Bone Graft Materials

Dental Clinics of North America

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 729-746

  Precheur, Harry V ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL MODEL; BONE PROSTHESIS; BONE TRANSPLANTATION; FORECASTING; HUMAN; REVIEW; SAFETY; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

ANIMALS; BONE SUBSTITUTES; BONE TRANSPLANTATION; FORECASTING; HUMANS; MODELS, ANIMAL; SAFETY; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

EID: 34250632405     PISSN: 00118532     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2007.03.004     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Guyton A.G., and Hall J.E. Textbook of medical physiology (2000), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia p. 901-4
2. Wilk R.M. Bony reconstruction of the jaws. In: Miloro M. (Ed). Peterson's principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2nd edition (2004), B C Decker, Hamilton (London) 785-787
3. Heslop B.K., Zeiss I.M., and Nisbet N.W. Studies on transference of bone: a comparison of autologous and homologous transplants with reference to osteocyte survival osteogenesis and host reaction. Br J Exp Pathol 41 (1960) 269-272
4. Enneking W.F., Burcharot H., Puhl J.J., et al. Physical and biological aspects of repair in dog cortical-bone transplants. J Bone Joint Surg 57 (1975) 237-252
5. Oxlund H., Anderson N.B., Ortoft G., et al. Growth hormone and mild exercise in combination markedly enhances cortical bone formation and strength in old rats. Endocrinology 139 4 (1998) 1899-1904
6. Duncan R.L., and Turner C.H. Mechanotransduction and the functional of bone to mechanical strain. Calcif Tissue Int 57 5 (1995) 344-358
7. Boyce T., Edwards J., and Scarborough N. Allograft bone: the influence of processing on safety and performance. Orthop Clin North Am 30 4 (1999) 571-581
8. Tomford W.W. Transmission of disease through transplantation of musculoskeletal allografts. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77-A 11 (1995) 1742j-1754j
9. CDC First Document, Center for Disease Control. Septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using tendon allografts, Florida and Louisiana 2000. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50 48 (2001) 1081-1083
10. CDC Second Document, Center for Disease Control. Update: allograft associated bacterial infections: United States, 2002. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 10 (2002) 207-210
11. National Tissue Product Recall Impact Continues For OMS, Patients. AAOMS Today January-February 2006:3.
12. E-mail AAOMS March 2006.
13. Bolander M.E., and Balian G. The use of demineralized bone matrix in the repair of segmental defects: augmentation with extracted matrix proteins and a comparison with autologous grafts. J Bone Joint Surg 68-A (1986) 1264-1274
14. Hopp S.G., Dahners L.E., and Gilbert J.A. A study of mechanical strength of long bone defects treated with various bone autograft substitutes: an experimental investigation in the rabbit. J Orthop Res 7 4 (1989) 578-584
15. Urist M.R., Chang J.J., Leitze A., et al. Preparation and bioassay of bone morphogenic protein and polypetides fragments. Methods Enzymol 146 (1987) 294-312
16. Russel JL. Allografts and osteoinductivity. Presented at the European Federation of National Associations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Technical Symposium on "Demineralized Bone Allografts and Osteoinduction". Rhodes, June 4, 2001.
