Meiosis-driven genome variation in plants

Current Genomics

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 151-161

  Cai, Xiwen ^a   Xu, Steven S ^b  

^a NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aneuploidy; Genome variation; Meiosis; Meiotic restitution; Polyploidization; Recombination

Indexed keywords

DNA;

ANEUPLOIDY; CELL DIVISION; CELL NUCLEUS; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CHROMOSOME PAIRING; CHROMOSOME REPLICATION; CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION; CYTOKINESIS; DNA REPLICATION; EUKARYOTE; GAMETE; GAMETOGENESIS; GENE DELETION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME ANALYSIS; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; MEIOSIS; NONHUMAN; PLANT GENETICS; POLYPLOIDY; PROMOTER REGION; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW;

EUKARYOTA; SYNAPSIS;

EID: 34250188125     PISSN: 13892029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920207780833847     Document Type: Review

References (184)

1. Cnudde, F., Gerats, T. Meiosis: Inducing variation by reduction. Plant Biol. 2005, 7:321-341.
2. Atcheson, C.L., DiDomenico, B., Frackman, S., Esposito, R.E., Elder, R.T. Isolation, DNA sequence, and regulation of meiotic-specific eukaryotic recombination gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987, 84: 8035-8039.
3. Demburg, A.F., McDonald, K., Moulder, G., Barstead, R., Dresser, M., Villeneuve, A.M. Meiotic recombination in C. elegans initiates by a conserved mechanism and is dispensable for homologous chromosome synapsis. Cell 1998, 94: 387-398.
4. Grelon, M., Vezon, D., Gendrot, G., Pelletier, G. AtSP011-1 is necessary for efficient meiotic recombination in plants. EMBO J. 2001, 20: 589-600.
5. Hamant, O., Ma, H., Cande, W.Z., Genetics of meiotic prophase I in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2006, 57: 267-302.
6. Anderson, L.K., Stack, S.M. Meiotic recombination in plants. Curr. Genom. 2002 3: 507-525.
7. Schwarzacher, T. Meiosis, recombination and chromosomes: a review of gene isolation and fluorescent in situ hybridization data in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2003, 54: 11-23.
8. Lew, D.J., Burke, D.J. The spindle assembly and spindle position checkpoints. Annu. Rev. Genet. 2003, 37: 251-282.
9. Musacchio, A., Hardwick, K.G. The spindle checkpoint: Structural insights into dynamic signaling. Nature Reviews-Mol. Cell Biol. 2002, 3: 731-741.
10. Watanabe, Y., Nurse, P. Cohesin Rec8 is required for reductional chromosome segregation at meiosis. Nature 1999, 400: 461-464.
11. Watanabe, Y., Yokobayashi, S. The kinetochore protein Moal enables cohesion-mediated monopolar attachment at meiosis I. Cell 2005, 123: 803-817.
12. Toth, A. Rabitsch, K.P., Galova, M., Schleiffer, A., Buonomo, S.B.C., Nasmyth, K. Functional genomics identifies monopolin: a kinetochore protein required for segregation of homologs during meiosis I. Cell 2000, 103: 1155-1168.
13. Chelysheva, L., Diallo, S., Vezon, D., Gendrot, G., Vrielynck, N., Belcram, K., Rocques, N., Marquez-Lema, A., Bhatt, A.M., Horlow, C., Mercier, R., Mezard, C., Grelon, M. AtREC8 and AtSCC are essential to the monopolar orientation of the kinetochores during meiosis. J. Cell Sci. 2005, 118: 4621-4632.
14. Watanabe, Y., Hauf, S. Kinetochore orientation in mitosis and meiosis. Cell 2004, 119: 317-327.
15. Petronczki, M., Siomos, M.F., Nasmyth, K. The molecular biology of chromosome segregation in meiosis. Cell 2003, 112: 423-440.
16. Nacry, P., Mayer, U., Jurgens, G. Genetic dissection of cytokinesis. Plant Mol. Biol. 2000, 43: 719-733.
17. Giansanti, M.G., Farkas, R.M., Bonaccorsi, S., Lindsley, D.L., Wakimoto, B.T., Fuller, M.T., Gatti, M. Genetic dissection of meiotic cytokinesis in Drosophila males. Mol. Biol. of the Cell 2004, 15: 2509-2522.
18. Bennetzen, J.L. Mechanisms and rates of genome expansion and contraction in flowering plants. Genetica 2002, 115: 29-36.
19. Gaut, B.S., Wright, S.I., Rizzon, C., Dvorak, J., Anderson, L.K. Recombination: an underappreciated factor in the evolution of plant genomes, Nat. Rev. Genet. 2007, 8: 77-84.
