Children's responses to computer-synthesized speech in educational media: Gender consistency and gender similarity effects

Human Communication Research

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 310-329

  Lee, Kwan Min ^a   Liao, Katharine ^b   Ryu, Seoungho ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Kangwon National University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34250191850     PISSN: 03603989     EISSN: 14682958     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00301.x     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. American Academy of Pediatrics 1999). Media education. Pediatrics, 104, 341 342.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics 2001). Media violence. Pediatrics, 108, 1222 1226.
3. Bandura, A 1986). Social foundation of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall.
4. Bandura, A 1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York : W.H. Freeman and Company.
5. Bem, S. L 1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex-typing. Psychological Review, 88, 354 364.
6. Blanz, M., Mummendey, A., Mielke, R. Klink, A 1998). Responding to negative social identity: A taxonomy of identity management strategies. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 697 729.
7. Brewer, M. B. Brown, R. J 1998). Intergroup relations. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske G. Lindzey (Eds The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 4th ed., pp. 554 594). New York : McGraw-Hill.
8. Byrne, D 1971). The attraction paradigm. New York : Academic Press.
9. Calvert, S., Rideout, V., Woolard, J., Barr, R. Strouse, G 2005). Age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic patterns in early computer use: A national survey. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 590 607.
10. Cantor, N. Mischel, W 1979). Prototypes in person perception. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 3 52.
11. Clark, H. H 1996). Using language. New York : Cambridge University Press.
12. Clark, H. H 1999). How do real people communicate with virtual partners? In S.E. Brennan, A. Giboin D. Traum (Eds Proceedings of 1999 AAAI fall symposium: Psychological models of communication in collaborative systems (pp. 43 47). North Falmouth, MA : AAAI.
13. Collings, L. H., Chrisler, J. C. Quina, K Eds 1998). Career strategies for women in academe: Arming Athena. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications.
14. Compeau, D. Higgins, C 1995). Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, 19, 189 211.
15. Fiske, S. T. Taylor, S. E 1991). Social cognition. New York : McGraw-Hill.
16. Foley, S., Linnehan, F., Greenhaus, J. H. Weer, C. H 2006). The impact of gender similarity, racial similarity, and work culture on family-supportive supervision. Group & Organization Management, 31, 420 441.
17. Harrison, A. Rainer, K 1992). An examination of the factor structures and concurrent validities for the computer attitude scale, the computer anxiety rating scale, the computer self-efficacy scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 735 745.
18. Heilman, M. E 1979). High school students' occupational interest as a function of projected sex ratios in male-dominated occupations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 275 279.
19. Huston, A. C 1985). The development of sex typing: Themes from recent research. Developmental Review, 5, 1 17.
20. Isbister, K. Nass, C 2000). Consistency of personality in interactive characters: Verbal cues, non-verbal cues, and user characteristics. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 53, 251 267.
21. Jackson, S. E., Brett, J. F., Sessa, V. I., Cooper, D. M., Julin, J. A. Peyronnin, K 1991). Some differences make a difference: Individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions, and turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 675 689.
22. Kangas, K. Allen, G. D 1990). Intelligibility of synthetic speech for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 751 755.
23. Keppel, G 1982). Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook (2nd ed Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall.
24. Klin, A 1991). Young autistic children's listening preferences in regard to speech: A possible characterization of the symptom of social withdrawal. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 29 42.
25. Lee, E. Nass, C 1998). Does the ethnicity of a computer agent matter? An experimental comparison of human-computer interaction and computer-mediated communication. In Proceedings of the workshop on embodied conversational characters (pp. 123 128). Tahoe City, CA : AAAI and ACM.
26. Lee, E., Nass, C. Brave, S 2000). Can computer-generated speech have gender? An experimental test of gender stereotypes. In Extended abstracts of the Computer-Human Interaction (CHI) Conference (pp. 289 290). The Hague, The Netherlands : ACM.