17. Wozney J.M. Bone morphogenic proteins and their gene expression. In: Masaki N. (Ed). Cellular and molecular biology of bone (1993), Academic Press, Inc, Tokyo 131-167
18. Piattelli A., Scarano M., Corigliano M., et al. Comparison of bone regeneration with the use of mineralized and demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts: a histological and histochemical study in man. In: Masaki N. (Ed). Biomaterials 17 14 (1996) 1127-1131
19. Noumbissi S.S., Lozada J.L., Boyne P.J., et al. Clinical histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of mineralized solvent-dehydrated bone allograft in human maxillary sinus grafts. J Oral Implantol 31 4 (2005) 171-179
20. Schwartz Z., Somers A., Mellonig J.T., et al. Ability of commercial demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft to induce new bone formation is dependent on donor age but not gender. J Periodontol 69 4 (1998) 470-478
21. Fucini S.E., Quintero G., Gher M.E., et al. Small versus large particles of demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts in human intrabony periodontal defects. J Periodontol 64 9 (1993) 844-847
22. Glowacki J. A review of osteoinductive testing methods and sterilization processes for demineralized bone. Cell Tissue Bank 6 1 (2005) 3-12
23. Colnot C., Romero D.M., Huang S., et al. Mechanisms of action of demineralized bone matrix in the repair of cortical bone defects. Clin Orthop Relat Res 435 (2005) 69-78
24. Kohles S.S., Vernino A.R., Clagett J.A., et al. A morphometric evaluation of allograft matrix combinations in the treatment of osseous defects in a baboon model. Calcif Tissue Int 67 2 (2000) 156-162
25. XU H., Shimizu Y., Asal S., et al. Grafting of deproteinized bone particles inhibits bone resorption after maxillary sinus elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res 15 1 (2004) 126-133
26. Haas R., Haidvogl D., Dortbudak O., et al. Freeze dried bone for maxillary sinus augmentation in sheep. Clin Oral Implants Res 13 6 (2002) 581-586
27. Schwartz Z., Somers A., Mellonig J.T., et al. Addition of human recombinant bone morphogenic protein-2 to inactive commercial human demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft makes an effective composite bone inductive implant material. J Periodontol 69 12 (1998) 1337-1345
28. Kassolis J.D., Rosen P.S., and Reynolds M.A. Alveolar ridge and sinus augmentation utilizing platelet-rich plasma in combination with freeze-dried bone allograft: case series. J Periodontal 71 10 (2000) 1654-1661
29. Leonetti J.A., and Koup R. Localized maxillary ridge augmentation with a block allograft for dental implant placement: case reports. Implant Dent 12 3 (2003) 217-226
30. Van Den Berch J.P., Ten Bruggenkate C.M., Krekeler G., et al. Maxillary sinus floor elevation and grafting with human demineralized freeze-dried bone. Clin Oral Implants Res 11 5 (2000) 487-493
31. Minichetti J.C., D'Amore J.C., Honga Y.J., et al. Human histologic analysis of mineralized bone allograft placement before implant surgery. J Oral Implantol 30 2 (2004) 74-82
32. Grogan D.P., Kalen V., Ross T.L., et al. Use of allograft bone for posterior spinal fusion in idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 369 (1999) 273-278
33. Cammisa Jr. F.P., Lowery G., Garfin S.R., et al. Two year fusion rate equivalency between grafton DBM gel and autograft in posterior lateral spine fusion: a prospective controlled trial employing a side by side comparison in the same patient. Spine 29 6 (2004) 660-666
34. Wenz B., Oesch B., and Horst M. Analysis of the risk of transmitting bovine spongiform encephalopathy through bone grafts derived from bovine bone. Biomaterials 22 12 (2001) 1599-1606
35. Sogal A., and Tofe A.J. Risk assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy transmission through bone graft material derived from bovine bone used for dental applications. J Periodontol 70 9 (1999) 1053-1063
36. Al Ruhaimi K.A. Bone graft substitutes: a comparative qualitative histologic review of current osteoconductive grafting materials. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 16 1 (2001) 105-114
37. Torricelli P., Fini M., Rocca M., et al. Xenogenic demineralized bone matrix: osteoinduction an influence of associated skeletal defects in heterotopic bone formation in rats. Int Orthop 23 3 (1999) 178-181
38. Su-Gwan K., Hak-Kyun K., and Sung-Chul L. Combined implantation of particulate dentine, plaster of Paris, and a bone xenograft (Bio-Oss) for bone regeneration in rats. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 29 5 (2001) 282-288
