rettig, M.E.2
  • 13
    • 0001765151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open fractures
    • Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, Heckman JD, eds. Fourth ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven
    • Chapman MW, Olson SA. Open fractures. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, Heckman JD, eds. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Fourth ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996:305-52.
    • (1996) Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults , pp. 305-352
    • Chapman, M.W.1    Olson, S.A.2
  • 14
    • 0029146988 scopus 로고
    • The management of severe fractures of the lower extremities
    • Gregory P, Sanders R. The management of severe fractures of the lower extremities. Clin Orthop 1995;318:95-105.
    • (1995) Clin Orthop , vol.318 , pp. 95-105
    • Gregory, P.1    Sanders, R.2
  • 15
    • 0343711747 scopus 로고
    • The management of open fractures
    • Tscherne H, Gotzen L, eds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    • Tscherne H. The management of open fractures. In: Tscherne H, Gotzen L, eds. Fractures with soft tissue injuries. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1984:10-32.
    • (1984) Fractures With Soft Tissue Injuries , pp. 10-32
    • Tscherne, H.1
  • 16
    • 0024687062 scopus 로고
    • Overview of the severely traumatized lower limb: Reconstruction versus amputation
    • Hansen ST. Overview of the severely traumatized lower limb: reconstruction versus amputation. Clin Orthop 1989;143:17-19.
    • (1989) Clin Orthop , vol.143 , pp. 17-19
    • Hansen, S.T.1
  • 17
    • 0037069763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of outcomes of reconstruction or amputation after leg-threatening injuries
    • Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Kellam JF, et al. An analysis of outcomes of reconstruction or amputation after leg-threatening injuries. New Engl J Med 2002;347: 1924-31.
    • (2002) New Engl J Med , vol.347 , pp. 1924-1931
    • Bosse, M.J.1    MacKenzie, E.J.2    Kellam, J.F.3
  • 19
    • 0141563577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological distress associated with severe lower-limb injury
    • McCarthy ML, MacKenzie EJ, Edwin D, et al. Psychological distress associated with severe lower-limb injury. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2003;85-A:1689-97.
    • (2003) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.85 A , pp. 1689-1697
    • McCarthy, M.L.1    MacKenzie, E.J.2    Edwin, D.3
  • 21
    • 0029839399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open fractures of the tibial shaft: Current treatment
    • Olson SA. Open fractures of the tibial shaft: current treatment. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1996;78-A:1428-37.
    • (1996) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.78 A , pp. 1428-1437
    • Olson, S.A.1
  • 23
    • 0024381607 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds
    • Patzakis MJ, Wilkins J. Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds. Clin Orthop 1989;243:36-40.
    • (1989) Clin Orthop , vol.243 , pp. 36-40
    • Patzakis, M.J.1    Wilkins, J.2
  • 24
    • 0016155185 scopus 로고
    • The role of antibiotics in the management of open fractures
    • Patzakis MJ, Harvey JP, Ivler D. The role of antibiotics in the management of open fractures. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1974;56-A:532-41.
    • (1974) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.56 A , pp. 532-541
    • Patzakis, M.J.1    Harvey, J.P.2    Ivler, D.3
  • 25
    • 0023767619 scopus 로고
    • Risk of infection after open fracture of the arm or leg
    • Dellinger EP, Miller SD, Wertz MJ, et al. Risk of infection after open fracture of the arm or leg. Arch Surg 1988;123:1320-7.
    • (1988) Arch Surg , vol.123 , pp. 1320-1327
    • Dellinger, E.P.1    Miller, S.D.2    Wertz, M.J.3
  • 27
    • 0020552746 scopus 로고
    • Considerations in reducing the infection rate in open tibial fractures
    • Patzakis MJ, Wilkins J, Moore TM. Considerations in reducing the infection rate in open tibial fractures. Clin Orthop 1983;178:36-41.
    • (1983) Clin Orthop , vol.178 , pp. 36-41
    • Patzakis, M.J.1    Wilkins, J.2    Moore, T.M.3
  • 28
    • 0028107429 scopus 로고
    • The prevention of infection in open fractures: An experimental study of the effect of fracture stability
    • Worlock P, Slack R, Harvey L, Mawhiney R. The prevention of infection in open fractures: an experimental study of the effect of fracture stability. Injury 1994;25: 31-8.
