Distribution of 26RFa binding sites and GPR103 mRNA in the central nervous system of the rat

Journal of Comparative Neurology

Volumn 503, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 573-591

  Bruzzone, Federica ^a,b   Lectez, Benoît ^a   Alexandre, David ^a   Jégou, Sylvie ^a   Mounien, Lourdes ^a   Tollemer, Hélène ^a   Chatenet, David ^a   Leprince, Jérôme ^a   Vallarino, Mauro ^b   Vaudry, Hubert ^a   Chartrel, Nicolas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE ROUEN   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

Author keywords

26RFa; Brain; GPR103; Neuropeptide; Receptor; Spinal cord

Indexed keywords

G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR GPR103; MESSENGER RNA; NEUROPEPTIDE; RFAMIDE PEPTIDE 26RFA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS; ARCUATE NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; BRAIN STEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIENCEPHALON; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HYPOTHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS NUCLEUS; HYPOTHALAMUS VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS; MALE; MEDULLA OBLONGATA; MESENCEPHALON; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY NERVE; PONS; PREOPTIC AREA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PYRIFORM CORTEX; RAT; RHOMBENCEPHALON; SOLITARY TRACT NUCLEUS; SPINAL CORD; TELENCEPHALON;

ANIMALS; BINDING SITES; BINDING, COMPETITIVE; BRAIN MAPPING; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; IODINE ISOTOPES; MALE; NEUROPEPTIDES; RADIOLIGAND ASSAY; RATS; RATS, WISTAR; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED; RNA, MESSENGER;

EID: 34447298908     PISSN: 00219967     EISSN: 10969861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cne.21400     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Aarnisalo AA, Tuominen RK, Nieminen M, Vainio P, Panula P. 1997. Evidence for prolactin releasing activity of neuropeptide FF in rats. Neuroendocrinol Lett 18:191-196.
2. Baribault H, Danao J, Gupte J, Yang L, Sun B, Richards W, Tian H. 2006. The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR103 regulates bone formation. Mol Cell Biol 26:709-717.
3. Bonini JA, Jones KA, Adham N, Forray C, Artymyshyn R, Durkin MM, Smith KE, Tamm JA, Boteju LW, Lakhlani PP, Raddatz R, Yao WJ, Ogozalek KL, Boyle N, Kouranova EV, Quan Y, Vaysse PJ, Wetzel JM, Branchek TA, Gerald C, Borowsky B. 2000. Identification and characterization of two G protein-coupled receptors for neuropeptide FF. J Biol Chem 275:39324-39331.
4. Broberger C, De Lecea L, Sutcliffe JG, Hokfelt T. 1998a. Hypocretin/ orexin- and melanin-concentrating hormone-expressing cells form distinct populations in the rodent lateral hypothalamus: relationship to neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein systems. J Comp Neurol 402:460-474.
5. Broberger C, Johansen J, Johansson C, Schalling M, Hokfelt T. 1998b. The neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium-treated mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:15043-15048.
6. Bruzzone F, Lectez B, Tollemer H, Leprince J, Dujardin C, Rachidi W, Chatenet D, Baroncini M, Beauvillain JC, Vallarino M, Vaudry H, Chartrel N. 2006. Anatomical distribution and biochemical characterization of the novel RFamide peptide, 26RFa, in the human hypothalamus and spinal cord. J Neurochem (in press).
7. Chartrel N, Dujardin C, Leprince J, Desrues L, Tonon MC, Cellier E, Cosette P, Jouenne T, Simonnet G, Vaudry H. 2002. Isolation, characterization and distribution of a novel neuropeptide, Rana RFamide (R-RFa), in the brain of the European green frog Rana esculenta. J Comp Neurol 448:111-127.
8. Chartrel N, Dujardin C, Anouar Y, Leprince J, Decker A, Clerens S, Do-Régo JC, Vandesande F, Llorens-Cortes C, Costentin J, Beauvillain JC, Vaudry H. 2003. Identification of 26RFa, a hypothalamic neuropeptide of the RFamide peptide family with orexigenic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:15247-15252.