39. Araujo M.G., Sonohara M., Hayacibara R., et al. Lateral ridge augmentation by the use of grafts comprised of autologous bone or a biomaterial: an experiment in the dog. J Clin Periodontol 29 12 (2002) 1122-1131
40. Hammerle C.H., Chiantella G.C., Karring T., et al. The effect of a deproteinized bovine bone mineral on bone regeneration around titanium dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 9 3 (1998) 151-162
41. Vouros I., Aristodimou E., and Konstantinidis A. Guided tissue regeneration in intrabony periodontal defects following treatment with two bioabsorbable membranes in combination with bovine bone mineral graft: a clinical and radiographic study. J Clin Perodontal 31 10 (2004) 908-917
42. Proussaefs P., Lozada J., and Rohrer M.D. A clinical and histologic evaluation of a block onlay graft in conjunction with autogenous particulate and inorganic bovine material (Bio-Oss): a case report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 22 6 (2002) 567-573
43. Artzi Z., Dayan D., Alpern Y., et al. Vertical ridge augmentation using xenogenic material supported by a configured titanium mesh: clinicohistopathologic and histochemical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 18 3 (2003) 4440-4446
44. Yildirim M., Spiekermann H., Handt S., et al. Maxillary sinus augmentation with the xenograft Bio-Oss and autogenous intraoral bone for qualitative improvement of the implant site: a histologic and histomorphometric clinical study in humans. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 16 1 (2001) 23-33
45. Valentini P., Abensur D., Wenz B., et al. Sinus grafting with porous bone mineral (Bio-Oss) for implant placement: a 5-year study on 15 patients. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 20 3 (2000) 245-253
46. Yildirim M., Spiekermann H., Biesterfeld S., et al. Maxillary sinus augmentation using xenogenic bone substitute material Bio-OSS in combination with venous blood: a histologic and histomorphometric study in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res 11 3 (2000) 217-229
47. Hallman M., Cederlund A., Lindskog S., et al. A clinical histologic study of bovine hydroxyapatite in combination with autogenous bone and fibrin glue for maxillary sinus floor augmentation: results after 6 to 8 months of healing. Clin Oral Implants Res 12 2 (2001) 135-143
48. Sanchez A.R., Eckert S.E., Sheridan P.J., et al. Influence of platelet-rich plasma added to xenogeneic bone grafts on bone mineral density associated with dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 20 4 (2005) 526-532
49. Tadjoedin E.S., De Lange G.L., Bronckers A.L., et al. Deproteinized cancellous bovine bone (Bio-Oss) as bone substitute for sinus floor elevation: a retrospective, histomorphometrical study of five cases. J Clin Periodontol 30 3 (2003) 261-270
50. Kasabah S., Simunek A., Krug J., et al. Maxillary sinus augmentation with deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss) and implant dental implant system. Part II. Evaluation of deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss) and implant surface. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 45 4 (2002) 167-171
51. Majorana C., Redemagni M., Rabagliati M., et al. Treatment of maxillary ridge resorption by sinus augmentation with iliac cancellous bone, anorganic bovine bone, and endosseous implants: a clinical and histologic report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 15 6 (2000) 873-878
52. Artzi Z., Nemcovsky C.E., and Dayan D. Bovine-HA spongiosa blocks and immediate implant placement in sinus augmentation procedures: histopathological and histomorphometric observations on different histological stainings in 10 consecutive patients. Clin Oral Implants Res 13 4 (2002) 420-427
53. Hallman M., Lundgren S., and Sennerby L. Histologic analysis of clinical biopsies taken 6 months and 3 years after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with 80% bovine hydroxyapatite and 20% autogenous bone mixed with fibrin glue. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 3 2 (2001) 87-96
54. Froum S.J., Tarnow D.P., Wallace S.S., et al. Sinus floor elevation using anorganic bovine bone matrix (OsteoGraf/N) with and without autogenous bone: a clinical, histologic, radiographic, and histomorphometric analysis. Part 2 of an ongoing prospective study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 18 6 (1998) 528-543
55. Krauser J.T., Rohrer M.D., and Wallace S.S. Human histologic and histomorphometric analysis comparing OsteoGraf/N with PepGen P15 in the maxillary sinus elevation procedures: a case report. Implant Dent 9 4 (2000) 298-302
