Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed extract on toluene diisocyanate-induced immune-mediated inflammatory responses in rats

Journal of Immunotoxicology

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 85-96

  Mahajan, Shailaja G ^a   Mali, Ravindra G ^a   Mehta, Anita A ^a  

^a L M COLLEGE OF PHARMACY   (India)

Author keywords

Asthma; Cytokines; Moringa oleifera

Indexed keywords

ALKALOID; DEXAMETHASONE; FLAVONOID; GLYCOSIDE; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; MORINGA OLEIFERA EXTRACT; MORINGINE; TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG POTENCY; EOSINOPHIL COUNT; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOTOXICITY; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LUNG HOMOGENATE; LUNG LAVAGE; MORINGA OLEIFERA; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLANT SEED; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; PROVOCATION TEST; RAT; SENSITIZATION;

ANIMALIA; MORINGA OLEIFERA; RATTUS; RATTUS NORVEGICUS;

EID: 34250168627     PISSN: 1547691X     EISSN: 1547691X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15476910701337472     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Abe, Y., Ogino, S., Irifune, M., Imamura, I., Liu, Y. Q., Fukui, H., and Matsunaga, T., 1993. Histamine content, synthesis and degradation in nasal mucosa and lung of guinea pigs treated with toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Clin. Exp. Allergy 23:512-517.
2. Arts, I. C., and Hollman, P. C. 2005. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 81:317S-325S.
3. H2-dominated response in mice. Toxicology 218:39-47.
4. Ban, M., Hettich, D., Goutet, M., and Bonnet, P. 1997. TDI inhalation in guineapigs involves migration of dendritic cells. Toxicol. Lett. 93:185-194.
5. Barnes, P. J. 1996. Pathophysiology of asthma. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42:3-10.
6. Barnes, P. J., Chung, K. F., and Page, C. P. 1998. Inflammatory mediators of asthma. Pharmacol. Rev. 50:515-596.
7. Baur, X., Mareck, W., Ammon, J., Czuppon, A. B., Marczynski, B., Raulf-Heimsoth, M., Roemmelt, H., and Fruhman, G. 1994. Respiratory and other hazards of isocyanates. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 66:141-152.
8. Becklake, M. R. 1993. Prevalence and determinants. In: Asthma in the workplace, 1st Edition (Bernstein, I. L., Chan-Yeung, M., Malo, J. L., and Bernstein, D. I., Eds.), New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 29-59.
9. Bernstein, J. A. 1992. Occupational asthma. "My job is making me sick". Postgrad Med. 92:109-118.
10. Bernstein, L. 1982. Isocyanate-induced pulmonary diseases: A current perspective. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 70:24-35.
11. Bolognesi, C., Baur, X., Marczynski, B., Norppa, H., Sepai, O., and Sabbioni, G. 2001. Carcinogenic risk of toluene diisocyanate and 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate: Epidemiological and experimental evedence. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 131:737-772.
12. Bousquet, J., Jeffery, P. K., Busse, W. W., Johnson, M., and Vignola, A. M. 2000. Asthma: From bronchoconstriction to airways inflammation and remodeling. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 161:1720-1745.
13. Bradding, P., Roberts, J. A., Britten, K. M., Montefort, S., Djukanovic, R., Mueller, R., Heusser, C. H., Howarth, P. H., and Holgate, S. T. 1994. Interleukins-4, -5 and -6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in normal and asthmatic airways: Evidence for the human mast cell as a source of these cytokines. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10:471-480.
14. Britton, J. R., Pavord, I. D., Richards, K. A., Knox, A. J., Wisniewski, A. F., and Lewis, S. A. 1995. Dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and lung function in the general population. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1383-1387.
15. Broide, D. H., and Firestein, G. S. 1991. Endobronchial allergen challenge: Demonstration of cellular source of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor by in situ hybridization. J. Clin. Invest. 88:1048-1053.