9. Chartrel N, Bruzzone F, Leprince J, Tollemer H, Anouar Y, Do-Rego JC, Segalas-Milazzo I, Guilhaudis L, Cosette P, Jouenne T, Simonnet G, Vallarino M, Beauvillain JC, Costentin J, Vaudry H. 2006a. Structure and functions of the novel hypothalamic RFamide neuropeptides R-RFa and 26RFa in vertebrates. Peptides 27:1110-1120.
10. Chartrel N, Tsutsui K, Vaudry H. 2006b. The RFamide-related peptides. In: Kastin AJ, editor. Handbook of biologically active peptides. New York: Elsevier (in press).
11. Cortelli P, Pierangeli G. 2003. Chronic pain - autonomic interactions. Neurol Sci 2:S68-S70.
12. Cucchiaro G, Chaijale N, Commons KG. 2005. The dorsal raphe nucleus as a site of action of the antinociceptive and behavioral effects of the alpha4 nicotinic receptor agonist epibatidine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313:389-394.
13. Cummings SL, Truong BG, Gietzen DW. 1998. Neuropeptide Y and somatostatin in the anterior piriform cortex alter intake of amino acid-deficient diets. Peptides 19:527-535.
14. de Roux N, Genin E, Carel JC, Matsuda F, Chaussain JL, Milgrom E. 2003. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:10972-10976.
15. Demanez JP, Demanez L. 2003. Anatomophysiopathology of the central auditory nervous system: basic concepts. Acta Othorhinolaryngol 57: 227-236.
16. Dockray GJ. 2004. The expanding family of -RFamide peptides and their effects on feeding behavior. Exp Physiol 89:229-235.
17. Dockray GJ, Vaillant C, Williams RG. 1981. New vertebrate brain-gut peptide related to a molluscan neuropeptide and an opioide peptide. Nature 293:656-657.
18. Do-Rego JC, Leprince J, Chartrel N, Vaudry H, Costentin J. 2006. Behavioral effects of 26RFa and related peptides. Peptides (in press).
19. Elias CF, Lee C, Kelly J, Aschkenasi C, Ahima RS, Couceyro PR, Kuhar MJ, Saper CB, Elmquist JK. 1998. Leptin activates hypothalamic CART neurons projecting to the spinal cord. Neuron 21:1375-1385.
20. Ellacott KL, Lawrence CB, Rothwell NJ, Luckman SM. 2002. PRL-releasing peptide interacts with leptin to reduce food intake and body weight. Endocrinology 143:368-374.
21. Elshourbagy NA, Ames RS, Fitzgerald LR, Foley JJ, Chambers JK, Szekeres PG, Evans NA, Schmidt DB, Buckley PT, Dytko GM, Murdock PR, Milligan G, Groarke DA, Tan KB, Shabon U, Nuthulaganti P, Wang DY, Wilson S, Bergsma DJ, Sarau HM. 2000. Receptor for the pain modulatory neuropeptides FF and AF is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor. J Biol Chem 275:25965-25971.
22. Engström M, Brandt A, Wurster S, Savola JM, Panula P. 2003. Prolactin-releasing peptide has high affinity and efficacy at neuropeptide FF2 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305:825-832.
23. Foo H, Mason P. 2003. Brainstem modulation of pain during sleep and waking. Sleep Med Rev 7:145-154.
24. Fukui M, Takishita A, Zhang N, Nakagawa T, Minami M, Satoh M. 2004. Involvement of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in supraspinal antinociception by alpha, beta-methylene-ATP in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 94:153-160.
25. Fukusumi S, Habata Y, Yoshida H, Iijima N, Kawamata Y, Hosoya M, Fujii R, Hinuma S, Kitada C, Shintani Y, Suenaga M, Onda H, Nishimura O, Tanaka M, Ibata Y, Fujino M. 2001. Characteristics and distribution of endogenous RFamide-related peptide-1. Biochem Biophys Acta 1540: 221-232.
26. Fukusumi S, Yoshida H, Fujii R, Maruyama M, Komatsu H, Habata Y, Shintani Y, Hinuma S, Fujino M. 2003. A new peptidic ligand and its receptor regulating adrenal function in rats. J Biol Chem 278:46387-46395.
