Attachment in toddlers with autism and other developmental disorders

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 37, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1123-1138

  Naber, Fabiënne B A ^a,b   Swinkels, Sophie H N ^c   Buitelaar, Jan K ^c   Bakermans Kranenburg, Marian J ^a   Van IJzendoorn, Marinus H ^a   Dietz, Claudine ^b   Van Daalen, Emma ^b   Van Engeland, Herman ^b  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Autistic disorder; Cortisol; Physiology; Strange situation procedure

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TODDLER;

AROUSAL; AUTISTIC DISORDER; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MENTAL RETARDATION; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; REFERENCE VALUES; SALIVA; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

EID: 34250818156     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: 15733432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0255-2     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Ahnert, L., Gunnar, M. R., Lamb, M. E., & Barthel, M. (2004). Transition to child care: Associations with infant-mother attachment, infant negative emotion, and cortisol elevations. Child Development, 75, 639-650.
2. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, M. C., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. NJ Hillsdale: Laurence Erlbaum.
3. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Washington DC.
4. Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). The autistic child's theory of mind: The case of specific developmental delay. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 285-298.
5. Buitelaar, J. K. (1995). Attachment and Social Withdrawal in Autism - Hypotheses and Findings. Behaviour, 132, 319-350.
6. Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1992). Social Psychological Contributions to the Decade of the Brain - Doctrine of Multilevel Analysis. American Psychologist, 47, 1019-1028.
7. Capps, L., Sigman, M., & Mundy, P. (1994). Attachment Security in Children with Autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 249-261.
8. Cassidy, J. & Shaver. P. R. (1999). Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
9. Corona, R., Dissanayake, C., Arbella, S., Wellington, P., & Sigman, M. (1998). Is affect aversive to young children with autism? Behavioral and cardiac responses to experimental distress. Child Development, 69, 1494-1502.
10. Dawson, G. & Lewy, A. (1989). Arousal, attention, and the socioemotional impairments of individuals with autism. In G. Dawson (Ed.), Autism: Nature, diagnosis, and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
11. De Weerth, C., Graat, G., Buitelaar, J. K., & Thijssen, J. H. H. (2003). Measurement of cortisol in small quantities of saliva. Clinical Chemistry, 49, 658-660.
12. De Weerth, C., Zijl, R. H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2003). Development of cortisol circadian rhythm in infancy. Early Human Development, 73, 39-52.
13. Dietz, C., Willemsen, S. H. N., Daalen van E., Engeland van H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2006). Screening for autistic spectrum disorders in children aged 14 to 15 months. II: Population screening with the Early Screening for Autistic Traits (ESAT) Questionnaire. Design and general findings. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. (in press).
14. DiLavore, P. C., Lord, C., & Rutter, M. (2000). The pre-linguistic autism diagnostic observation schedule. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 355-379.
15. Dissanayake, C., & Crossley, S. A. (1996). Proximity and sociable behaviours in autism: Evidence for attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37, 149-156.
16. Dissanayake, C., & Crossley, S. A. (1997). Autistic children's responses to separation and reunion with their mothers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 295-312.
17. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1999). Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. In S. C. Margeret (Ed.), Emotion and social behavior. Review of personality and social psychology. Vol. 14 (pp. 119-150). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
18. Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Eisenbud, L., (1993). Behavioral and physiological correlates of children's reactions to others in distress. Developmental Psychology, 29, 655-663.
19. Fombonne, E., Heavey, L., Smeeth, L., Rodrigues, L. C., Cook, C., Smith, P. G., Meng, L. Y., & Hall, A. J. (2004). Validation of the diagnosis of autism in general practitioner records. Bmc Public Health, 4.
20. Green, J., & Goldwyn, R. (2002). Annotation: Attachment disorganization and psychopathology: new findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 43, 835-846.
21. Greenspan, S. I. & Wieder, S. (2005). Interdisciplinary Council on Developmental and Learning Disorders - Diagnostic Manual for Infancy and Early Childhood (ICDL-DMIC). Bethesda, MD: ICDL.
22. Gunnar, M. R., Mangelsdorf, S., Larson, M., & Hertsgaard, L. (1989). Attachment, Temperament, and Adrenocortical Activity in Infancy - A Study of Psychoendocrine Regulation. Developmental Psychology, 25, 355-363.
23. Gunnar, M. R., Brodersen, L., Nachmias, M., Buss, K., & Rigatuso, J. (1996). Stress reactivity and attachment security. Developmental Psychobiology, 29, 191-204.
24. Hertsgaard, L., Gunnar, M., Erickson, M. F., & Nachmias, M. (1995). Adrenocortical Responses to the Strange Situation in Infants with Disorganized Disoriented Attachment Relationships. Child Development, 66, 1100-1106.
25. Hesse, E. (1999). The Adult Attachment Interview. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment, (pp. 399).
26. Jansen, L. M. C., Gispen-de Wied, C. C., Jansen, M. A., van der Gaag, R. J., Matthys, W., & van Engeland, H. (1999). Pituitary-adrenal reactivity in a child psychiatric population: salivary cortisol response to stressors. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 67-75.
27. Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1994) Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19, 313-333.