20. Page, S.L., Hawley, R.S. Chromosome choreography: The meiotic ballet. Science 2003, 301: 785-789.
21. Hunt P.A., Hassold, T.J. Sex matters in meiosis. Science 2002, 296: 2181-2183.
22. Cohen, J. Sorting out chromosome errors. Science 2002, 296: 2164-2166.
23. Rieger, R., Michaelis, A., Green, M.M. 1976. Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics - Classical and molecular. 4th edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, NJ.
24. Wagenaar, E.B. Meiotic restitution and the origin of polyploidy. II Prolonged duration of metaphase I as causal factor of restitution induction. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1968, 10: 844-852.
25. Bretagnolle, F., Thompson, J.D. Gametes with the somatic chromosome number: mechanisms of their formation and role in the evolution of autopolyploid plants. New Phytol. 1995, 129: 1-22.
26. Ramanna, M.S., Jacobsen, E. Relevance of sexual polyploidization for crop improvement - A review. Euphytica 2003, 133: 3-18.
27. Kumar, A., Bennetzen, J.L. Plant retrotransposons. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1999, 33: 479-532.
28. Shirasu, K., Schulman, A.H., Lahaye, T., Schulze-Lefert, P. A contiguous 66-kb barley DNA sequence provides evidence for reversible genome expansion. Genome Res. 2000, 10: 908-915.
29. Vitte, C., Panaud, O. Formation of solo-LTRs through unequal homologous recombination counterbalances amplifications of LTR retrotransposons in rice Oryza sativa L. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2003, 20: 528-540.
30. m genomes of wheat. Plant Cell 2003, 15: 1186-1197.
31. Devos, K.M., Brown, J.K.M., Bermetzen, J.L. Genome size reduction through illegitimate recombination counteracts genome expansion in Arabidopsis. Genome Res. 2002, 12: 1075-1079.
32. Ma, J., Devos, K.M., Bennetzen, J.L. Analyses of LTR-retrotransposon structures reveal recent and rapid genomic DNA loss in rice. Genome Res. 2004, 14: 860-869.
33. Zhang, L., Gaut, B. S. Does recombination shape the distribution and evolution of tandemly arrayed genes (TAGs) in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome? Genome Res. 2003, 13: 2533-2540.
34. Faris, J.D., Friebe, B., Gill, B.S. Wheat genomics: exploring the polyploidy model. Curr. Genom. 2002, 3: 577-591.
35. Schnable, P.S., Hsia, A.P., Nikolau, B.J. Genetic recombination in plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1998, 1: 123-129.
36. Mezard, C. Meiotic recombination hotspots in plants. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2006, 34: 531-534.
37. Comings, D.E. Single amino-acid substitutions as a result of unequal crossing-over. Nature 1966, 212: 545-546.
38. Oliver, C.P. A reversion to wild-type associated with crossing-over in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1940, 26: 452-454.
39. Mitchell, M.B. Aberrant recombination of pyridoxine mutants of Neurospora. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1955, 41: 215-220.
40. Stadler, D.R. The mechanism of intragenic recombination. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1973, 7: 113-127.
41. Huang, L., Brooks, S.A., Li, W., Fellers, J.P., Trick, H.N., Gill, B.S. Map-based cloning of leaf rust resistance gene Lr21 from the large and polyploidy genome of bread wheat. Genetics 2003, 164: 655-664.
42. Hulbert, S.H. Structure and evolution of the rp1 complex conferring rust resistance in maize. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1997, 35: 293-310.
43. Ellis, J., Dodds, P., Pryor, T. Structure, function and evolution of plant disease resistance genes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2000, 3: 278-284.
44. Ellis, J., Dodds, P., Pryor, T. The generation of plant disease resistance gene specificities. Trends Plant Sci. 2000, 5: 373-379.
45. Hulbert, S.H., Webb, C.A., Smith, S.M., Sun, Q. Resistance gene complexes: evolution and utilization. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2001, 39: 285-312.
46. Lehmann, P. Structure and evolution of plant disease resistance genes. J. Appl. Genet. 2002, 43: 403-414.
47. Strobeck, C., Morgan, K. The effect of intragenic recombination on the number of alleles in a finite population. Genetics 1978, 88: 829-844.
48. Morgan, K., Strobeck, C. Is intragenic recombination a factor in the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations? Nature 1979, 277: 383-384.
49. Watt, W.B. Intragenic recombination as a source of population genetic variability. Amer. Natur. 1972, 106: 737-753.
50. Golding, G.B., Strobeck, C. Increased number of alleles found in hybrid populations due to intragenic recombination. Evolution 1983, 37: 17-29.