    • (1994) Injury , vol.25 , pp. 31-38
    • Worlock, P.1    Slack, R.2    Harvey, L.3    Mawhiney, R.4
  • 30
    • 0020601602 scopus 로고
    • Unilateral external fixation for severe open tibial fractures: Preliminary report of a prospective study
    • Behrens F, Comfort TH, Searls K, Denis F, Young T. Unilateral external fixation for severe open tibial fractures: preliminary report of a prospective study. Clin Orthop 1983;178:111-20.
    • (1983) Clin Orthop , vol.178 , pp. 111-120
    • Behrens, F.1    Comfort, T.H.2    Searls, K.3    Denis, F.4    Young, T.5
  • 31
    • 0022650940 scopus 로고
    • External fixation of the tibia: Basic concepts and prospective evaluation
    • Behrens F, Searls K. External fixation of the tibia: basic concepts and prospective evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1986;68-B:246-54.
    • (1986) J Bone Joint Surg [Br] , vol.68 B , pp. 246-254
    • Behrens, F.1    Searls, K.2
  • 34
    • 0023877831 scopus 로고
    • Severe open tibial fractures: Results treating 202 injuries with external fixation
    • Edwards CC, Simmons SC, Browner BD, Weigel MC. Severe open tibial fractures: results treating 202 injuries with external fixation. Clin Orthop 1988;230: 98-115.
    • (1988) Clin Orthop , vol.230 , pp. 98-115
    • Edwards, C.C.1    Simmons, S.C.2    Browner, B.D.3    Weigel, M.C.4
  • 35
    • 0025242488 scopus 로고
    • Reaming versus non-reaming in medullary nailing: Interference with cortical circulation in the canine tibia
    • Klein MPM, Rahn BA, Frigg R, Kessler S, Perren SM. Reaming versus non-reaming in medullary nailing: interference with cortical circulation in the canine tibia. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1990;109:314-16.
    • (1990) Arch Orthop Trauma Surg , vol.109 , pp. 314-316
    • Klein, M.P.M.1    Rahn, B.A.2    Frigg, R.3    Kessler, S.4    Perren, S.M.5
  • 36
    • 0028528922 scopus 로고
    • Cortical bone blood flow in reamed and unreamed locked intramedullary nailing: A fractured tibia model in sheep
    • Schemitsch EH, Kowalski MJ, Swiontkowski MF, Senft D. Cortical bone blood flow in reamed and unreamed locked intramedullary nailing: a fractured tibia model in sheep. J Orthop Trauma 1994;8:373-82.
    • (1994) J Orthop Trauma , vol.8 , pp. 373-382
    • Schemitsch, E.H.1    Kowalski, M.J.2    Swiontkowski, M.F.3    Senft, D.4
  • 38
    • 0028310985 scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of union rate of open tibial fractures treated with locked, unreamed intramedullary nails
    • Bone LB, Kassman S, Stegemann P, France J. Prospective study of union rate of open tibial fractures treated with locked, unreamed intramedullary nails. J Orthop Trauma 1994;8:45-9.
    • (1994) J Orthop Trauma , vol.8 , pp. 45-49
    • Bone, L.B.1    Kassman, S.2    Stegemann, P.3    France, J.4
  • 39
    • 0033826513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fix and flap: The radical orthopaedic and plastic treatment of severe open fractures of the tibia
    • Gopal S, Majumder S, Batchelor AGB, et al. Fix and flap: the radical orthopaedic and plastic treatment of severe open fractures of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2000;82-B:959-66.
    • (2000) J Bone Joint Surg [Br] , vol.82 B , pp. 959-966
    • Gopal, S.1    Majumder, S.2    Batchelor, A.G.B.3
  • 40
    • 0028049378 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of grade-IIIB open tibial fractures: A prospective randomised comparison of external fixation and non-reamed locked nailing
    • Tornetta P 3rd, Bergman M, Watnik N, Berkowitz G, Steuer J. Treatment of grade-IIIB open tibial fractures: a prospective randomised comparison of external fixation and non-reamed locked nailing. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1994;76-B:13-19.
    • (1994) J Bone Joint Surg [Br] , vol.76 B , pp. 13-19
    • Tornetta III, P.1    Bergman, M.2    Watnik, N.3    Berkowitz, G.4    Steuer, J.5
  • 41
    • 0026318908 scopus 로고
    • The timing of flap coverage, bone-grafting, and intramedullary nailing in patients who have a fracture of the tibial shaft with extensive soft-tissue injury
    • Fischer MD, Gustilo RB, Varecka TF. The timing of flap coverage, bone-grafting, and intramedullary nailing in patients who have a fracture of the tibial shaft with extensive soft-tissue injury. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1991;73-A:1316-22.