56. Bhatnagar R.S., Qian J.J., and Gough C.A. The role in cell binding of a beta-0bend within the triple helical region in collagen alpha 1(I) chain: structural and biological evidence for conformational tautomerism on fiber surface. J Biomol Struct Dyn 14 5 (1997) 547-560
57. Bhatnagar R.S., Qian J.J., Wedrchowska A., et al. Design of biomimetic habitats for tissue engineering with P-15, a synthetic peptide analogue of collagen. Tissue Eng 5 1 (1999) 53-65
58. Thompson D.M., Rohrer M.D., and Prasad H.S. Comparison of bone grafting materials in human extraction sockets: clinical, histologic, and histomorphometric evaluations. Implant Dent 15 1 (2006) 89-96
59. Kubler A., Neugebauer J., Oh J.H., et al. Growth and proliferation of human osteoblasts on different bone graft substitutes: an in vitro study. Implant Dent 13 2 (2004) 171-179
60. Turhani D., Item C., Thurner D., et al. Evidence of osteocalcin expression in osteoblast cells of mandibular origin growing on biomaterials with RT-PCR and SDS-PAGE/Western blotting. [in German]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 7 5 (2003) 294-300
61. Turhani D., Weissenbock M., Watzinger E., et al. In vitro study of adherent mandibular osteoblast-like cells on carrier materials. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 34 5 (2005) 543-550
62. Tabata M., Shimoda T., Sugihara K., et al. Osteoconductive and hemostatic properties of apatite formed on/in agarose gel as a bone-grafting material. J Boimed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 67 2 (2003) 680-688
63. Tabata M., Shimoda T., Sugihara K., et al. Apatite formed on/in agarose gel as a bone-grafting material in the treatment of periodontal infrabony defect. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 75 2 (2005) 378-386
64. Mukherjee D.P., Tunkle A.S., Roberts R.A., et al. An animal evaluation of a paste of chitosan glutamate and hydroxyapatite as a synthetic bone graft material. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 67 1 (2003) 603-609
65. Silva R.V., Camilli J.A., Bertran C.A., et al. The use of hydroxyapatite and autogenous cancellous bone grafts to repair bone defects in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 34 2 (2005) 178-184
66. Hsu F.Y., Tsai S.W., Lan C.W., et al. An in vivo study of a bone grafting material consisting of hydroxyapatite and reconstituted collagen. J Mater Sci Mater Med 16 4 (2005) 341-345
67. Thorwarth M., Schultze-Mosgau S., Kessler P., et al. Bone regeneration in osseous defects using a resorbable nanoparticular hydroxyapatite. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63 11 (2005) 1626-1633
68. Baramki H.G., Steffen T., Lander P., et al. The efficacy of interconnected porous hydroxyapatite in achieving posterolateral lumbar fusion in sheep. Spine 25 9 (2000) 1053-1060
69. Mazor Z., Peleg M., Garg A.K., et al. The use of hydroxyapatite bone cement for sinus floor augmentation with simultaneous implant placement in the atrophic maxilla: a report of 10 cases. J Periodontol 71 7 (2000) 1187-1194
70. Goto T., Kojima T., Iijima T., et al. Resorption of synthetic porous hydroxyapatite and replacement by newly formed bone. J Orthop Sci 6 5 (2001) 444-447
71. Joosten U., Joist A., Frebel T., et al. The use of an in situ curing hydroxyapatite cement as an alternative to bone graft following removal of enchondroma of the hand. J Hand Surg [Br] 25 3 (2000) 288-291
72. Tuncer S., Yavuzer R., Isik I., et al. The fate of hydroxyapatite cement used for cranial contouring: histological evaluation of a case. J Craniofac Surg 15 2 (2004) 243-246
73. Briem D., Linhart W., Lehmann W., et al. Long-term outcomes after using porous hydroxyapatite ceramics (Endobon) for surgical management of fractures of the head of the tibia. Unfallchirurg 105 2 (2002) 128-133
74. Chiroff R.T., White E.W., Weber J.N., et al. Tissue growth of replantiform implants. J Biomed Mater Res 6 (1975) 29-45
75. Roy D.M., and Linneham S.K. Hydroxyapatite formed from coral skeletal carbonate by hydrothermal exchange. Nature 247 (1974) 220-232
76. Ewers R, Kasperk C, Simons B. A comparison of algae derived, coral derived and sintered hydroxyapatites with regard to physical properties and osteointegration [abstract]. Presented at the Materials Research Society Fall Meeting. Boston, September 17-21, 1987.
77. Spassova-Tzekova E, Dimitriev Y, Evers R, et al. Properties and porosity of a physogenic apatite material produced by a biomimetic synthesis material. Biomaterials 2006, in press.