51. Inukai, T., Sakko, A., Hirano, H., Sano, Y. Analysis of intragenic recombination at wx in rice: correlation between the molecular and genetic maps within the locus. Genome 2000, 43: 589-596.
52. Okagaki, R.J., Weil, C.F. Analysis of recombination sites within the maize waxy locus. Genetics 1997, 147: 815-821.
53. Brown, J., Sundaresan, V. A recombination hotspot in the maize A1 intragenic region. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1991, 81: 185-188.
54. Dooner, H.K., Martinez-Férez, I.M. Recombination occurs uniformly within the bronze gene, a meiotic recombination hotspot in the maize genome. Plant Cell 1997, 9: 1633-1646.
55. Dooner, H.K. Extensive interallelic polymorphisms drive meiotic recombination into a crossover pathway. Plant Cell 2002, 14: 1173-1183.
56. Mourad, G., Haughn, G., King, J. Intragenic recombination in the CSR1 locus of Arabidopsis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1994, 243: 178-184.
57. Dooner, H.K., Kermicle, J.L. The transposable element Ds affects the pattern of intragenic recombination at the BZ and R loci in maize. Genetics 1986, 113: 135-143.
58. Flor, H.H. Current status of the gene-for-gene concept. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1971, 9: 275-296.
59. Richter, T.E., Pryor, T.J., Bennetzen, J.L., Hulbert, S.H. New rust resistance specificities associated with recombination in the Rp1 complex in maize. Genetics 1995, 141: 373-381.
60. Sun, Q., Collins, N.C., Ayliffe, M., Smith, S.M., Drake, J., Pryor, T., Hulbert, S.H. Recombination between paralogues at the rp1 rust resistance locus in maize. Genetics 2001, 158: 423-438.
61. Islam, M.R., Shepherd, K.W. Present status of genetics of rust resistance in flax. Euphytica 1991, 55: 255-267.
62. Mayo, G.M.E., Shepherd, K.W. Studies of genes controlling specific host-pathogen interactions in flax and its rust. I. Fine structure analysis of the M group in the host. Heredity 1980, 44: 212-227.
63. Anderson, P.A., Lawrence, G.J., Morrish, B.C., Ayliffe, M.A., Finnegan, E.J., Ellis, J.G. Inactivation of the flax rust resistance gene M associated with loss of a repeated unit within the leucine-rich repeat coding region. Plant Cell 1997, 9: 641-651.
64. Bent, A. F. Plant disease resistance genes: function meets structure. Plant Cell 1996, 8: 1757-1771.
65. Ellis, J. G., Lawrence, G. J., Luck, J., Dodds, P. N. Identification of regions in alleles of the flax rust resistance gene L that determine differences in gene-for gene specificity. Plant Cell 1999, 11: 495-506.
66. Luck, J.E., Lawrence, G.J., Dodds, P.N., Shepherd, K.W., Ellis, J.G. Regions outside of the leucine-rich repeats of flax rust resistance proteins play a role in specificity determination. Plant Cell 2000, 12: 1367-1377.
67. McDowell, J.M., Dhandaydham, M., Long, T.A., Aarts, M.G.M., Goff, S., Holub, E.B., Dangel, J.L. Intragenic recombination and diversifying selection contribute to the evolution of downy mildew resistance at the RPP8 locus of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1998, 10: 1861-1874.
68. Dixon, M.S., Hatzixanthis, K., Jones, D.A., Harrison, D., Jones, J.D.G. The tomato Cf-5 disease resistance gene and six homologs show pronounced allelic variation in leucine-rich repeat copy number. Plant Cell 1998, 10: 1915-1925.
69. Yang, Z., Ye, X., Molina, J., Roose, M. L., Mirkov, T. E. Sequence analysis of a 282-kilobase region surrounding the citrus tristeza virus resistance gene (Ctv) locus in Poncirus trifoliate L. Raf. Plant Physiology 2003, 131: 482-492.
70. Robbins, T.P., Walker, E.L., Kermicle, J.L., Alleman, M., Dellaporta, S.L. Meiotic instability of the R-r complex arising from displaced intragenic exchange and intrachromosomal rearrangement. Genetics 1991, 129: 271-283.
71. Multani, D. S., Briggs, S. P., Chamberlin, M. A., Blakeslee, J. J., Murphy, A. S., Johal, G. S. Loss of an MDR transporter in compact stalks of maize br2 and sorghum dw3 mutants. Science 2003, 302: 81-84.
