Metropolitan comparisons: London as a city-state

Historical Research

Volumn 77, Issue 198, 2004, Pages 459-480

  Keene, Derek ^a  

^a Institute of Historical Research

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EID: 34347387317     PISSN: 09503471     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2281.2004.00218.x     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Saint Erkenwald, ed. C. Peterson (Philadelphia, Pa., 1977), p. 73
2. R. Coates, 'A new explanation of the name London', Trans. Philological Society, xcii (1998), 203-29
3. A New English Dictionary: on Historical Principles, vi, pt. ii (Oxford, 1908), p. 400
4. P. Salway, Roman Britain (Oxford, 1981; corr. repr., 1982), pp. 315-17
5. A. Morey and C. N. L. Brooke, Gilbert Foliot and his Letters (Cambridge, 1965), pp. 151-62
6. St. Paul's: the Cathedral Church of London, 604-2004. ed. D. Keene, A. Burns and A. Saint (2004), pp. 4, 17
7. Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1969; rev. edn., 1991), pp. 74-5, 78-9, 142-3, 148-9
8. cf. J. Campbell. Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (1986), pp. 103, 108
9. The Chronicle of Battle Abbey, ed. and trans. E. Searle (Oxford, 1980), p. 40
10. Gesta Stephani, ed. and trans. K. R. Potter, with new intro. and notes by R. H. C. Davis (Oxford. 1976) (hereafter Gesta Stephani). pp. 4, 5
11. Willelmi Malmeshiriensis Monachi de Gestis Pontificum Anglorum, ed. N. E. S. A. Hamilton (Rolls Ser., lii, 1870), p. 140
12. Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I, ed. R. Howlett (4 vols., Rolls Ser., lxxxii, 1884-9), i. 406
13. William fitz Stephen, 'Descriptio nobilissimae ciuitatis Londoniae', p. 219
14. (cited from the most useful edition, John Stow, A Survey of London, ed. C. L. Kingsford (3 vols., Oxford, 1908-27; rev. edn., 1971), ii. 219-29)
15. see also Materials for the History of Thomas Becket: Archbishop of Canterbury, ed. J. C. Robertson (7 vols., Rolls Ser., lxvii, 1875-85), iii. 2-13
16. In a London collection of about 1200 (Die Gesetze der Angelsaschen, ed. F. Liebennann (3 vols., Halle, 1903-16), i. 657)
17. Liber Monasterii de Hyda, ed. E. Edwards (Rolls Ser., xlv, 1866), p. 36
18. See G. Braun, Civitates Orbis Terrarum (6 vols., Cologne, 1572-1618), where cities described as metropolises include Edinburgh, London, Milan, Moscow, Odense, Prague, Rouen, Riga, Vilnius and Visby
19. The old definition, however, was repeated in the 1989 edition (The Oxford English Dictionary: Second Edition, ix (Oxford. 1989))
20. L. Mumford, The City in History (Harmondsworth, 1966), p. 638
21. G. Simmel, The Philosophy of Money, ed. and trans. T. Buttermore and D. Frisby (1978; 2nd edn., 1990) (first published in Berlin, 1907)
22. W. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (1991)
23. The Encyclopedia of New York City, ed. K. T. Jackson (1995), pp. 275-6, s.n. 'Congress'
24. R. L. B. Pinkus, 'The conceptual development of metropolitan London, 1800-55' (unpublished State University of New York at Buffalo Ph.D. thesis, 1975; available as print from microfilm, Ann Arbor, 1976) addresses this theme in an interesting, although partial, fashion
25. J. P. Ward, Metropolitan Communities: Trade Guilds, Identity, and Change in Early Modern London (Stanford, Calif., 1997), pp. 20-1
26. J. L. Howgego, Printed Maps of London circa 1553-1850 (2nd edn., Folkestone, 1978), pp. 2. 3, 241-84
27. S. Everard, The History of the Gas Light and Coke Company, 1812-1949 (1949), pp. 93-4
28. S. K. Schultz, Constructing Urban Culture: American Cities and City Planning, 1800-1920 (Philadelphia, Pa., 1989), esp. pp. 26-7
29. E.g., A. J. Scott, Metropolis: from the Division of Labour to Urban Form (1988)
30. N. S. B. Gras, An Introduction to Economic History (New York, 1922), pp. 181-340
31. In E. W. Soja, Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions (Oxford, 2000)
32. J.-C. Hocquet, 'City-state and market economy', in Economic Systems and State Finance, ed. R. Bonney (Oxford, 1995), pp. 81-100