78. Weissenboeck M., Stein E., Undt G., et al. Particle size of hydroxyapatite granules calcified from red algae affects the osteogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 182 2 (2006) 79-88
79. Klawitter J.J., Bagwell J.G., Weinstein A.M., et al. An evaluation of bone growth into porous high density polyethylene. J Biomed Mater Res 10 2 (1976) 311-323
80. Guillemin G., Meunier A., Dallant P., et al. Comparison of coral resorption and bone apposition with two natural corals of different porosities. J Biomed Mater Res 23 (1989) 765-779
81. Wanschitz F., Gigl M., Wagner A., et al. Measurement of volume changes after sinus floor augmentation with a phycogenic hydroxyapatite. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19 (2004) 357-368
82. Leewenburgh S., Layrolle P., Barrere F., et al. Osteoclastic resorption of biomimetic calcium phosphate coatings in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res 56 (2001) 208-215
83. Demers C., Hamdy C.R., Karin C., et al. Natural coral exoskeleton as a bone graft substitute: a review. Biomed Mater Eng 12 (2002) 15-35
84. Jammet P., Souyris F., Baldet P., et al. The effects of different porosities in coral implants: an experimental study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 22 (1994) 103-108
85. Simunek A., Cierny M., Kopecka D., et al. The sinus lift with phycogenic bone substitute: a histomorphometric study. Clin Oral Implants Res 16 3 (2005) 342-348
86. Coughlin M.J., Grimes J.S., and Kennedy M.P. Coralline hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute in hindfoot surgery. Foot Ankle Int 27 1 (2006) 19-22
87. Bojescul J.A., Polly Jr. D.W., Kuklo T.R., et al. Backfill for iliac-crest donor sites: a prospective, randomized study of coralline hydroxyapatite. Am J Orthop 34 8 (2005) 377-382
88. Tho K.S., and Krishnamoorthy S. Use of coral grafts in anterior interbony fusion of the rabbit spine. Ann Acad Med Singapore 25 6 (1996) 824-827
89. Hsu C.J., Chou W.Y., Teng H.P., et al. Coralline hydroxyapatite and laminectomy-derived bone as adjuvant graft material for lumbar posterolateral fusions. J Neurosurg Spine 3 4 (2005) 271-275
90. El-Ghannam A. Bone reconstruction: from bioceramics to tissue engineering. [review]. Expert Rev Med Devices 2 1 (2005) 87-101
91. Moreira-Gonzalez A., Lobocki C., Barakat K., et al. Evaluation of 45S5 bioactive glass combined as a bone substitute in the reconstruction of critical size calvarial defects in rabbits. J Craniofac Surg 16 1 (2005) 63-70
92. Griffon D.J., Dunlop D.G., Howie C.R., et al. Early dissolution of a morsellised impacted silicate-free bioactive glass in metaphyseal defects. J Biomed Mater Res 58 6 (2001) 638-644
93. Hall E.E., Meffert R.M., Hermann J.S., et al. Comparison of bioactive glass to demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft in the treatment of intrabony defects around implants in the canine mandible. J Periodontol 70 5 (1999) 526-535
94. Wheeler D.L., Eschbach E.J., Hoellrich R.G., et al. Assessment of resorbable bioactive material for grafting of critical-size cancellous defects. J Orthop Res 18 1 (2000) 140-148
95. Cancian D.C., Hochuli-Vieira E., Marcantonio R.A., et al. Utilization of autogenous bone, bioactive glasses, and calcium phosphate cement in surgical mandibular bone defects in Cebus apella monkeys. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19 1 (2004) 73-79
96. Lindfors N.C., Tallroth K., and Aho A.J. Bioactive glass as bone-graft substitute for posterior spinal fusion in rabbit. J Biomed Mater Res 63 2 (2002) 237-244
97. Lindfors N.C., and Aho A.J. Tissue response to bioactive glass and autogenous bone in the rabbit spine. Eur Spine J 9 1 (2000) 30-35
98. Froum S., Cho S.C., Rosenberg E., et al. Histological comparison of healing extraction sockets implanted with bioactive glass or demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft: a pilot study. J Periodontol 73 1 (2002) 94-102
99. Furusawa T., and Mizunuma K. Osteoconductive properties and efficacy of resorbable bioactive glass as a bone-grafting material. Implant Dent 6 2 (1997) 93-101
100. Turunen T., Peltola J., Yli-Urpo A., et al. Bioactive glass granules as a bone adjunctive material in maxillary sinus floor augmentation. Clin Oral Implants Res 15 2 (2004) 135-141
101. Tadjoedin E.S., de Lange G.L., Lyaruu D.M., et al. High concentrations of bioactive glass material (BioGran) vs. autogenous bone for sinus floor elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res 13 4 (2002) 428-436
102. Cordioli G., Mazzocco C., Schepers E., et al. Maxillary sinus floor augmentation using bioactive glass granules and autogenous bone with simultaneous implant placement: clinical and histological findings. Clin Oral Implants Res 12 3 (2001) 270-278
103. Tadjoedin E.S., de Lange G.L., Holzmann P.J., et al. Histological observations on biopsies harvested following sinus floor elevation using a bioactive glass material of narrow size range. Clin Oral Implants Res 11 4 (2000) 334-344
104. Butz S.J., and Huys L.W. Long-term success of sinus augmentation using a synthetic alloplast: a 20 patients, 7 years clinical report. Implant Dent 14 1 (2005) 36-42