72. Sturtevant, A.H. The effects of unequal crossing over at the Bar locus in Drosophila. Genetics 1925, 10: 117-147.
73. Zhang, J. Evolution by gene duplication: an update. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2003, 18: 292-298.
74. Jelesko, J. G., Carter, K., Thompson, W., Kinoshita, Y., Gruissem, W. Meiotic recombination between paralogous RBCSB genes on sister chromatids of Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 2004, 166: 947-957.
75. Yandeau-Nelson, M. D., Xia, Y., Li, J., Neuffer, M. G., Schnable, P. S. Unequal sister chromatid and homolog recombination at a tandem duplication of the a1 locus in maize. Genetics 2006, 173: 2211-2226.
76. Michelmore, R. W., Meyers, B. C., Clusters of resistance genes in plants evolve by divergent selection and a birth-and-death process. Genome Res. 1998, 8: 1113-1130.
77. Sappl, P.G., Heazlewood, J.L., Millar A. H. Untangling multi-gene families in plants by integrating proteomics into functional genomics. Phytochemistry 2004, 65: 1517-1530.
78. Martin, G.B., Bogdanove, A.J., Sessa, G. Understanding the functions of plant disease resistance proteins. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2003, 54: 23-61.
79. Sudupak, M.A., Bennetzen, J.L., Hulbert, S.H. Unequal exchange and meiotic instability of disease-resistance genes in the Rp1 region of maize. Genetics 1993, 133: 119-125.
80. Collins, N., Drake, J., Ayliffe, M., Sun, Q., Ellis, J., Hulbert, S., Pryor, T. Molecular characterization of the maize Rp1-D rust resistance haplotype and its mutants. Plant Cell 1999, 11: 1365-1376.
81. Ramakrishna, W., Emberton, J., Ogden, M., SanMiguel, P., Bennetzen, J.L. Structural analysis of the maize Rp1 complex reveals numerous sites and unexpected mechanisms of local rearrangement. Plant Cell 2002, 14: 3213-3223.
82. Thomas, C.M., Jones, D.A., Parniske, M., Harrison, K., Balint-Kurti, P.J., Hatzixanthis, K., Jones, J.D.G. Characterisation of the tomato Cf-4 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum identifies sequences which determine recognitional specificity in Cf-4 and Cf-9. Plant Cell 1997, 9: 2209-2224.
83. Parniske, M., Hammond-Kosack, K.E., Golstein, C., Thomas, C.M., Jones, D., Harrison, K., Wulff, B.H., Jones, J.D.G., Novel disease resistance specificities result from sequence exchange between tandemly repeated genes at the Cf-4/9 locus of tomato. Cell 1997, 91: 821-832.
84. Parniske, M., Jones, J.D.G., Recombination between diverged clusters of the tomato Cf-9 plant disease resistance gene family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1999, 96: 5850-5855.
85. Parker, J.E., Coleman, M.J., Szabo, V., Frost, L.N., Schmidt, R., van der Blezen, E.A., Moores, T., Dean, C., Daniels, M.J., Jones, J.D.G. The Arabidopsis downy mildew resistance gene RPP5 shares similarity to the toll and interleukin-1 receptors with N and L6. Plant Cell 1997, 9: 879-894.
86. Sandhu, D., Gao, H., Cianzio, S., Bhattacharyya, M.K. Deletion of a disease resistance nucleotide-binding-site/leucine-rich-repeat-like sequence is associated with the loss of the phytophthora resistance gene Rps4 in soybean. Genetics 2004, 168: 2157-2167.
87. Bhattacharyya, M.K., Narayanan, N.N., Gao, H., Santra, D.K., Salimath, S.S., Kasuga, T., Liu, Y., Espinosa, B., Ellison, L., Marek, L., Shoemaker, R., Gijzen, M., Buzzell, R.I. Identification of a large cluster of coiled-nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat-type genes from the Rps1 region containing Phytophthora resistance genes in soybean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2005, 111: 75-86.
88. Hayes, A.J., Jeong, S.C., Gore, M.A., Yu, Y.G., Buss, G.R., Tolin, S.A., Saghai-Maroof, M.A. Recombination within a nucleotide-binding-site/ leucine-rich-repeat gene cluster produces new variants conditioning resistance to soybean mosaic virus in soybeans. Genetics 2004, 166: 493-503.
89. Meyers, B.C., Chin, D.B., Shen, K.A., Sivaramakrishnan, S., Lavelle, D.O., Zhang, Z., Michelmore, R.W. The major resistance gene cluster in lettuce is highly duplicated and spans several megabases. Plant Cell 1998, 10: 1817-1832.