16. Broide, D. H., Lotz, M., Cuomo, A. J, Coburn, D. A, Federman, E. C., and Wasserman, S. I. 1992. Cytokines in symptomatic asthma airways. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 89:958-967.
17. Caceres, A., Cebreva, O., Morales, O., Miollined, P., and Mendia, P. 1991. Pharmacological properties of M. oleifera 1. Preliminary screening for antimicrobial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 33:213-216.
18. Caceres, A., Saravia, A., Rizzo, S., Zabala, L., De-Leon, E., and Nave, F. 1992. Pharmacological properties of M. oleifera 2. Screening for antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 36:233-237.
19. Chan-Yeung, M., and Malo, J. L. 1993. Natural history of occupational asthma. In: Asthma in the Workplace, 1st Edition, (Bernstein, I. L., Chan-Yeung, M., Malo, J. L., and Bernstein, D. I., Eds.), New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 299-322.
20. Chaudhri, R. D. 1996. Herbal Drug Industry: A Practical Approach to Industrial Pharmacognosy, R. D. Chaudhri, New Delhi: Eastern Publisher, pp. 58-62.
21. Chitravanshi, V. C., Gupta, P. P., Kulshrestha, D. K., Kar, K., and Dhawan, B. N. 1990. Anti-allergic activity of Solanum xanthocarpum. Ind. J. Pharmacol. 22:23-24.
22. Chopra, R. N., Chopra, I. C., Handa, K., and Kapur, D. (Eds.). 1938. Chopra's Indigenous Drugs of India. U.N. Dhur & Sons: Calcutta.
23. Coker, R. K., and Laurent, G. J. 1998. Pulmonary fibrosis: Cytokines in the balance. Eur. Respir. J. 11:1218-1221.
24. Culpitt, S. V., Rogers, D. F., Fenwick, P. S., Shah, P., De Matos, C., and Russell, R. E. 2003. Inhibition by red wine extract, resverotrol, of cytokine release by alveolar macrophages in COPD. Thorax 58:942-946.
25. Dahot, M. U., and Memon, A. R. 1985. Nutritive significance of oil extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds. J . Pharm. Univ. Karachi 3:75-80.
26. Das, B. R., Kurup, P. A., and Narasimha Rao, P. L. 1958. Antibiotic principle from Moringa Pterosperma Part IX. Inhibition of transaminase by isocyanates. Ind. J . Med. Res. 46:75-77.
27. Dayrit, F. M., Alcantara, A. D., and Villasenor, I. M. 1990. The antibiotic compound and its deactivation in aqueous solution. Phil. J . Sci. 119:23-26.
28. Dearman, R. J., Basketter, D. A., and Kimber, I. 1996. Characterization of chemical allergens as a function of divergent cytokine secretion profiles induced in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 138:308-316.
29. De Raeve, H. R., Thunnissen, F. B., Kaneko, F. T., Guo, F. H., Lewis, M., Kavuru, M. S., Secic, M., Thomassen, M. J., and Erzurum, S. C. 1997. Decreased Cu, Zn-SOD activity in asthmatic airway epithelium: Correction by inhaled corticosteroid in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. 272:L148-L154.
30. Devasagayam, T. P. 1986. Lipid peroxidation in rat uterus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 876:507-514.
31. Dworski, R. 2000. Oxidant stress in asthma. Thorax 55(S2):S51-S53.
32. Elias, J. A., Wu, Y., Zheng, T., and Panettieri, R. 1997. Cytokine and virus-stimulated airway smooth muscle cells produce IL-11 and other IL-6-type cytokines. Am. J. Physiol. 273:L648-L655.
33. Faizi, S., Siddiqui, B. S., Saleem, R., Siddiqui, S., Aftab, K., and Gilani, A. H. 1995. Fully acetylated carbamate and hypotensive thiocarbamate glycosides from Moringa oleifera. Phytochemistry (Oxford). 38:957-963.
34. Filipovic, M., and Snezana, C. 2001. The role of eosinophils in asthma. Med. Biol. 8:6-10.
35. Frigas, E., Loegering, D. A., and Gleich, G. J. 1980. Cytotoxic properties of the eosinophil major basic protein on tracheal epithelium. Lab Invest. 42:35-43.
36. H2 cytokine expression in mice. J. Exp. Med. 182:1527-1536.
37. Gharaee-Kermani, M., Nozaki, Y., Hatano, K., and Phan, S. H. 2001. Lung interleukin-4 gene expression in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Cytokine 15:138-147.