    • (1991) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.73 A , pp. 1316-1322
    • Fischer, M.D.1    Gustilo, R.B.2    Varecka, T.F.3
  • 42
    • 0024363813 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of large diaphyseal defects, without free fibular transfer, in grade-IIIB tibial fractures
    • Christian EP, Bosse MJ, Robb G. Reconstruction of large diaphyseal defects, without free fibular transfer, in grade-IIIB tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1989; 71-A:994-1004.
    • (1989) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.71 A , pp. 994-1004
    • Christian, E.P.1    Bosse, M.J.2    Robb, G.3
  • 44
    • 0024425552 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of open fractures of the tibial shaft: Ender nailing versus external fixation
    • Holbrook JL, Swiontkowski MF, Sanders R. Treatment of open fractures of the tibial shaft: Ender nailing versus external fixation. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1989;71-A: 1231-8.
    • (1989) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.71 A , pp. 1231-1238
    • Holbrook, J.L.1    Swiontkowski, M.F.2    Sanders, R.3
  • 45
    • 0032822054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open tibial fractures: Faster union after unreamed nailing than after fixation
    • Alberts KA, Loohagen G, Einarsdottir H. Open tibial fractures: faster union after unreamed nailing than after fixation. Injury 1999;30:519-23.
    • (1999) Injury , vol.30 , pp. 519-523
    • Alberts, K.A.1    Loohagen, G.2    Einarsdottir, H.3
  • 46
    • 0031606478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of type II, IIIA and IIIB open fractures of the tibial shaft: A prospective comparison of unreamed interlocking intramedullary nails and half-pin external fixators
    • Henley MB, Chapman JR, Agel J, et al. Treatment of type II, IIIA and IIIB open fractures of the tibial shaft: a prospective comparison of unreamed interlocking intramedullary nails and half-pin external fixators. J Orthop Trauma 1998;12:1-7.
    • (1998) J Orthop Trauma , vol.12 , pp. 1-7
    • Henley, M.B.1    Chapman, J.R.2    Agel, J.3
  • 47
    • 0029046450 scopus 로고
    • Unreamed interlocking nail versus external fixator for open type III tibia fractures
    • Tu YK, Lin CH, Su JI, Hsu DT, Chen RJ. Unreamed interlocking nail versus external fixator for open type III tibia fractures. J Trauma 1995;39:361-7.
    • (1995) J Trauma , vol.39 , pp. 361-367
    • Tu, Y.K.1    Lin, C.H.2    Su, J.I.3    Hsu, D.T.4    Chen, R.J.5
  • 48
    • 0024517307 scopus 로고
    • Plates versus external fixation in severe open tibial shaft fractures: A randomized trial
    • Bach AW, Hansen ST Jr. Plates versus external fixation in severe open tibial shaft fractures: a randomized trial. Clin Orthop 1989;241:89-94.
    • (1989) Clin Orthop , vol.241 , pp. 89-94
    • Bach, A.W.1    Hansen Jr., S.T.2
  • 49
    • 0030801313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superior results of tibial rodding versus external fixation in grade 3B fractures
    • Schandelmaier P, Krettek C, Rudolf J, et al. Superior results of tibial rodding versus external fixation in grade 3B fractures. Clin Orthop 1997;342:164-72.
    • (1997) Clin Orthop , vol.342 , pp. 164-172
    • Schandelmaier, P.1    Krettek, C.2    Rudolf, J.3
  • 50
    • 0036236243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unreamed intramedullary nail versus external fixation in grade III open tibial fractures
    • Shannon FJ, Mullett H, O'Rourke K. Unreamed intramedullary nail versus external fixation in grade III open tibial fractures. J Trauma 2002;52:650-4.
    • (2002) J Trauma , vol.52 , pp. 650-654
    • Shannon, F.J.1    Mullett, H.2    O'Rourke, K.3
  • 51
    • 0026476241 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of open fractures of the tibial shaft with the use of interlocking nailing without reaming
    • Whittle AP, Russell TA, Taylor JC, Lavelle DG. Treatment of open fractures of the tibial shaft with the use of interlocking nailing without reaming. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1992;74-A:1162-71.
    • (1992) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.74 A , pp. 1162-1171
    • Whittle, A.P.1    Russell, T.A.2    Taylor, J.C.3    Lavelle, D.G.4
  • 52
    • 0035117854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary unreamed intramedullary nailing for open fractures of the tibia
    • Oh CW, Park BC, Ihn JC, Park HJ. Primary unreamed intramedullary nailing for open fractures of the tibia. Inter Orthop 2001;24:338-41.