90. Chin, D.B., Arroyo-Garcia, R., Ochoa, O.E., Kesseli, R.V., Lavelle, D.O., Michelmore, R.W. Recombination and spontaneous mutation at the major cluster of resistance genes in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Genetics 2001, 157: 831-849.
91. Wicker, T., Zimmermann, W., Perovic, D., Paterson, A.H., Ganal, M., Graner, A., Stein, N. A detailed look at 7 million years of genome evolution in a 439 kb contiguous sequence at the barley HvelF4E locus: recombination, rearrangements, and repeats. Plant J. 2005, 41: 184-194.
92. Jelesko, J.G., Harper, R., Furuya, M., Gruissem, W. Rare germinal unequal crossing-over leading to recombinant gene formation and gene duplication in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96: 10302-10307.
93. Flavell, R.B., Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.B., Smith, D.B. Genome size and the proportion of repeated nucleotide sequence DNA in plants. Biochemical Genetics 1974, 12: 257-269.
94. Bennetzen, J.L., Kellog, E.A. Do plants have a one-way ticket to genomic obesity? Plant Cell 1997, 9: 1509-1514.
95. SanMiguel, P., Tikhonov, A., Jin, Y.K., Motchoulskaia, N., Zakharov, D., Melake-Berhan, A., Springer, P.S., Edwards, K.J., Lee, M., Avramova, Z. Nested retrotransposons in the intergenic regions of the maize genome. Science 1996, 274: 765-768.
96. Morgante, M., Hanafey, M., Powell, W. Microsatellite are preferentially associated with nonrepetitive DNA in plant genomes. Nat. Genet. 2002, 30: 194-200.
97. Innan, H., Terauchi, R., Miyashita, N.T. Microsatellite polymorphism in natural population of the wild plant Arabidopsis thanliana. Genetics 1997, 146: 1441-1452.
98. Toth, G., Gaspari, Z., Jurka, J. Microsatellites in different eukaryotic genomes: Survey and analysis. Genome Res. 2000, 10: 967-981.
99. Li, Y-C., Fahima, T., Roder, M. S., Kirzhner, V.M., Beiles, A., Korol, A.B., Nevo, E. Genetic effects on microsatellite diversity in wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) at the Yehudiyya microsite, Israel. Heredity 2003, 90: 150-156.
100. Oliveira, E.J., Pádua, J.G., Zucchi, M.I., Vencovsky, R., Vieira, M.L.C. Origin, evolution and genome distribution of microsatellites. Genet. Mol. Biol. 2006, 29: 294-307.
101. Charlesworth, B., Langley, C.H., Stephan, W. The evolution of restricted recombination and the accumulation of repeated DNA sequences. Genetics 1986, 112: 947-962.
102. Rabitsch, K.P., Toth, A., Galova, M., Schleiffer, A., Schaffner, G., Aigner, E., Rupp, C., Penkner, A.M., Moreno-Borchart, A.C., Primig, M., Esposito, R.E., Klein, F., Knop, M. Nasmyth, K. A screen for genes required for meiosis and spore formation based on whole-genome expression. Curr. Biol. 2001, 11: 1001-1009.
103. Watanabe, Y. Modifying sister chromatid cohesion for meiosis. J. Cell Sci. 2004, 117: 4017-4023.
104. Bai, X., Peirson, B.N., Dong, F., Cai, X., Makaroff, C.A. Isolation and characterization of SYN1, a RAD21-like gene essential for meiosis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1999, 11: 417-430.
105. Cai, X., Dong, F., Edelmann, R.E., Makaroff, C.A. The Arabidopsis SYN1 cohesion protein is required for sister chromatid arm cohesion and homologous chromosome pairing. J. Cell Sci. 2003, 116: 2999-3007.
106. Zhang, L., Tao, J., Wang, S., Chong, K., Wang, T. The rice OsRad21-4, an orthologue of yeast Rec8 protein, is required for efficient meiosis. Plant Mol. Biol. 2006, 60: 533-554.
107. Watanabe, Y. Monopolar attachment by Polo. Nature Cell Biol. 2003, 5: 379-382.
108. Koduru, P.R.K., Rao, M.K. Cytogenetics of synaptic mutants in higher plants. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1981, 59: 197-214.
109. Sears, E.R. The aneuploids of common wheat. Univ. Mo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res..Bull. No. 572, 1954. pp. 1-58.
110. Golubovskaya, I.N., 1989. Meiosis in maize: mei genes and conception of genetic control of meiosis. In: Advances in Genetics, vol. 26 (Scandalios, J.G., ed). San Diego: Academic Press; 149-192.