38. Gokhale, A. B., Dikshit, V. J., Damre, A. S., Kulkarni, K. R., and Saraf, M. N. 2000. Influence of ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. on mast cells and erythrocytes membrane integrity. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 38:837-840.
39. Gosset, P., Tsicopoulos, A., Wallaert, B., Vannimenus, C., Joseph, M., Tonnel, A. B. and Capron, A. 1991. Increased secretion by tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 by alveolar macrophages consecutive to the development of the late asthmatic reaction. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 88:561-571.
40. Graham, D. M., and Blaiss, M. S. 2000. Complementary/alternative medicine in the treatment of asthma. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 85:438-447.
41. Guevara, A. P., Vargas, C., Sakurai, H., Fujiwara, Y., Hashimoto, K., Maoka, T., Kozuka, M., Ito, Y., Tokuda, H., and Nishino, H. 1999. An antitumor promoter from Moringa oleifera Lam. Mutat. Res. 440:181-188.
42. 2. Role in cell survival following oxidant injury. J. Biol. Chem. 271:4138-4142.
43. Hatch, G. E. 1995. Asthma, inhaled oxidants, and dietary antioxidants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61:625S-630S.
44. Hogberg, J., Larson, R. E., Kristoferon, A., and Orrenius, S. 1974. NADPH-dependent reductase solubilised from microsomes of peroxidation and its activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 56:836-842.
45. Ishimitsu, R., Nishimura, H., Kawauchi, H., Kawakita, K., and Yoshikai, Y., 2001. Dichotomous effect of a traditional Japanese medicine, Bu-zhong-yiqi-tang, on allergic asthma in mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. 1:857-865.
46. Janssen, Y. M., Houten, B., Borm P. J., and Mossman, B. T. 1993. Cell and tissue responses to oxidative damage. Lab. Invest. 69:261-274.
47. Jatakanon, A., Uasuf, C., and Maziak, W. 1999. Neutrophilic inflammation in severe persistent asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160:1532-1539.
48. Kanazawa, H., Kurihara, N., Hirata, K., and Takeda, T. 1991. The role of free radicals in airway obstruction in asthmatic patients. Chest 100:1319-1322.
49. Karadi, R. V., Gadge, N. B., Alagawadi, K. R., Savadi, R. V., Mannur, V. S., and Kotti, B. C. 2006. Antiarthritic activity of extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. roots. Indian Drugs 43:543-547.
50. Kinnula, V. L., Crapo, J. D., and Raivio, K. O. 1995. Biology of disease: Generation and disposal of reactive oxygen metabolites in the lung. Lab. Invest. 73:3-19.
51. Kips, J. C., Tavernier, J., and Pauwels, R. A. 1992. Tumor necrosis factor causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness in rats. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:332-336.
52. Kirtikar, K. R., and Basu, B. D. 1975. Indian Medicinal Plants, 2nd Edition, Vol. 1, (Dun, D., Singh, B., and Singh, M. P., Eds.), New Cannaught Place-Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, pp. 676-683.
53. Kouadio, K., Zheng, K. C., Tuekpe, M. K., Todoriki, H., and Ariizumi, M. 2005. Airway inflammatory and immunological events in a rat model exposed to toluene diisocyanate. Food Chem. Toxicol. 43:1281-1288.
54. Laandrault, N., Pouchert, P., Ravel, P., Gase, F., Cros, G., and Teissedro, P. L. 2001. Antioxidant activities phenolic level of French wines from different varieties and vintages. J . Agric. Food Chem. 49:3341-3343.
55. Lane, D. J., and Lane, T. V. 1991. Alternative and complementary medicine for asthma. Thorax 46:787-797.
56. Li, X. Y., Donaldson, K., Rahman, I., and MacNee, W. 1994. An investigation of the role of glutathione in increased epithelial permeability induced by cigarette smoke in vivo and in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:1518-1525.
57. Lin, J. Y., Chen, M. L., Chiang, B. L., and Lin, B. F. 2006. Ganoderma tsugae supplementation alleviates bronchoalveolar inflammation in an airway sensitization and challenge mouse model. Int. Immunopharmacol. 6:241-251.
58. Louis, R., Lau, L. C., Bron, A. O., Roldaan, A. C., Radermecker, M., and Djukanovic, R. 2000. The relationship between airway inflammation and asthma severity. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161:9-16.