105. Wikipedia. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tricalcium-phosphate. Accessed 2006.
106. Pietrzak W.S., and Ronk R. Calcium sulfate bone void filler: a review and a look ahead. J Craniofac Surg 11 4 (2000) 327-333
107. Maragos P., Bissada N.F., Wang R., et al. Comparison of three methods using calcium sulfate as a graft/barrier material for the treatment of Class II mandibular molar furcation defects. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 22 5 (2002) 493-501
108. Borrelli Jr. J., Prickett W.D., and Ricci W.M. Treatment of nonunions and osseous defects with bone graft and calcium sulfate. Clin Orthop Relat Res 411 (2003) 245-254
109. Moore R.M., Graves S.E., and Gain G.I. Synthetic bone graft substitute. ANZ J Surg 71 (2001) 354-361
110. Coetzee A.S. Regeneration of bone in the presence of calcium sulphate. Arch Orolaryngol 106 (1980) 405-409
111. Herron S., Thordarson D.B., Winet H., et al. Ingrowth of bone into absorbable bone cement: an in vivo microscopic evaluation. Am J Orthop 32 12 (2003) 581-584
112. Blokhuis T.J., Wippermann B.W., den Boer F.C., et al. Resorbable calcium phosphate particles as a carrier material for bone marrow in an ovine segmental defect. J Biomed Mater Res (2000) 51(3):369-75
113. Linhart W., Briem D., Schmitz N.D., et al. Treatment of metaphyseal bone defects after fractures of the distal radius: medium-term results using a calcium-phosphate cement (BIOBON). Unfallchirurg 106 8 (2003) 618-624
114. Aybar B., Bilir A., Akcakaya H., et al. Effects of tricalcium phosphate bone graft materials on primary cultures of osteoblast cells in vitro. Clin Oral Implants Res 15 1 (2004) 119-125
115. Fredericks D.C., Bobst J.A., Petersen E.B., et al. Cellular interactions and bone healing responses to a novel porous tricalcium phosphate bone graft material. Orthopedics 27 1 Suppl (2004) s167-s173
116. Artzi Z., Weinreb M., Givol N., et al. Biomaterial resorption rate and healing site morphology of inorganic bovine bone and beta-tricalcium phosphate in the canine: a 24-month longitudinal histologic study and morphometric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19 3 (2004) 357-368
117. Szabo G., Suba Z., Hrabak K., et al. Autogenous bone versus beta-tricalcium phosphate graft alone for bilateral sinus elevations (2- and 3-dimensional computed tomographic, histologic, and histomorphometric evaluations): preliminary results. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 16 5 (2001) 681-692
118. Suba Z., Hrabak K., Huys L., et al. Histologic and histomorphometric study of bone regeneration induced by beta-tricalcium phosphate (multicenter study). Orv Hetil 145 27 (2004) 1431-1437
119. Szabo G., Huy L., Coulthard P., et al. A prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial of autogenous bone versus beta-tricalcium phosphate graft along for bilateral sinus elevation: histologic and histomorphometric evaluation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 20 3 (2005) 371-381
120. Nemeth Z., Suba Z., Hrabak K., et al. Autogenous bone versus beta-tricalcium phosphate graft alone for bilateral sinus evaluations (2-3D CT, histologic and histomorphometric evaluations). Orv Hetil 143 25 (2002) 1533-1538
121. Velich N., Nemeth Z., Toth C., et al. Long-term results with different bone substitutes used for sinus floor elevation. J Craniofac Surg 14 1 (2004) 38-41
122. Scher E.L., Day R.B., and Speight P.M. New bone formation after a sinus lift procedure using demineralized freeze-dried bone and tricalcium phosphate. Implant Dent 8 1 (1999) 49-53