    • (2001) Inter Orthop , vol.24 , pp. 338-341
    • Oh, C.W.1    Park, B.C.2    Ihn, J.C.3    Park, H.J.4
  • 53
    • 0031981955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonreamed flexible locked intramedullary nailing in tibial open fractures
    • Darder-Garcia A, Darder-Prats A, Gomar-Sancho F. Nonreamed flexible locked intramedullary nailing in tibial open fractures. Clin Orthop 1998;350:97-104.
    • (1998) Clin Orthop , vol.350 , pp. 97-104
    • Darder-Garcia, A.1    Darder-Prats, A.2    Gomar-Sancho, F.3
  • 54
    • 0031971415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local or free muscle flaps and unreamed interlocked nails for open tibial fractures
    • Shepherd LE, Costigan WM, Gardocki RJ, et al. Local or free muscle flaps and unreamed interlocked nails for open tibial fractures. Clin Orthop 1998;350:90-6.
    • (1998) Clin Orthop , vol.350 , pp. 90-96
    • Shepherd, L.E.1    Costigan, W.M.2    Gardocki, R.J.3
  • 55
    • 0030938547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for open fractures of the tibial shaft: A prospective, randomized study
    • Keating JF, O'Brien PJ, Blachut PA, Meek RN, Broekhuyse HM. Locking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for open fractures of the tibial shaft: a prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1997;79-A:334-41.
    • (1997) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.79 A , pp. 334-341
    • Keating, J.F.1    O'Brien, P.J.2    Blachut, P.A.3    Meek, R.N.4    Broekhuyse, H.M.5
  • 56
    • 0028718723 scopus 로고
    • The treatment of open tibial shaft fractures using an interlocked intramedullary nail without reaming
    • Sanders R, Jerisinovich I, Anglen J, Dipasquale T, Herscovici D Jr. The treatment of open tibial shaft fractures using an interlocked intramedullary nail without reaming. J Orthop Trauma 1994;8:504-10.
    • (1994) J Orthop Trauma , vol.8 , pp. 504-510
    • Sanders, R.1    Jerisinovich, I.2    Anglen, J.3    Dipasquale, T.4    Herscovici Jr., D.5
  • 57
    • 0029039986 scopus 로고
    • Open tibial dialphyseal fractures: Results of unreamed locked intramedullary nailing
    • Singer RW, Kellam JF. Open tibial dialphyseal fractures: results of unreamed locked intramedullary nailing. Clin Orthop 1995;315:114-18.
    • (1995) Clin Orthop , vol.315 , pp. 114-118
    • Singer, R.W.1    Kellam, J.F.2
  • 58
    • 0029008127 scopus 로고
    • A sequential protocol for management of severe open tibial fractures
    • Cole JD, Ansel LJ, Schartzberg R. A sequential protocol for management of severe open tibial fractures. Clin Orthop 1995;315:84-103.
    • (1995) Clin Orthop , vol.315 , pp. 84-103
    • Cole, J.D.1    Ansel, L.J.2    Schartzberg, R.3
  • 59
    • 0029286861 scopus 로고
    • Management protocol for unreamed interlocking tibial nails for open tibial fractures
    • Stegemann P, Lorio M, Soriano R, Bone L. Management protocol for unreamed interlocking tibial nails for open tibial fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1995;9:117-20.
    • (1995) J Orthop Trauma , vol.9 , pp. 117-120
    • Stegemann, P.1    Lorio, M.2    Soriano, R.3    Bone, L.4
  • 61
    • 0025359675 scopus 로고
    • Lower infection rate after interlocking nailing in open fractures of femur and tibia
    • Kaltenecker G, Wruhs O, Quaicoe S. Lower infection rate after interlocking nailing in open fractures of femur and tibia. J Trauma 1990;30:474-9.
    • (1990) J Trauma , vol.30 , pp. 474-479
    • Kaltenecker, G.1    Wruhs, O.2    Quaicoe, S.3
  • 62
    • 0347937598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • External fixation and secondary intramedullary nailing of open tibial fractures: A randomised, prospective trial
    • Antich-Adrover P, Marti-Garin D, Murias-Alvarez J, Puente-Alonso C. External fixation and secondary intramedullary nailing of open tibial fractures: a randomised, prospective trial. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1997;79-B:433-7.