59. Lowry, O. H., Rosenbrought, N. J., Farr, A. L., and Randall, R. J. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin-phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193:265-275.
60. Mahajan S. G., Mali, R. G., and Mehta, A. A. 2007. Protective effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. against inflammation associated with development of arthritis in rats. J Immunotoxicol. 4:39-47.
61. Mahajan S. G., Mali, R. G., and Mehta, A. A. 2006. Anti-anaphylactic and antiinflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Moringa oleifera. Planta Indica 2:9-13.
62. Maestrelli, P., Occari, P., Turato, G., Papiris, S. A., Di Stefano, A., Mapp, C. E., Milani, G. F., Fabbri, L. M., and Saetta, M. 1997. Expression of IL-4 and IL-5 proteins in asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Clin. Exp. Allergy 27:1292-1298.
63. Memon, G. M., and Khatri, L. M. 1987. Isolation and spectroscopic studies of mono-palmitic, di-oleic triglyceride from seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. Pak. J . Sci. Ind. Res. 30:393-395.
64. Michael, L., and Horst, K. 1998. Synthesis of active principles from the leaves of Moringa oleifera using S-pent-4-enyl thioglycosides. Carbohydr. Res. 312:33-44.
65. Misra, H. P., and Fridovich, I. 1972. The role of superoxide anion in the autooxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Int. Biol. Chem. 247:3170-3175.
66. Montuschi, P., Collins, J. V., Ciabattoni, G., Lazzeri, N., Corradi, M., and Kharitonov, S. A. 2000. Exhaled 8-isoprostane as an in vivo biomarker of lung oxidative stress in patients with COPD and healthy smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162:1175-1177.
67. Moron, M. S., Defierre, J. W., and Mannervik, B. 1979. Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 582:67-78.
68. Motojima, S., Frigas, E., Loegering, D. A., and Gleich, G .J. 1989. Toxicity of eosinophil cationic proteins for guinea-pig tracheal epithelium in vitro. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.139:801-805.
69. Nadkarni, K. M., and Nadkarni, A. K. (Eds.) 1976. Indian Materia Medica, Vol. 1, pp. 811-816. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.
70. Nair, A. M., and Saraf, M. N. 1995. Inhibition of antigen and compound 48/80 induced contractions of guinea pig trachea by the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Vitex negundo Linn. Ind. J. Pharmacol. 27:230-233.
71. Nayampalli, S., Desai, N. K., and Ainapure, S. S. 1986. Anti-allergic properties of Tinospora cordifolia in animal models. Ind. J. Pharmacol. 18:250-252.
72. Njoku, O. U., and Adikwu, M. U. 1997. Investigation on some physicochemical antioxidant and toxicological properties of Moringa oleifera seed oil. Acta. Pharma. Zagr. 47:287-290.
73. Novak, Z., Nemeth, I., Gyurkovits, K., Varga, S. I., and Matkovics, B. 1991. Examination of the role of oxygen free radicals in bronchial asthma in childhood. Clin. Chim. Acta 201:247-252.
74. Ohkawara, Y., Yamauchi, K., Tanno, Y., Tamura, H., Outani, H., Nagura, H., Ohkuda, K. and Takishima, T. 1992. Human lung mast cells and pulmonary macrophages produce tumor necrosis factor-α in sensitized lung tissue after IgE receptor triggering. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 7:385-392.
75. Ohno, I., Ohkawara, Y., Yamauchi, K., Tanno, Y., and Takishima, T. 1990. Production of tumour necrosis factor with IgE receptor triggering from sensitized lung tissue. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3:285-289.
76. Ordonez, C. L., Shaughnessy, T. E., Matthay, M. A., and Fahy, J. V. 2000. Increased neutrophil numbers and IL-8 levels in airway secretions in acute severe asthma: Clinical and biologic significance. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 161:1185-1190.
77. Paech, D., and Tracey, M. V. (Eds.). 1955. Modern Methods of Plant Analysis., Vol. IV, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 373-374.