33. M. H. Hansen, 'Conclusion', in A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures: an Investigation Conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre, ed. M. H. Hansen (Copenhagen, 2000), pp. 597-623; see also his introduction to the same volume
34. S. N. Ree, 'Sumerian city-states', in The City-State in Five Cultures, ed. R. Griffeth and C. G. Thomas (Santa Barbara, Calif. and Oxford, 1981), pp. 1-30
35. L. H. Jeffery, Archaic Greece: the City-States, c.700-500 B.C. (1976), pp. 39-49
36. C. G. Thomas and C. Conant, Citadel to City-State: the Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E. (Bloomington, Ind., 1999)
37. For a very valuable overview of conceptual issues, see J. K. Davies, 'The "origins of the Greek polis": where should we be looking?', in The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece, ed. L. G. Mitchell and P. J. Rhodes (1997). pp. 24-38
38. D. Waley, The Italian City Republics (3rd edn., 1988)
39. G. Tabacco, The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures of Political Rule, trans. R. B. Jensen (Cambridge, 1989)
40. P. Jones, The Italian City-State: from Commune to Signoria (Oxford, 1997)
41. cf. G. Chittolini, 'Cities, "city-states" and regional states in north-central Italy', in Cities and the Rise of States in Europe, A.D. 1000 to 1800, ed. C. Tilly and W. P. Blockmans (Boulder, Colo., 1994), pp. 28-43
42. C. R. Friedrichs, 'The Swiss and German city-states', in Griffeth and Thomas, pp. 109-42
43. T. Scott, 'Germany 1350-1600', in Town and Country in Europe, 1300-1800, ed. S. R. Epstein (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 202-28
44. P. C. M. Hoppenbrouwers, 'Town and country in Holland, 1300-1550' and M. 't Hart, 'Town and country in the Dutch Republic, 1550-1800', in Epstein, pp. 54-79, 80-105
45. for 'bargaining metropoles', see W. P. Blockmans, 'Voracious states and obstructing cities: an aspect of state formation in preindustrial Europe', in Tilly and Blockmans, pp. 218-50
46. for earlier developments, see A. Verhulst, The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 142-8
47. G. Chittolini, 'The "private", the "public", and the state', in The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, ed. J. Kirshner (1996), pp. 34-61, esp. p. 59
48. E. F. Guarini, 'Centre and periphery', in Kirshner, pp. 74-96
49. C. M. Belfanti, 'Town and country in central and northern Italy, 1400-1800', in Epstein, pp. 292-315, esp. p. 313
50. See above, n. 25
51. Bologna, ed. F. Bocchi and others (3 vols., Atlante Storico delle Città Italiane, Emilia-Romagna, ii, Bologna, 1995-6), i. 212-13, ii. 73, 212-13
52. For a wide-ranging prosopographical study, see I Podestà dell'Italia Comunale, i: Reclutamento e Circulazione degli Ufficiali Forestieri (fine XII sec. - metà XIV sec.), ed. J.-C. Maire Vigueur (2 vols., Collection de l'École française de Rome, cclxviii, Rome, 2000)
53. P. Johanek, 'Imperial and free towns of the Holy Roman Empire: city-states in pre-modern Germany?', in Hansen, Comparative Study, pp. 295-319
54. M. Prak, 'The Dutch Republic's city-state culture (17th-18th centuries)', in Hansen, Comparative Study, pp. 343-58
55. D. Keene, 'London from the post-Roman period to 1300', in The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, i: 600-1540, ed. D. M. Palliser (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 187-216, esp. p. 191
56. Focus on London 2000, ed. J. Matheson and G. Edwards (Office for National Statistics, 2000), sect. 10.9
57. The recently-introduced governmental regions of England notoriously ignore factors of topographical, economic and social coherence, especially in the hinterland of Greater London
58. From the nine regional issues of Region in Figures, vii (Winter 2003), ed. D. Virdee and P. Causer (Office for National Statistics, 2003)
59. Focus on London 2003, ed. D. Virdee and T. Williams (Office for National Statistics, 2003), Table 5.3