    • (1997) J Bone Joint Surg [Br] , vol.79 B , pp. 433-437
    • Antich-Adrover, P.1    Marti-Garin, D.2    Murias-Alvarez, J.3    Puente-Alonso, C.4
  • 63
    • 0025306878 scopus 로고
    • External fixation and delayed intramedullary nailing of open fractures of the tibial shaft: A sequential protocol
    • Blachut PA, Meek RN, O'Brien PJ. External fixation and delayed intramedullary nailing of open fractures of the tibial shaft: a sequential protocol. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1990;72-A:729-35.
    • (1990) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.72 A , pp. 729-735
    • Blachut, P.A.1    Meek, R.N.2    O'Brien, P.J.3
  • 64
    • 0023712224 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of open tibial-shaft fractures: External fixation and secondary intramedullary nailing
    • McGraw JM, Lim EVA. Treatment of open tibial-shaft fractures: external fixation and secondary intramedullary nailing. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1988;70-A:900-11.
    • (1988) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.70 A , pp. 900-911
    • McGraw, J.M.1    Lim, E.V.A.2
  • 65
    • 0024307640 scopus 로고
    • Infection after intramedullary nailing of severe open tibial fractures initially treated with external fixation
    • Maurer DJ, Merkow RL, Gustilo RB. Infection after intramedullary nailing of severe open tibial fractures initially treated with external fixation. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1989;71-A:835-8.
    • (1989) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.71 A , pp. 835-838
    • Maurer, D.J.1    Merkow, R.L.2    Gustilo, R.B.3
  • 66
    • 0035101542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of open fractures of the shaft of the tibia: A systematic overview and meta-analysis
    • Bhandari M, Guyatt GH, Swiontkowski MF, Schemitsch EH. Treatment of open fractures of the shaft of the tibia: a systematic overview and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2001;83-B:62-8.
    • (2001) J Bone Joint Surg [Br] , vol.83 B , pp. 62-68
    • Bhandari, M.1    Guyatt, G.H.2    Swiontkowski, M.F.3    Schemitsch, E.H.4
  • 67
    • 0034152649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, randomized study of intramedullary nails inserted with and without reaming for the treatment of open and closed fractures of the tibial shaft
    • Finkemeier CG, Scmidt AH, Kyle RF, Templeman DC, Varecka TF. A prospective, randomized study of intramedullary nails inserted with and without reaming for the treatment of open and closed fractures of the tibial shaft. J Orthop Trauma 2000; 14:187-93.
    • (2000) J Orthop Trauma , vol.14 , pp. 187-193
    • Finkemeier, C.G.1    Scmidt, A.H.2    Kyle, R.F.3    Templeman, D.C.4    Varecka, T.F.5
  • 68
    • 0023009465 scopus 로고
    • The role of intramedullary fixation in open fractures
    • Chapman MW. The role of intramedullary fixation in open fractures. Clin Orthop 1986;212:26-34.
    • (1986) Clin Orthop , vol.212 , pp. 26-34
    • Chapman, M.W.1
  • 69
    • 0023554494 scopus 로고
    • Classification of type III (severe) open fractures relative to treatment and results
    • Gustilo RB, Gruniger RP, Davis T. Classification of type III (severe) open fractures relative to treatment and results. Orthopaedics 1987;10:1781-8.
    • (1987) Orthopaedics , vol.10 , pp. 1781-1788
    • Gustilo, R.B.1    Gruniger, R.P.2    Davis, T.3
  • 70
    • 0037764915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgical priorities in damage control orthopaedics
    • Giannoudis PV. Surgical priorities in damage control orthopaedics. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2003;85-B:478-83.
    • (2003) J Bone Joint Surg [Br] , vol.85 B , pp. 478-483
    • Giannoudis, P.V.1
  • 72
    • 1642320254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed presentation is no barrier to satisfactory outcome in the management of open tibial fractures
    • Ashford RU, Mehta JA, Cripps R. Delayed presentation is no barrier to satisfactory outcome in the management of open tibial fractures. Injury 2004;35:411-16.
    • (2004) Injury , vol.35 , pp. 411-416
    • Ashford, R.U.1    Mehta, J.A.2    Cripps, R.3
  • 74
    • 0020555918 scopus 로고
    • Primary versus delayed soft tissue coverage for severe open tibial fractures: A comparison of results
    • Cierny G 3rd, Byrd HS, Jones RE. Primary versus delayed soft tissue coverage for severe open tibial fractures: a comparison of results. Clin Orthop 1983;178:54-63.
    • (1983) Clin Orthop , vol.178 , pp. 54-63
    • Cierny III, G.1    Byrd, H.S.2    Jones, R.E.3
  • 76
    • 0022468561 scopus 로고
    • Early microsurgical transfer of complex trauma of the extremities
    • Godina M. Early microsurgical transfer of complex trauma of the extremities. Plast Reconstr Surg 1986;78:285-92.