27. Gietzen DW. 1993. Neural mechanisms in the responses to amino acid deficiency. J Nutr 123:610-625.
28. Gottsch ML, Cunningham MJ, Smith JT, Popa SM, Acohido BV, Crowley WF, Seminara S, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. 2004. A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 145:4073-4077.
29. Gouarderes C, Faura CC, Zajac JM. 2004. Rodent strain differences in the NPFF1 and NPFF2 receptor distribution and density in the central nervous system. Brain Res 1014:61-70.
30. Gu W, Geddes BJ, Zhang C, Foley KP, Stricker-Krongrad A. 2003. The prolactin-releasing peptide receptor regulates body weight homeostasis in mice. J Mol Neurosci 22:93-103.
31. Hinuma S, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kawamata Y, Hosoya M, Fukusumi S, Kitada C, Masuo Y, Asano T, Matsumoto H, Sekiguchi M, Kurokawa T, Nishimura O, Onda H, Fujino M. 1998. A prolactin-releasing peptide in the brain. Nature 393:272-276.
32. Hinuma S, Shintani Y, Fukusumi S, Iijima N, Matsumoto Y, Hosoya M, Fujii R, Watanabe T, Kikuchi K, Terao Y, Yano T, Yamamoto T, Kawamata Y, Haba Y, Asada M, Kitada C, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Nishimura O, Tanaka M, Ibata Y, Fujino M. 2000. New neuropeptides containing carboxy-terminal RFamide and their receptor in mammals. Nat Cell Biol 2:703-708.
33. Imbe H, Murakami S, Okamoto K, Iwai-Liao Y, Senba E. 2004. The effects of acute and chronic restraint stress on activation of ERK in the rostral ventromedial medulla and locus coeruleus. Pain 112:361-371.
34. Jeandel L, Yon L, Chartrel N, Gonzalez B, Fournier A, Conlon JM, Vaudry H. 1999. Characterization and localization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) binding sites in the brain of the frog Rana ridibunda. J Comp Neurol 412:218-228.
35. Jégou S, Cartier D, Dubessy C, Gonzalez BJ, Chatenet D, Tostivint H, Scalbert E, Leprince J, Vaudry H, Lihrmann I. 2006. Localization of the urotensin II receptor in the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 495:21-36.
36. Jhamandas JH, MacTavish D. 2003. Central administration of neuropeptide FF causes activation of oxytocin paraventricular neurons that project to the brainstem. J Neuroendocrinol 15:24-32.
37. Jiang Y, Luo L, Gustafson EL, Yadav D, Laverty M, Murgolo N, Vassileva G, Zeng M, Laz TM, Behan J, Qiu P, Wang L, Wang S, Bayne M, Greene J, Monsma F, Zhang FL. 2003. Identification and characterization of a novel RF-amide peptide ligand for orphan G-protein-coupled receptor SP9155. J Biol Chem 278:27652-27657.
38. Kalliomäki ML, Pertovaara A, Brandt A, Wei H, Pietilä P, Kalmari J, Xu M, Kalso E, Panula P. 2004. Prolactin-releasing peptide affects pain, allodynia and autonomic reflexes through medullary mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 46:412-24.
39. Kotani M, Detheux M, Vandenbogaerde A, Communi D, Vanderwinden JM, Le Poul E, Brezillon S, Tyldesley R, Suarez-Huerta N, Vandeput F, Blanpain C, Schiffmann SN, Vassart G, Parmentier M. 2001. The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J Biol Chem 276:34631-34636.
40. Kriegsfeld LJ, Mei DF, Bentley GE, Ubuka T, Mason AO, Inoue K, Ukena K, Tsutsui K, Silver R. 2006. Identification and characterization of a gonadotropin-inhibitory system in the brain of mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:2410-2415.
41. Labarrère P, Chatenet D, Leprince J, Marionneau C, Loirand G, Tonon MC, Dubessy C, Scalbert E, Pfeiffer B, Renard P, Calas B, Pacaud P, Vaudry H. 2003. Structure-activity relationships of human urotensin II and related analogues on rat aortic ring contraction. J Enz Inh Med Chem 18:77-88.