60. Based on C. D. Chandaman. The English Public Revenue, 1660-88 (Oxford, 1975), using values from the first half of the 1660s given on pp. 89n., 319, 332, 349 and in app. 2. London contributed about 18% of the Hearth Tax, 35% of the Excise (revenue from internal trade) and 70% of the Customs (revenue from external trade); these three sources of income together made up almost all the 'ordinary revenue' of the realm
61. L. D. Schwarz, 'London, 1700-1840', in The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, ii: 1540-1840, ed. P. Clark (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 641-71, esp. p. 649
62. London School of Economics, London's Place in the U.K. Economy (Corporation of London, 2003), pp. 65-75
63. R. Roberts and D. Kynaston, City State: how the Markets came to Rule our World (2001)
64. D. Keene, 'Alfred and London', in Alfred the Great: Papers from the 11th-Centenary Conferences, ed. T. Reuter (Aldershot, 2003), pp. 235-49
65. D. Keene, 'Medieval London and its region', London Jour., xiv (1989), 99-111
66. For these characterizations, see: above n. 8; Liebermann, i. 655-9, 678
67. fitz Stephen, p. 225
68. Gesta Stephani, pp. 4-7
69. Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle, ed. and trans. R. C. Johnston (Oxford, 1981), pp. 68-9, 120-1
70. The Chronicle of Richard of Devizes, ed. J. T. Appleby (1963), pp. 49, 65-6
71. M. Bateson, 'A London municipal collection of the reign of John', Eng. Hist. Rev., xvii (1902), 480-511, 707-30, esp. p. 720
72. Cf. P. Wormald, 'Quadripartitus', in Law and Government in Medieval England and Normandy: Essays in Honour of Sir James Holt, ed. G. Garnett and J. Hudson (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 111-47, esp. p. 111
73. Rotuli Curiae Regis, ed. F. Palgrave (2 vols., 1835), i. vii-xviii, 69-70
74. Cf. J. Gillingham, 'Civilizing the English? The English histories of William of Malmesbury and David Hume', Hist. Research, lxxiv (2001), 17-43
75. J. A. Watt, 'Dublin in the 13th century: the making of a colonial capital city', in Thirteenth Century England I, ed. P. R. Coss and S. D. Lloyd (Woodbridge, 1986), pp. 150-7
76. R. R. Davies, Domination and Conquest: the Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1100-1300 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 104-5
77. R. R. Davies, The First English Empire: Power and Identity in the British Isles, 1093-1343 (Oxford, 2002), pp. 40, 44-5
78. Thomas Starkey, A Dialogue between Pole and Lupset, ed. T. F. Mayer (Camden 4th ser., xxxvii, 1989), pp. 112-15, 121
79. R. MacKenney, The City State, 1500-1700: Republican Liberty in an Age of Princely Power (Basingstoke, 1989), pp. 28-9
80. Cf. I. W. Archer, 'The livery companies and charity in the 16th and 17th centuries', in Guilds, Society and Economy in London, 1450-1800, ed. I. A. Gadd and P. Wallis (2002), pp. 15-28 (and the works cited in n. 1)
81. Cited in P. Gauci, 'Informality and influence: the overseas merchant and the livery companies, 1660-1720', in Gadd and Wallis, pp. 127-39
82. Cited in M. Daunton, 'Introduction', in The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, iii: 1840-1950, ed. M. Daunton (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 1-56, at p. 2
83. English Historical Documents, ii: c.500-1042, ed. D. Whitelock (2nd edn., 1979), pp. 423-7
84. The Historical Charters and Constitutional Documents of the City of London, ed. W. de G. Birch (1887), pp. 3-4
85. fitz Stephen, p. 228
86. J. A. Galloway, 'Town and country in England, 1300-1570', in Epstein, pp. 106-31, esp. pp. 116-18
87. Calendar of Letters from the Mayor and Corporation of the City of London, circa A.D. 1350-1370, ed. R. R. Sharpe (1885) (hereafter Calendar of Letters), passim; The Black Book of Winchester: British Museum, Additional MS. 6035, ed. W. H. B. Bird (Winchester, 1925), pp. 10-14
88. Calendar of Letters, pp. 63-4
89. D. Keene, 'Wardrobes in the city: houses of consumption, finance and power', in Thirteenth Century England VII, ed. M. Prestwich, R. Britnell and R. Frame (Woodbridge, 1999), pp. 61-79
90. For recent surveys, see Daunton, 'Introduction' and L. H. Lees, 'Urban networks', in Cambridge Urban History of Britain, iii. 59-94