111. Bass, H.W., Bordoli, S.J., Foss, E.M. The desynaptic (dy) and desynaptic1 (dsy1) mutations in maize (Zea mays L.) cause distinct telomere-misplacement phenotypes during meiotic prophase. J. Exp. Bot. 2003, 54:39-46.
112. Kitada, K., Omura, T. Genetic control of meiosis in rice Oryza sativa L. II. Cytogenetical analyses of desynaptic mutants. Japan. J. Genet. 1983, 58: 567-577.
113. Kitada, K., Kurata, N., Satoh, H., Omura, T. Genetic control of meiosis in rice, Oryza sativa L. I. Classification of meiotic mutants induced by MNU and their cytogenetical characteristics. Japan. J. Genet. 1983, 58: 231-240.
114. Nonomura, K.I., Nakano, M., Murata, K., Miyoshi, K., Eiguchi, M., Miyao, A., Hirochika, H., Kurata, N. The insertional mutation of rice PAIR2 gene, the ortholog of Arabidopsis ASY1, caused a defect in homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis. Mol. Genet. Genomics 2004, 271: 121-129.
115. Nonomura, K.I., Nakano, M., Fukuda, T., Eiguchi, M., Miyao, A., Hirochika, H., Kurata, N. The novel gene homologous paring aberration in rice meiosis1 of rice encodes a putative coiled-coil protein required for homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis. Plant Cell 2004, 1008-1020.
116. Moens, P.B. Genetic and cytological effects of three desynaptic genes in the tomato. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1969, 11: 857-869.
117. Kato, K.K., Palmer, R.G. Molecular mapping of the male-sterile, female-sterile mutant gene (st8) in soybean. J. Hered. 2003, 94: 425-428.
118. Chaudhury, A.M., Lavithis, M., Taylor, P.E., Craig, S., Singh, M.B., Signer, E.R., Knox, R.B., Dennis, E.S. Genetic control of male fertility in Arabidopsis thaliana: structural analysis of premeiotic developmental mutants. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1994, 7: 17-28.
119. Dawson, J., Wilson, Z.A., Aarts, M.G.M., Braithwaite, A.F., Briarty, L.G., Mulligan, B.J. Microspore and pollen development in six male-sterile mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Can. J. Bot. 1993, 71: 629-638.
120. He, C., Tirlapur, U., Cresti, M., Peja, M., Crone, D.E., Mascarenhas, J.P. An Arabidopsis mutant showing aberrations in male meiosis. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1996, 9: 54-57.
121. Peirson, B.N., Owen, H.A., Feldmann, K.A., Makaroff, C.A. Characterization of three male-sterile mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana exhibiting alterations in meiosis. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1996, 9: 1-16.
122. Ross, K.J., Fransz, P., Armstrong, S.J., Virzir, I., Mulligan, B., Franklin, F.C.H., Jones, G.H. Cytological characterisation of four meiotic mutants of Arabidopsis isolated from T-DNA transformed lines. Chrom. Res. 1997, 5: 551-559.
123. Palmer, R.G., Horner, H.T. Genetics and cytology of a genic male-sterile, female-sterile mutant from a transposon-containing soybean population. J. Hered. 2000, 91: 378-383.
124. Palmer, R.C., Kilen, R.C. 1987. Qualitative genetics and cytogenetics. p.135-209. In J.E. Wilcox (ed.) Soybeans: Improvement, production, and uses, 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 16. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.
125. Pawlowski, W.P., Golubovskaya, I.N., Timofejeva, L., Meeley, R.B., Sheridan, W.F., Cande, W. Coordination of meiotic recombination, pairing, and synapsis by PHS1. Science 2004, 303:89-92.
126. Ilarslan, H., Skorupska, H.T., Horner, H.T., Palmer, R.G. Genetics and cytology of a tissue culture-derived soybean genic male-sterile, female-sterile. J. Hered. 1997, 88: 129-138.
127. Sears, E.R. Misdivision of univalents in common wheat. Chromosoma Bd. 1952, 4: 535-550.
128. Friebe, B., Zhang, P., Linc, G., Gill, B.S. Robertsonian translocations in wheat arise by centric misdivision of univalents at anaphase I and rejoining of broken centromeres during interkinesis of meiosis II. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2005, 109: 293-297.
129. Iwanaga, M., Peloquin, S. Synaptic mutant affecting only mega-sporogenesis in potatoes. J. Hered. 1979, 70: 385-389.
130. Basak, S.L., Paria, P. Desynapsis and spontaneous trisomy in jute ( Corchorus olitorius L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 1980, 56: 253-256.
131. Palmer, R.G. Aneuploids in the soybean, Glycine max. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1974, 16: 441-447.