27. Lee, K. M 2006). Phenomenological understanding of social responses to synthesized speech. In P. Messaris L. Humphreys (Eds Digital media: Transformations in human communication (pp. 127 138). New York : Peter Lang.
28. Lee, K. M. Nass, C 2004). The multiple source effect and synthesized speech: Doubly disembodied language as a conceptual framework. Human Communication Research, 30, 182 207.
29. Lee, K. M. Nass, C 2005). Social-psychological origins of feelings of presence: Creating social presence with machine-generated voices. Media Psychology, 7, 31 45.
30. Maccoby, E 1998). The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
31. Martin, C. L. Ruble, D 2004). Children's search for gender cues: Cognitive perspectives on gender development. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 13, 67 70.
32. Mayer, R 1997). Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions? Educational Psychologist, 32, 1 19.
33. Mayer, R. Moreno, R 2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist, 38, 43 52.
34. Mayer, R., Sobko, K. Mautone, P 2003). Social cues in multimedia learning: Role of speaker's voice. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 419 425.
35. Mirenda, P. Beukelman, D. R 1987). A comparison of speech synthesis intelligibility with listeners from three age groups. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 3, 120 128.
36. Mirenda, P. Beukelman, D. R 1990). A comparison of intelligibility among natural speech and seven speech synthesizers with listeners from three age groups. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 6, 61 68.
37. Mirenda, P., Eicher, D. Beukelman, D. R 1989). Synthetic and natural speech preferences of male and female listeners in four age groups. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 32, 175 183.
38. Morishima, Y., Nass, C., Bennett, C. Lee, K. M 2001). Effects of "gender" of computer-generated speech on credibility. Technical Report of IEICE TL2001-16, 31, 557 562.
39. Mullennix, J. W., Stern, S. E. Wilson, S. J 2003). Social perception of male and female computer synthesized speech. Computers in Human Behavior, 19, 407 424.
40. Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D. Lent, R. W 1991). Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 30 38.
41. Nass, C. Brave, S 2005). Wired for speech: How voice activates and advances the human-computer relationship. Boston : MIT Press.
42. Nass, C. Lee, K. M 2001). Does computer-synthesized speech manifest personality? Experimental tests of recognition, similarity-attraction, and consistency-attraction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 7, 171 181.
43. Nass, C. Moon, Y 2000). Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 81 103.
44. National Research Council 1999). Being fluent with information technology. Washington, DC : The National Academic Press.
45. Peirce, K 2002). What if the Energizer bunny were female?: Importance of gender in perceptions of advertising spokes-character effectiveness. Sex Roles, 45, 845 858.
46. Peirce, K. McBride, M 1999). Aunt Jemima isn't keeping up with the Energizer bunny: Stereotyping of animated spokes-characters in advertising. Sex Roles, 40, 959 968.
47. Pinker, S 1997). How the mind works. New York : W.W. Norton & Company.
48. Punzi, M. Kraat, A 1985). The effect of context on preschool children's understanding of synthetic speech: A pilot study. Working papers in speech-language pathology and audiology (pp. 84 106). Flushing, NY : Queens College of the City University of New York.
49. Reeves, B. Nass, C 1996). The media equation: How people treat computers, televisions, and new media like real people and places. New York : Cambridge University Press.
50. Rideout, V., Vandewater, E. Wartella, E 2003). Zero to six: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers and preschoolers. Menlo Park, CA : Kaiser Family Foundation.
51. Ruble, D. N. Martin, C. L 1998). Gender development. In W. Damon (Ed Handbook of child psychology (pp. 933 1016). New York : Wiley.
52. Serbin, L. A. Sprafkin, C 1986). The salience of gender and the process of sex-typing in three- to seven-year-old children. Child Development, 57, 1188 1199.
53. Torkzadeh, G. Koufteros, X 1994). Factorial validity of a computer self-efficacy scale and the impact of computer training. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 813 821.
54. Wartella, E., Vandewater, E. Rideout, V 2005). Introduction: Electronic media use in the lives of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 501 504.
55. Weinschenk, S. Barker, D. T 2000). Designing effective speech interfaces. New York : Wiley.
56. Whipple, T. W. McManamon, M. K 2002). Implications of using male and female voices in commercials: An exploratory study. Journal of Advertising, 31, 79 91.
57. Zanna, M. P., Higgins, E. T. Herman, C. P Eds 1982). Consistency in social behavior: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 2). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.