91. D. Keene, 'The south-east of England', in Cambridge Urban History of Britain, i. 545-82, esp. pp. 565-6
92. Galloway, p. 117
93. B. M. S. Campbell, J. A. Galloway, D. Keene and M. Murphy, A Medieval Capital and its Grain Supply: Agrarian Production and Distribution in the London Region c.1300 (Historical Geography Research Group, Research Paper Ser., xxx, 1993)
94. J. A. Galloway, D. Keene and M. Murphy, 'Fuelling the city: production and distribution of firewood and fuel in London's region, 1290-1400', Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., xlix (1996), 447-72
95. D. Keene, 'Small towns and the metropolis: the experience of medieval England', in Peasants and Townsmen in Medieval Europe: Studia in Honorem Adriaan Verhulst, ed. J.-M. Duvosquel and E. Thoen (Ghent, 1995), pp. 223-38
96. R. C. Michie, 'London and the process of economic growth since 1750', London Jour., xxii (1997), 63-90
97. I. S. Black, 'The London agency system in English banking, 1780-1825', London Jour., xxi (1996), 112-30
98. L. Wright, 'Introduction' and D. Keene, 'Metropolitan values: migration, mobility and cultural norms, 1300-1700', in The Development of Standard English, 1300-1800, ed. L. Wright (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 1-8, 93-114, plus other essays in this volume
99. C. H. Cooper, Annals of Cambridge (5 vols., Cambridge, 1842-1908), i. 222, 246
100. L. B. Smith, 'Oswestry', in Boroughs of Medieval Wales, ed. R. A. Griffiths (Cardiff, 1978), pp. 218-42, esp. p. 228
101. Scholes's Manchester and Salford Directory (Manchester, 1797)
102. New History of the Royal Mint, ed. C. E. Challis (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 78-9, 111-12, 226
103. T. F. Reddaway, The Early History of the Goldsmiths' Company, 1327-1509 (1975), pp. 1-4
104. For examples of the later operation of this system, see P. Wallis, 'Controlling commodities: search and reconciliation in the early modern livery companies', in Gadd and Wallis, pp. 85-100
105. R. F. Homer, 'The Pewterers' Company's country searches and the company's regulation of prices', in Gadd and Wallis, pp. 101-13
106. and J. Forbes, 'Search immigration and the Goldsmiths' Company: a study in the decline of its powers', in Gadd and Wallis, pp. 115-26
107. Archer, 'Livery companies'
108. Keene, 'London from the post-Roman period', pp. 203-10
109. G. A. Williams, Medieval London: from Commune to Capital (1963), pp. 207-42 offers a lively but sometimes misleading account
110. Ungedruckte anglo-normannische Geschichtsquellen, ed. F. Liebermann (Strasburg, 1879), p. 28
111. C. N. L. Brooke and G. Keir, London 800-1216: the Shaping of a City (1975), pp. 36-56
112. J. Boulton, 'London 1540-1700', in Cambridge Urban History of Britain, ii. 315-46, esp. p. 342
113. Boulton, p. 343
114. T. Harris, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration until the Exclusion Crisis (Cambridge, 1987)
115. G. S. de Krey, A Fractured Society: the Politics of London in the First Age of Party, 1688-1715 (Oxford, 1985)
116. P. Gauci, The Politics of Trade: the Overseas Merchant in State and Society, 1660-1720 (Oxford, 2001)
117. Williams, pp. 295-8
118. Boulton, pp. 335-6
119. Schwarz, p. 643
120. See the essays in London in the Age of Reform, ed. J. Stevenson (Oxford, 1977), esp. pp. 1, 74
121. Lees; J. Davis, 'Central government and the towns', in Cambridge Urban History of Britain, iii. 261-86
122. C. Barron, 'London 1300-1540', in Cambridge Urban History of Britain, i. 395-440, esp. pp. 406, 409-10
123. I. W. Archer, 'Politics and government 1540-1700', in Cambridge Urban History of Britain, iii. 235-62
124. Wormald, p. 111
125. F. Liebermann, 'A contemporary manuscript of the Leges Anglorum Londiniis collectae', Eng. Hist. Rev., xxviii (1913), 732-45
126. S. Bradley and N. Pevsner, London, i: the City of London (1997), p. 302
127. The Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam, ed. and trans. J. L. Baird, G. Baglivi and J. R. Kane (Binghamton, N.Y., 1986), pp. 490-1, 496-7