42. Lawrence CB, Celsi F, Brennand J, Luckman SM. 2000. Alternative role for prolactin-releasing peptide in the regulation of food intake. Nat Neurosci 3:645-646.
43. Lawrence CB, Ellacott KL, Luckman SM. 2002. PRL-releasing peptide reduces food intake and may mediate satiety signaling. Endocrinology 143:360-367.
44. Lee JH, Miele ME, Hicks DJ, Phillips KK, Trent JM, Weissman BE, Welch DR. 1996. KiSS-1, a novel human malignant melanoma metastasis-suppressor gene. JNCI 88:1731-1737.
45. Leshin LS, Rund LA, Crim JW, Kiser TE. 1988. Immunocytochemical localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin neurons within the preoptic area and hypothalamus of the bovine brain. Biol Reprod 39:963-975.
46. Lin JS, Hou Y, Sakai K, Jouvet J. 1996. Histaminergic descending inputs to the mesopontine tegmentum and their role in control of cortical activation and wakefulness in cat. J Neurosci 16:1523-1537.
47. Lin SHS, Leslie FM, Civelli O. 2002. Neurochemical properties of the prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) receptor expressing neurons: evidence for a role of PrRP as a regulator of stress and nociception. Brain Res 952:15-30.
48. Liu Q, Guan XM, Martin WJ, McDonald TP, Clements MK, Jiang Q, Zeng Z, Jacobson M, Williams DL, Yu H, Bomford D, Figueroa D, Mallee J, Wang R, Evans J, Gould R, Austin CP. 2001. Identification and characterization of novel mammalian neuropeptide FF-like peptides that attenuate morphine-induced antinociception. J Biol Chem 276:36961-36969.
49. Lu XY, Barsh GS, Akil H, Watson SJ. 2003. Interaction between alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone in the regulation of feeding and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses. J Neurosci 23:7863-7872.
50. Malin DH, Lake JR, Fowler DE, Hammond MV, Brown SL, Leyva JE, Prasco PE, Dougherty TM. 1990. FMRF-NH2-like mammalian peptide precipitates opiate-withdrawal syndrome in the rat. Peptides 11:277-280.
51. Messager S, Chatzidaki EE, Ma D, Hendrick AG, Zahn D, Dixon J, Thresher RR, Malinge I, Lomet D, Carlton MB, Colledge WH, Caraty A, Aparicio SA. 2005. Kisspeptin directly stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone release via G protein-coupled receptor 54. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:1761-1766.
52. Mollereau C, Roumy M, Zajac JM. 2005. Opioid-modulating peptides: mechanisms of action. Curr Top Med Chem 5:341-355.
53. Moriya R, Sano H, Umeda T, Ito M, Takahashi Y, Matsuda M, Ishihara A, Kanatani A, Iwaasa H. 2006. RF amide peptide QRFP43 causes obesity with hyperphagia and reduced thermogenesis in mice. Endocrinology 147:2916-2922.
54. Morris R, Cheunsuang O, Stewart A, Maxwell D. 2004. Spinal dorsal horn neurone targets for nociceptive primary afferents: do single neurone morphological characteristics suggest how nociceptive information is processed at the spinal level. Brain Res Rev 46:173-190.
55. Morton GJ, Blevins JE, Williams DL, Niswender KD, Gelling RW, Rhodes CJ, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. 2005. Leptin action in the forebrain regulates the hindbrain response to satiety signals. J Clin Invest 115: 703-710.
56. Mueller PJ, Hasser EM. 2005. Putative role of the NTS in alterations in neuronal control of the circulation following exercise training in rats. Am J Physiol 290:R383-R392.
57. Muir AI, Chamberlain L, Elshourbagy NA, Michalovich D, Moore DJ, Calamari A, Szekeres PG, Sarau HM, Chambers JK, Murdock P, Steplewski K, Shabon U, Miller JE, Middleton SE, Darker JG, Larminie CG, Wilson S, Bergsma DJ, Emson P, Faull R, Philpott KL, Harrison DC. 2001. AXOR12, a novel human G protein-coupled receptor, activated by the peptide KiSS-1. J Biol Chem 276:28969-28975.