132. Palmer, R.G., Heer, H. Aneuploids from a desynaptic mutant in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Cytologia 1976, 41: 417-427.
133. Xu, S.J., Singh, R.J., Kollipora, K. P., Hymowitz, T. Primary trisomics in soybean: Origin, identification, breeding behavior, and use in gene mapping. Crop Sci. 2000, 40: 1543-1551.
134. Zou, J. J., Singh, R. J., Lee, J., Xu, S. J., Cregan, P.B., Hymowitz, T. Assignment of molecular linkage groups to soybean chromosomes by primary trisomics. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2003, 107: 745-750.
135. Zou, J.J., Singh R.J., Lee J., Xu, S.S., Hymowitz, T. SSR markers exhibit trisomic segregation distortion in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. Crop Sci. 2006, 46:1456-1461.
136. Xu, S.J., Joppa, L.R. Mechanisms and inheritance of first division restitution in hybrids of wheat, rye, and Aegilops squarrosa. Genome 1995, 38: 607-615.
137. Harlan, J.R., de Wet, J.M.J. On Ö. Winge and a prayer: the origins of polyploidy. Bot. Rev. 1975, 41: 361-690.
138. Veilleux, R.E. Diploid and polyploid gametes in crop plants: Mechanisms of formation and utilization in plant breeding. Plant Breed. Rev. 1985, 3:253-288.
139. Stebbins, G.L. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press, New York. pp.298-369.
140. Stebbins, G.L. 1971. Chromosome evolution in plants. Addison-Wesley, MenloPark CA. p. 216.
141. Gaut, B.S., Doebley, J.F. DNA sequence evidence for the segmental allotetraploid origin of maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94: 6809-6814.
142. Walling, J.G., Shoemaker, R., Young, N., Mudge, J., Jackson, S. Chromosome-level homeology in paleopolyploid soybean (Glycine max) revealed through integration of genetic and chromosome maps. Genetics 2006, 172: 1893-1900.
143. Darlington, C.D. Recent advances in cytology. Philadelphia: Blakinston's Son & Co. Inc., 1937.
144. Wagenaar, E. B. Meiotic restitution and the origin of polyploidy. I. Influence of genotype on polyploid seedset in a Triticum crassum x T. turgidum hybrid. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1968, 10: 836-843.
145. Ramanna, M.S. A re-examination of the mechanisms of 2n gamete formation in potato and its implications for breeding. Euphytica 1979, 28: 537-561.
146. Fukuda, K., Sakamoto, S. Cytological studies on unreduced male gametes formation in hybrids between tetraploid emmer wheats and Aegilops squarrosa L. Japan. J. Breed. 1992, 42: 255-266.
147. Fukuda, K., Sakamoto, S. Studies on the factors controlling the formation of unreduced gametes in hybrids between tetraploid emmer wheats and Aegilops squarrosa L. Japan. J. Breed. 1992, 42: 747-760.
148. Bastiaanssen, H.J.M., Ramanna, M.S., Huigen, D.J., Jacobsen, E. Selection of diploid tuberous Solanum hybrids for 2n-egg formation using 2x·4x-crosses. Euphytica 1998, 101: 325-339.
149. Xu, S.J., Joppa, L.R. First-division restitution in hybrids of Langdon durum disomic substitution lines with rye and Aegilops squarrosa. Plant Breed 2000, 119: 233-241.
150. Lyrene, P.M., Vorsa, N., Ballington, J.R. Polyploidy and sexual polyploidization in the genus Vaccinium. Euphytica 2003, 133: 27-36.
151. Udall, J.A., Wendel, J.F. Polyploidy and crop improvement, The Plant Genome 2006, 1: S3-S14.
152. McFadden, E.S., Sears, E.R. The origin of Triticum speltoides and its free-threshing hexaploid relatives. J. Hered. 1946, 37: 81-89.
153. Huang, S., Sirikhachornkit, A., Su, X., Faris, J., Gill, B., Haselkorn, R., Gornicki, P. Genes encoding plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of the Triticum/Aegilops complex and the evolutionary history of polyptoidy wheat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99: 8133-8138.
154. Kihara, H., Lilienfeld, F. 1949. A new synthesized 6x-wheat. pp. 307-319 in G. Bonnier and R. Larsson (ed.) Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Genetics, Stockholm, Sweden, 7-14 July, 1948. Hereditas (Suppl. Vol.).
155. Xu, S.J., Dong, Y. Fertility and meiotic mechanisms of hybrids between chromosome autoduplication tetraploid wheats and Aegilops species. Genome 1992, 35: 379-384.