    • (1986) Plast Reconstr Surg , vol.78 , pp. 285-292
    • Godina, M.1
  • 77
    • 4444373839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The functional outcome of severe, open tibial fractures managed with early fixation and flap coverage
    • Gopal S, Giannoudis PV, Murray A, Matthews SJ, Smith RM. The functional outcome of severe, open tibial fractures managed with early fixation and flap coverage. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2004;86-B:861-7.
    • (2004) J Bone Joint Surg [Br] , vol.86 B , pp. 861-867
    • Gopal, S.1    Giannoudis, P.V.2    Murray, A.3    Matthews, S.J.4    Smith, R.M.5
  • 78
    • 0026562737 scopus 로고
    • Microvascular soft tissue transplantation of acute open tibial fractures: Timing of coverage and long term functional results
    • Francel TJ, Vander Kolk CA, Hoopes JE, Manson PN, Yaremchuk MJ. Microvascular soft tissue transplantation of acute open tibial fractures: timing of coverage and long term functional results. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;89:478-87.
    • (1992) Plast Reconstr Surg , vol.89 , pp. 478-487
    • Francel, T.J.1    Vander Kolk, C.A.2    Hoopes, J.E.3    Manson, P.N.4    Yaremchuk, M.J.5
  • 79
    • 0032811948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tibial fractures: Open fractures: Principles of management
    • Smith RM, Gopal S. Tibial fractures: open fractures: principles of management. Curr Orthop 1999;13:87-91.
    • (1999) Curr Orthop , vol.13 , pp. 87-91
    • Smith, R.M.1    Gopal, S.2
  • 80
    • 0038189784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open fractures of the tibial shaft: An update
    • Olson SA, Schemitsch EH. Open fractures of the tibial shaft: an update. Instr Court Lect 2003;52:623-31.
    • (2003) Instr Court Lect , vol.52 , pp. 623-631
    • Olson, S.A.1    Schemitsch, E.H.2
  • 82
    • 0029112144 scopus 로고
    • Primary reamed intramedullary nailing of open femoral shaft fractures
    • Williams MM, Askins V, Hinkes EW, Zych GA. Primary reamed intramedullary nailing of open femoral shaft fractures. Clin Orthop 1995;318:182-90.
    • (1995) Clin Orthop , vol.318 , pp. 182-190
    • Williams, M.M.1    Askins, V.2    Hinkes, E.W.3    Zych, G.A.4
  • 83
    • 0344157862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interlocked intramedullary nailing for treatment of open femoral shaft fractures
    • Baixauli F Sr, Baixauli AJ, Sanchez-Alepuz E, Baixauli F. Interlocked intramedullary nailing for treatment of open femoral shaft fractures. Clin Orthop 1998;350: 67-73.
    • (1998) Clin Orthop , vol.350 , pp. 67-73
    • Baixauli Sr., F.1    Baixauli, A.J.2    Sanchez-Alepuz, E.3    Baixauli, F.4
  • 84
    • 0028062118 scopus 로고
    • Intramedullary nailing of open femoral shaft fractures
    • Rutter JE, de Vriers LS, van der Werken Chr. Intramedullary nailing of open femoral shaft fractures. Injury 1994;25:419-21.
    • (1994) Injury , vol.25 , pp. 419-421
    • Rutter, J.E.1    de Vriers, L.S.2    van der Werken, Chr.3
  • 85
    • 0025963207 scopus 로고
    • Primary intramedullary nailing of open femoral shaft fractures
    • O'Brien PJ, Meek RN, Powell JN, Blachut PA. Primary intramedullary nailing of open femoral shaft fractures. J Trauma 1991;31:113-16.
    • (1991) J Trauma , vol.31 , pp. 113-116
    • O'Brien, P.J.1    Meek, R.N.2    Powell, J.N.3    Blachut, P.A.4
  • 87
    • 0025308981 scopus 로고
    • Interlocked nailing for treatment of segmental fractures of the femur
    • Wiss DA, Brien WW, Stetson WB. Interlocked nailing for treatment of segmental fractures of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1990;72-A:724-8.
    • (1990) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.72 A , pp. 724-728
    • Wiss, D.A.1    Brien, W.W.2    Stetson, W.B.3
  • 88
    • 0024331649 scopus 로고
    • Intramedullary nailing of open fractures of the femoral shaft
    • Brumback RJ, Ellison PS Jr, Poka A, et al. Intramedullary nailing of open fractures of the femoral shaft. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1989;71-A:1324-31.