58. Murase T, Arima H, Kondo K, Oiso Y. 1996. Neuropeptide FF reduces food intake in rats. Peptides 17:353-354.
59. Nagatani S, Guthikonda P, Thompson RC, Tsukamura H, Maeda KI, Foster DL. 1998. Evidence for GnRH regulation by leptin: leptin administration prevents reduced pulsatile LH secretion during fasting. Neuroendocrinology 67:370-376.
60. Navarro VM, Castellano JM, Fernandez-Fernandez R, Tovar S, Roa J, Mayen A, Nogueiras R, Vazquez MJ, Barreiro ML, Magni P, Aguilar E, Dieguez C, Pinilla L, Tena-Sempere M. 2005. Characterization of the potent luteinizing hormone-releasing activity of KiSS-1 peptide, the natural ligand of GPR54. Endocrinology 146:156-163.
61. Navarro VM, Fernandez-Fernandez R, Nogueiras R, Vigo E, Tovar S, Chartrel N, Le Marec O, Leprince J, Aguilar E, Pinilla L, Dieguez C, Vaudry H, Tena-Sempere M. 2006. Novel role of 26RFa, a hypothalamic RFamide orexigenic peptide, as putative regulator of the gonadotropic axis. J Physiol 573:237-249.
62. Ohata H, Suzuki K, Oki Y, Shibasaki T. 2000. Urocortin in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus acts as an inhibitor of feeding behavior in rats. Brain Res 861:1-7.
63. Ohtaki T, Shintani Y, Honda S, Matsumoto H, Hori A, Kanehashi K, Terao Y, Kumano S, Takatsu Y, Masuda Y, Ishibashi Y, Watanabe T, Asada M, Yamada T, Suenaga M, Kitada C, Usuki S, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Nishimura O, Fujino M. 2001. Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor. Nature 411: 613-617.
64. Panula P, Aarnisalo AA, Wasowicz K. 1996. Neuropeptide FF, a mammalian neuropeptide with multiple functions. Prog Neurobiol 48:461-487.
65. Paxinos G, Watson C. 1998. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press.
66. Perry SJ, Yi-Kung Huang E, Cronk D, Bagust J, Sharma R, Walker RJ, Wilson S, Burke JF. 1997. A human gene encoding morphine modulating peptides related to NPFF and FMRFamide. FEBS Lett 409:426-430.
67. Richard S, Engblöm D, Paues J, Mackerlova L, Blomqvist A. 2005. Activation of the parabrachio-amygdaloid pathway by immune challenge or spinal nociceptive input: a quantitative study in the rat using Fos immunohistochemistry and retrograde tract tracing. J Comp Neurol 481:210-219.
68. Roland BL, Sutton SW, Wilson SJ, Luo L, Pyati J, Huvar R, Erlander MG, Lovenberg TW. 1999. Anatomical distribution of prolactin-releasing peptide and its receptor suggests additional functions in the central nervous system and periphery. Endocrinology 140:5736-5745.
69. 2 antiserum. Neuropeptides 10:37-42.
70. Sakai K. 1991. Physiological properties and afferent connections of the locus coeruleus and adjacent tegmental neurons involved in the generation of paradoxical sleep in the cat. In: Barnes C, Pompeiano O, editors. Neurobiology of the locus coeruleus. Progress in brain research, vol 88. Amsterdam: Elsiever. p 31-45.
71. Samson WK, Resch ZT, Murphy TC. 2000. A novel action of the newly described prolactin-releasing peptides: cardiovascular regulation. Brain Res 858:19-25.
72. Schulz HL, Stoehr H, White K, van Driel MA, Hoyng CB, Cremers F, Weber BH. 2002. Genomic structure and assessment of the retinally expressed RFamide-related gene in dominant cystoid macular dystrophy. Mol Vis 8:67-71.
73. Schwartz GJ, Moran TH. 2002. Leptin and neuropeptide Y have opposing modulatory effects on nucleus of the solitary tract neurophysiological responses to gastric loads: implications for the control of food intake. Endocrinology 143:3779-3784.
74. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. 2000. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404:661-671.
75. Seal LJ, Small CJ, Dhillo WS, Kennedy AR, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. 2002. Prolactin-releasing peptide releases corticotropin-releasing hormone and increases plasma adrenocorticotropin via the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 76:70-78.
76. Seminara SB, Messager S, Chatzidaki EE, Thresher RR, Acierno JS, Shagoury JK, Bo-Abbas Y, Kuohung W, Schwinof KM, Hendrick AG, Zahn D, Dixon J, Kaiser UB, Slaugenhaupt SA, Gusella JF, O'Rahilly S, Carlton MB, Crowley WF, Aparicio SA, Colledge WH. 2003. The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty. N Engl J Med 349:1589-1592.
77. Semple RK, Achermann JC, Ellery J, Farooqi IS, Karet FE, Stanhope RG, O'rahilly S, Aparicio SA. 2005. Two novel missense mutations in GPR54 in a patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1849-1855.
78. Sunter D, Hewson AK, Lynam S, Dickson SL. 2001. Intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide FF, an opioid modulating neuropeptide, acutely reduces food intake and stimulates water intake in the rat. Neurosci Lett 313:145-148.
79. Takayasu S, Sakurai T, Iwasaki S, Teranishi H, Yamanaka A, Williams SC, Iguchi H, Kawasawa YI, Ikeda Y, Sakakibara I, Ohno K, Ioka RX, Murakami S, Dohmae N, Xie J, Suda T, Motoike T, Ohuchi T, Yanagisawa M, Sakai J. 2006. A neuropeptide ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR103 regulates feeding, behavioral arousal, and blood pressure in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:7438-7443.
80. Thompson EL, Patterson M, Murphy KG, Smith KL, Dhillo WS, Todd JF, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. 2004. Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. J Neuroendocrinol 16:850-858.
81. Thong FSL, Graham TE. 1999. Leptin and reproduction: is it a critical link between adipose tissue, nutrition and reproduction? Can J Appl Physiol 24:317-336.
82. Ukena K, Iwakoshi E, Minakata H, Tsutsui K. 2002. A novel rat hypothalamic RFamide-related peptide identified by immunoaffinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. FEBS Lett 512:255-258.
83. Vergoni AV, Watanobe H, Guidetti G, Savino G, Bertolini A, Schiöth HB. 2002. Effect of repeated administration of prolactin-releasing peptide on feeding behavior in rats. Brain Res 955:207-213.
84. Vilim FS, Aarnisalo AA, Nieminen ML, Lintunen M, Karlstedt K, Kontinen VK, Kalso E, States B, Panula P, Ziff E. 1999. Gene for pain modulatory neuropeptide NPFF: induction in spinal cord by noxious stimuli. Mol Pharmacol 55:804-811.
85. Weber E, Evans CJ, Samuelsson SJ, Barchas JD. 1981. Novel peptide neuronal system in rat brain and pituitary. Science 214:1248-1251.
86. Weigel R, Krauss JK. 2004. Center median-parafascicular complex and pain control. Review from a neurosurgical perspective. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 82:115-126.
87. Williamson-Hughes PS, Grove KL, Smith MS. 2005. Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH): a novel neural pathway for regulation of GnRH neurons. Brain Res 1041:117-124.
88. Witkin JW, Paden CM, Silverman AJ. 1982. The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) systems in the rat brain. Neuroendocrinology 35:429-438.
89. Yang H-YT, Fratta W, Majane EA, Costa E. 1985. Isolation, sequencing, synthesis and pharmacological characterization of two brain neuropeptides that modulate the action of morphine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:7757-7761.
90. Yoshida H, Habata Y, Hosoya M, Kawamata Y, Kitada C, Hinuma S. 2003. Molecular properties of endogenous RFamide-related peptide-3 and its interaction with receptors. Biochem Biophys Acta 1593:151-157.
91. Zeng Z, McDonald TP, Wang R, Liu Q, Austin CP. 2003. Neuropeptide FF receptor 2 (NPFF2) is localized to pain-processing regions in the primate spinal cord and the lower level of the medulla oblongata. J Chem Neuroanat 25:269-278.