28. Lewis, M., Ramsay, D. S., & Kawakami, K. (1993). Differences between Japanese infants and Caucasian American infants in behavioral and cortisol responses to inoculation. Child Development, 64, 1772-1731.
29. Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659-685.
30. Lord, C., Leventhal, B. L., & Cook, E. H. (2001). Quantifying the phenotype in autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 105, 36-38.
31. Lyons-Ruth, K., Repacholi, B., McLeod, S., & Silva, E. (1991). Disorganized attachment behavior in infancy: Short-term stability, maternal and infant correlations, and risk-related subtypes. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 377-396.
32. Lyons-Ruth, K., Easterbrooks, M. A., & Cibelli, C. D. (1997). Infant attachment strategies, infant mental lag, and maternal depressive symptoms: Predictors of internalizing problems at age 7. Developmental Psychology, 33, 681-692.
33. Main, M. & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganizid/ disoriented attachment pattern. In T. B. Bazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.) Affective development in infancy. (pp. 95-124). Norwood, NJ: Ablex,.
34. Main, M. & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti & E. M. Cummings (Eds.) Attachment in preschool years: Theory, research and intervention. (pp. 121-160). Chicago and London: University of Chicago press.
35. Main, M. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization - recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies. Human Development, 33, 48-61.
36. McEwen, B. S., & Sapolsky, R. M. (1995). Stress and cognitive function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 5, 205-216.
37. Mullen, E. M. Mullen Scales of Early Learning. (1995). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services, Inc.
38. Nachmias, M., Gunnar, M., Mangelsdorf, S., Parritz, R. H., & Buss, K. (1996). Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: The moderating role of attachment security. Child Development, 67, 508-522.
39. Pipp-Siegel, S., Siegel, C. H., & Dean, J. (1999). Neurological aspects of the disorganized/disoriented attachment classification system: Differentiating quality of the attachment relationship from neurological impairment. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64, 25.
40. Richters, J. E., Waters, E., & Vaughn, B. E. (1988). Empirical classification of infant-mother relationships from interactive behavior and crying during reunion. Child Development, 59, 512-522.
41. Rogers, S. J., Ozonoff, S., Maslin-Cole, C. (1991). A comparative study of attachment behavior in young children with autism or other developmental disorders. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 483.
42. Rogers, S. J., Ozonoff, S., Maslin-Cole, C. (1993). Developmental aspects of attachment behavior in young children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1274-1282.
43. Rutgers, A. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. (2004). Autism and attachment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1123-1134.
44. Rutter, M. (1978). Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 139-161.
45. Sigman, M., Dissanayake, C., Corona, R., Espinosa, M., (2003). Social and cardiac responses of young children with autism. Autism, 7, 205-216.
46. Sigman, M., & Ungerer, J. A. (1984). Attachment behaviors in autistic-children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 231-244.
47. Spangler, G., & Grossmann, K. E. (1993). Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants. Child Development, 64, 1439-1450.
48. Spangler, G., & Scheubeck, R. (1993). Behavioral organization in newborns and its relation to adrenocortical and cardiac activity. Child Development, 64, 622-633.
49. Spangler, G., & Schieche, M. (1998). Emotional and adrenocortical responses of infants to the strange situation: The differential function of emotional expression. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 22, 681-706.
50. Sparrow, S. S., Balla, D. A., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1997). Vineland Social-Emotional Early Childhood Scales: Manual. Circle Pines MC, American Guidance Service. .
51. Stern, D. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. New York: basic Books.
52. Stone, W. L., Lee, E. B., Ashford, L., Brissie, J., Hepburn, S. L., Coonrod, E. E., & Weiss, B. H. (1999). Can autism be diagnosed accurately in children under 3 years? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40, 219-226.
53. Treiber, F. A., Musante, L., Hartdagan, S., Davis, H., Levy, M., & Strong, W. B. (1989). Validation of a heart-rate monitor with children in laboratory and field settings. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21, 338-342.
54. Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1990). Cross-cultural consistancy of coding the strange situation. Infant Behavior and Development, 13, 469-485.
55. Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 225-249.
56. Vaughn, B. E., Goldberg, S., Atkinson, L., Marcovitch, S., Macgregor, D., & Seifer, R. (1994). Quality of toddler-mother attachment in children with Down-Syndrome - limits to interpretation of strange situation behavior. Child Development, 65, 95-108.
57. Volkmar, F. R., Sparrow, S. S., Goudreau, D., Cicchetti, D. V., Paul, R., & Cohen, D. J. (1987). Social deficits in autism - an operational approach using the vineland adaptive-behavior scales. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 156-161.
58. Willemsen-Swinkels, S. H. N., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Buitelaar, J. K., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & van Engeland, H. (2000). Insecure and disorganised attachment in children with a pervasive developmental disorder: Relationship with social interaction and heart rate. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 759-767.
59. Willemsen-Swinkels, S. H. N, Dietz, C., Daalen van E., Kerkhof, I., Engeland van H.,& Buitelaar, J. K. (2006). Screening for autistic spectrum disorders in children aged 14 to 15 months. I. The development of the Early Screening for Autistic Traits Questionnaire. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. (in press).