156. Singh, R.J. 2002. Plant cytogenetics, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
157. McClintock, B. A cytological and genetical study of triploid maize. Genetics 1929, 14: 180-222.
158. Lesley, J.W. A cytological and genetical study of progenies of triploid tomatoes. Genetics 1928, 13: 1-43.
159. Rick, C.M. A survey of cytogenetic causes of unfruitfulness in the tomato. Genetics 1945, 30: 347-362.
160. Schertz, K.F., Stephens, J.C. Origin and occurrence of triploids of Sorghum vulgare Pers. and their chromosomal and morphological characteristics. Crop Sci. 1965, 5: 514-516.
161. Sandfaer, J. The occurrence of spontaneous triploids in different barley varieties. Hereditas 1975, 80: 149-153.
162. Khush, G.S., Singh, R.J., Sur, S.C., Librojo, A.L. Primary trisomics of rice: Origin, morphology, cytology and use in linkage mapping. Genetics 1984, 107: 141-163.
163. Rao, P.N., Nirmala, A., Ranganadham, P. A cytological study of triploidy in pearl millet. Cytologia 1988, 53: 421-425.
164. Dujardin, M., W.W. Hanna. Cytology and breeding behavior of a partially fertile triploid pearl millet. J. Hered. 1988, 79: 216-218.
165. Joppa, L.R., Williams, N.D., Maan, S.S. The chromosomal location of a gene (msg) affecting megasporogenesis in durum wheat. Genome 1987, 29: 578-581.
166. Chen, L.F., Palmer, R.G. Cytological studies of triploids and their progeny from male-sterile ms1 soybean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1985, 71: 400-407.
167. Xu, S.J., Singh, R.J., Kollipora, K. P., Hymowitz, T. Hypertriploid in soybean: Origin, identification, cytology and breeding behavior. Crop Sci. 2000, 40: 72-77.
168. Chen, L.F., Heer, H.E., Palmer, R.G. The frequency of polyembryonic seedlings and polyploids from ms1 soybean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1985, 69: 271-277.
169. Lutz, A.M. A preliminary note on the chromosomes of Oenothera lamarckiana and one of its mutants, O. gigas. Science 1907, 26:151-152.
170. Alexander, D.E. Spontaneous triploidy and tetraploidy in maize. J. Hered 1963, 54:3.
171. Finch, R.A. M.D. Bennett. Action of triploid inducer (tri) on meiosis in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Heredity 1979, 43: 87-93.
172. Rhoades, M.M., Dempsey, E. Induction of chromosome doubling at meiosis by the elongate gene in maize. Genetics 1996, 54: 505-522.
173. McCoy, T.J. The inheritance of 2n pollen formation in diploid alfalfa, Medicago sativa. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1982, 24: 315-323.
174. McCoy, T.J., Smith, L.Y. Genetics, cytology, and crossing behavior of an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) mutant resulting in failure of the postmeiotic cytokinesis. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1983, 25: 390-397.
175. Ramanna, M.S. First division restitution gametes through fertile desynaptic mutants of potato. Euphytica 1983, 32: 337-350.
176. Veilleux, R.E., McHale, N.A., Lauer, F.I. 2n gametes in diploid Solanum: Frequency and types of spindle abnormalities. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1982, 24: 301-314.
177. Mok, D.W.S., Peloquin, S.J. Three mechanisms of 2n pollen formation in diploid potatoes. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1975, 17: 217-225.
178. Mok, D.W.S., Peloquin, S.J. The inheritance of three mechanisms of diplandroid (2n pollen) formation in diploid potatoes. Heredity 1975, 35: 295-302.
179. Jongedijk, E., Ramanna, M.S. Synaptic mutants in potato, Solanum tuberosum L. I. Expression and identity of genes for desynapsis. Genome 1988, 30: 664-670.
180. Werner, J. E., Peloquin, S.I. Inheritance and two mechanisms of 2n egg formation in 2x potatoes. J. Hered. 1990, 81:371-374.
181. Kenworthy, W.J., Brim, C.A., Wernsman, E.A. Polyembryony in soybeans. Crop Sci. 1973, 13: 637-638.
182. Cutter, G.L., Bingham, E.T. Effect of soybean male-sterile gene ms1 on organization and function of the female gametophyte. Crop Sci. 1977, 17: 760-764.
183. Beversdorf, W.D., Bingham, E.T. Male sterility as a source of haploids and polyploids of Glycine max. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1977, 19: 283-287.
184. Albertsen, M.C., Palmer, R.G. A comparative light- and electron-microscopic study of microsporogenesis in male sterile (ms1) and male fertile soybeans Glycine max (L.) Merr. Am. J. Bot. 1979, 66: 253-265.