    • (1989) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.71 A , pp. 1324-1331
    • Brumback, R.J.1    Ellison Jr., P.S.2    Poka, A.3
  • 89
    • 0021282467 scopus 로고
    • Closed intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures: A report of five hundred and twenty cases
    • Winquist RA, Hansen ST Jr, Clawson DK. Closed intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures: a report of five hundred and twenty cases. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1984; 66-A:529-39.
    • (1984) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.66 A , pp. 529-539
    • Winquist, R.A.1    Hansen Jr., S.T.2    Clawson, D.K.3
  • 90
    • 0023712222 scopus 로고
    • Immediate nailing of open fractures of the femoral shaft
    • Ihowe DW, Hansen ST. Immediate nailing of open fractures of the femoral shaft. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1988;70-A:812-20.
    • (1988) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.70 A , pp. 812-820
    • Ihowe, D.W.1    Hansen, S.T.2
  • 91
  • 93
    • 0022370769 scopus 로고
    • Interlocking intramedullary nailing in femoral shaft fractures: A report of forty-eight cases
    • Thoresen BO, Alho A, Ekeland A, et al. Interlocking intramedullary nailing in femoral shaft fractures: a report of forty-eight cases. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1985;67-A: 1313-20.
    • (1985) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.67 A , pp. 1313-1320
    • Thoresen, B.O.1    Alho, A.2    Ekeland, A.3
  • 94
    • 0021885423 scopus 로고
    • Closed locked intramedullary nailing: Its application to comminuted fractures of the femur
    • Kempf I, Grosse A, Beck G. Closed locked intramedullary nailing: its application to comminuted fractures of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1985;67-A:709-20.
    • (1985) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.67 A , pp. 709-720
    • Kempf, I.1    Grosse, A.2    Beck, G.3
  • 95
    • 0034042812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conversion of external fixation to intramedullary nailing for fractures of the shaft of the femur in multiply injured patients
    • Nowotarski PJ, Turen CH, Brumback RJ, Scarboro JM. Conversion of external fixation to intramedullary nailing for fractures of the shaft of the femur in multiply injured patients. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2000;82-A:781-8.
    • (2000) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.82 A , pp. 781-788
    • Nowotarski, P.J.1    Turen, C.H.2    Brumback, R.J.3    Scarboro, J.M.4
  • 96
    • 0028080075 scopus 로고
    • Open fractures of the femoral shaft
    • Lhowe DW. Open fractures of the femoral shaft. Orthop Clin North Am 1994;25:573-80.
    • (1994) Orthop Clin North Am , vol.25 , pp. 573-580
    • Lhowe, D.W.1
  • 97
    • 0012374942 scopus 로고
    • Vascular changes caused by the Kuntscher type of nailing: An experimental study in the rabbit
    • Trueta J, Cavadias AX. Vascular changes caused by the Kuntscher type of nailing: an experimental study in the rabbit. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1955;37-B:492-505.
    • (1955) J Bone Joint Surg [Br] , vol.37 B , pp. 492-505
    • Trueta, J.1    Cavadias, A.X.2
  • 98
    • 0027289504 scopus 로고
    • Primary intramedullary femur fixation in multiple trauma patients with associated lung contusion: A cause of post-traumatic ARDS?
    • Pape HC, Auf'm Kolk M, Paffrath T, et al. Primary intramedullary femur fixation in multiple trauma patients with associated lung contusion: a cause of post-traumatic ARDS? J Trauma 1993;34:540-8.
    • (1993) J Trauma , vol.34 , pp. 540-548
    • Pape, H.C.1    Auf'm Kolk, M.2    Paffrath, T.3
  • 99
    • 0029589952 scopus 로고
    • Influence of reaming versus nonreaming in intramedullary nailing on local infection rate: Experimental investigation in rabbits
    • Melcher GA, Metzdorf A, Schlegel U, et al. Influence of reaming versus nonreaming in intramedullary nailing on local infection rate: experimental investigation in rabbits. J Trauma 1995;39:1123-8.
    • (1995) J Trauma , vol.39 , pp. 1123-1128
    • Melcher, G.A.1    Metzdorf, A.2    Schlegel, U.3
  • 100
    • 0030002573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unreamed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: Operative technique and early clinical experience with the standard locking option
    • Krettek C, Rudolf J, Schandelmaier P, et al. Unreamed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: operative technique and early clinical experience with the standard locking option. Injury 1996;27:233-54.