123. Anker C.J., Holdridge S.P., Baird B., et al. Ultraporous beta-tricalcium phosphate is well incorporated in small cavitary defects. Clin Orthop Relat Res 434 (2005) 251-257
124. Pittner M.F., Alaster M.M., Beck S.C., et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 284 5411 (1999) 143-147
125. Forbes S.J., Poulsom R., and Wright N.A. Hepatic and renal differentiation from blood-borne stem cells. Gene Ther 9 10 (2002) 625-630
126. Pittenger M.F., Mosca J.D., and McIntosh K.R. Human mesenchymal stem cells: progenitor cell for cartilage, bone, fat and stroma. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 251 (2000) 3-11
127. De Ugarte D.A., Kouki M.., Elbarbari A., et al. Comparison of multi-lineage cells from human adipose tissue and bone marrow. Cells Tissues Organs 174 3 (2003) 101-109
128. Banfi A., et al. Proliferation kinetics and differentiation potential of ex vivo expanded human bone marrow stromal cells: implications for their use in cell therapy. Exp Hematol 28 2 (2000) 707-715
129. Wagers A.J., and Weissman I.L. Plasticity of adult stem cells. Cell 116 5 (2004) 639-648
130. Zuk P.A., Zhu M., Mizuno H., et al. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 7 2 (2001) 211-228
131. Hidemi H., Masato S., Kazunori M., et al. Osteogenic potential of human adipose tissue derived stromal cells as an alternative stem cell source. Cells, Tissues, Organs 178 1 (2004) 2-12
132. Hicok K.C., du Laney T.V., Zhou Y.S., et al. Human adipose-derived adult stem cells produce osteoid in vivo. Tissue Eng 10 3-4 (2004) 371-80
133. Sato M., Ochi T., Nakase T., et al. Mechanical tension-stress induces expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and BMP-4, but not BMP-6, BMP-7, and GDF-5 mRNA, during distraction osteogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 14 7 (1999) 1084-1095
134. Campisi P., Hamdy R.C., Lauzier D., et al. Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins during mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Plst Reconstr Surg 111 1 (2003) 201-208 [discussion: 209-10]
135. Saadeh P.B., Khosia R.K., Mehrara B.J., et al. Repair of a critical size defect in the rat mandible using allogenic type I collagen. J Craniofac Surg 12 6 (2001) 573-579
136. Seol Y.J., Lee J.Y.., Park Y.J., et al. Chitosan sponges as tissue engineering scaffolds for bone formation. Biotechnol Lett 26 13 (2004) 1037-1041
137. Bumgardner J.D., Wiser R., Gerard P.D., et al. Chitosan: potential use as a bioactive coating for orthopaedic and craniofacial/dental implant. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 14 15 (2003) 423-438
138. Solchaga L.A., Dennis J.E., Goldberg V.M., et al. Treatment of osteochondral defects with autologous bone marrow in a hyaluronan-based delivery vehicle. Tissue Eng 8 2 (2002) 333-347
139. Cao Y., Vacanti J.P., Paige K.T., et al. Transplantation of chondrocytes utilizing a polymer-cell construct to produce tissue-engineered cartilage in the shape of a human ear. Plast Reconstr Surg 100 (1997) 297-302 [discussion: 3-4]
140. Behravesh E., Yasko A.W., Engel P.S., et al. Synthetic biodegradable polymers for orthopaedic applications. Clin Orthop Relat Res 367 Suppl (1999) S118-S129
141. Lendlein A., and Langer R. Biodegradable, elastic shape-memory polyers for potential biomedical applications. Science 296 (2002) 2673-2676
142. Gunatillake P.A., and Adhikari R. Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering. Eur Cell Mater 5 (2003) 1-16