    • (1996) Injury , vol.27 , pp. 233-254
    • Krettek, C.1    Rudolf, J.2    Schandelmaier, P.3
  • 101
    • 0029024842 scopus 로고
    • Unreamed intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures
    • Kropfl A, Naglik H, Primavesi C, Hertz H. Unreamed intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures. J Trauma 1995;38:717-26.
    • (1995) J Trauma , vol.38 , pp. 717-726
    • Kropfl, A.1    Naglik, H.2    Primavesi, C.3    Hertz, H.4
  • 104
    • 0242659168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonunion following intramedullary nailing of the femur with and without reaming: Results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial
    • Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society
    • Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonunion following intramedullary nailing of the femur with and without reaming: results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2003;85-A:2093-6.
    • (2003) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.85 A , pp. 2093-2096
  • 105
    • 0030916231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reamed against unreamed nailing of the femoral diaphysis: A retrospective study of healing time
    • Giannoudis PV, Furlong AJ, Macdonald DA, Smith RM. Reamed against unreamed nailing of the femoral diaphysis: a retrospective study of healing time. Injury 1997;28:15-18.
    • (1997) Injury , vol.28 , pp. 15-18
    • Giannoudis, P.V.1    Furlong, A.J.2    Macdonald, D.A.3    Smith, R.M.4
  • 106
    • 0015789677 scopus 로고
    • Distant transfer of an island flap by microvascular anastomoses: A clinical technique
    • Daniel RK, Taylor GI. Distant transfer of an island flap by microvascular anastomoses: a clinical technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 1973;52:111-17.
    • (1973) Plast Reconstr Surg , vol.52 , pp. 111-117
    • Daniel, R.K.1    Taylor, G.I.2
  • 107
    • 0021878751 scopus 로고
    • Open tibial fractures with associated vascular injuries: Prognosis for limb salvage
    • Lange RH, Bach AW, Hansen ST Jr, Johansen KH. Open tibial fractures with associated vascular injuries: prognosis for limb salvage. J Trauma 1985;25:203-8.
    • (1985) J Trauma , vol.25 , pp. 203-208
    • Lange, R.H.1    Bach, A.W.2    Hansen Jr., S.T.3    Johansen, K.H.4
  • 108
    • 0027490672 scopus 로고
    • Open tibial fractures with severe soft-tissue loss: Limb salvage compared with below-the-knee amputation
    • Georgiadis GM, Behrens FF, Joyce MJ, Earle AS, Simmons AL. Open tibial fractures with severe soft-tissue loss: limb salvage compared with below-the-knee amputation. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1993;75-A:1431-41.
    • (1993) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.75 A , pp. 1431-1441
    • Georgiadis, G.M.1    Behrens, F.F.2    Joyce, M.J.3    Earle, A.S.4    Simmons, A.L.5
  • 109
    • 0022371299 scopus 로고
    • The mangled extremity syndrome (M.E.S.): A severity grading system for multuisystem injury of the extremity
    • Gregory RT, Gould RJ, Peclet M, et al. The mangled extremity syndrome (M.E.S.): a severity grading system for multuisystem injury of the extremity. J Trauma 1985;22: 1147-50.
    • (1985) J Trauma , vol.22 , pp. 1147-1150
    • Gregory, R.T.1    Gould, R.J.2    Peclet, M.3
  • 110
    • 0025286528 scopus 로고
    • Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma
    • Johansen K, Daines M, Howey T, Helfet D, Hansen ST Jr. Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma. J Trauma 1990;30: 568-73.
    • (1990) J Trauma , vol.30 , pp. 568-573
    • Johansen, K.1    Daines, M.2    Howey, T.3    Helfet, D.4    Hansen Jr., S.T.5
  • 111
    • 0025300817 scopus 로고
    • Limb salvage versus amputation: Preliminary results of the Mangled Extremity Severity score
    • Helfet DL, Howey T, Sanders R, Johansen K. Limb salvage versus amputation: preliminary results of the Mangled Extremity Severity score. Clin Orthop 1990;256: 80-6.
    • (1990) Clin Orthop , vol.256 , pp. 80-86
    • Helfet, D.L.1    Howey, T.2    Sanders, R.3    Johansen, K.4
  • 112
    • 0025822572 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of amputation after severe lower limb trauma
    • Robertson PA. Prediction of amputation after severe lower limb trauma. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1991;73-B:816-18.
    • (1991) J Bone Joint Surg [Br] , vol.73 B , pp. 816-818
    • Robertson, P.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.