78. Paredi, P., Kharitonov, S. A., and Barnes, P. J. 2002. Analysis of expired air for oxidation products. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166:31-37.
79. Plitnick, L. M., Loveless, S. E., Ladics. G. S., Holsapple, M. P., Smialowicz, R. J., Woolhiser, M. R., Anderson, P. K., Smith, C., and Selgrade, M. J. 2005. Cytokine mRNA profiles for isocyanates with known and unknown potential to induce respiratory sensitization. Toxicology 207:487-499.
80. Rahman, I., and MacNee, W. 1996. Role of oxidants/antioxidants in smoking induced lung diseases. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 21:669-681.
81. Rahman, I., and MacNee, W. 1998. Role of transcription factors in inflammatory lung diseases. Thorax 53:601-612.
82. Rahman, I., and MacNee, W. 1999. Lung glutathione and oxidative stress: Implications in cigarette smoke-induced airway disease. Am. J. Physiol. 277:L1067-L1088.
83. Rahman, I., and MacNee, W. 2000. Oxidative stress and regulation of glutathione in lung inflammation. Eur. Respir. J. 16:534-554.
84. Rahman, I., Biswas, S. K., and Kode, A. 2006. Oxidant and antioxidant balance in the airways and airway diseases. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 533:222-239.
85. Rajan, B. K. 1986. Apiculture and farm forestry in semi-acid tracts of Karnataka. My Forest. 22:41-49.
86. H2-1ike bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. New Engl. J. Med. 326:298-304.
87. Sanchez, M. D., Lopez, C. J., and Rios, V. 2006. High-performance liquid chromatography method to measure α- and γ-tocopherol in leaves and fresh beans from Moringa oleifera. J. Chromatogr. A 1105:111-114.
88. Sedwick, J. B., Geiger, K. M., and Busse, W. W. 1990. Superoxide generation by hypodens eosinophils from patients with asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142:120-125.
89. Seltzer, J., Bigby, B. G., Stulbarg, M., Holtzman, M. J., Nadel, J. A., Ueki, I. F., Leikauf, G. D., Goetzl, E. J., and Boushey, H. A. 1986. Ozone-induced change in bronchial reactivity to methacholine and airway inflammation in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 60:1321-1326.
90. Sengupta, A., and Gupta, M. P. 1970 Studies on seed fat composition of Moringacea family. Fette Seifen Anstrich. 72:6-10.
91. Sergio, R. 2000. The role of lymphocytes in allergic diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 105:399-408.
92. Shanmugasundaram, K. R., Kumar, S. S., and Rajajee, S. 2001. Excessive free radical generation in the blood of children suffer from asthma. Clin. Chim. Acta 305:107-114.
93. Singh, R. K., Bhattacharya, S. K., and Acharya, S. B.2000. Studies on extracts of Elaeocarpus sphaericus fruits on in vitro rat mast cells. Phytomedicine 7:205-207.
94. Sinha, A. K. 1972. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal. Biochem. 47:389-394.
95. Sur, S., Crotty, T. B., and Kephart, G. M. 1993. Sudden onset fatal asthma: A distinct clinical entity with few eosinophils and relatively more neutrophils in the airway submucosa? Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:713-719.
96. Tanaka, K., Okamoto, Y., and Nagaya Y. 1988. A nasal allergy model developed in the guinea pig by intranasal application of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 85:392-397.
97. Tekin, D., Ayse, S. B., Mungan, D., Misirligil, Z., and Yavuzer, S. 2000. The antioxidant defense in asthma. J. Asthma 37:59-63.
98. Tripathi, R. M., and Das, P. K. 1977. Studies on anti-asthmatic and antianaphylactic activity of Albizzia lebbeck. Ind. J. Pharmacol. 9:189-194.
99. Varier, V. P. 1997. Indian Medicinal Plants Compendium of 500 Species, Vol. 4, Warrier, P. K., Nambiar, V. P., and Ramankutty, C., eds. Orient Longman Ltd, pp. 58-62.
100. Varshavskii, B. I., Trubnikov, G. V., Galaktipmpva, L. P., Koreniak, N. A., Koledeznaia, I. L., and Oberemok, A. N. 2003. Oxidant-antioxidant status of patients with bronchial asthma during inhalation and system glucocorticoid therapy. Ter. Arh. 75:21-24.
101. Villasenor, I. M. 1994. Bioactive metabolites from Moringa oleifera Lam. Kimika 110:47-52.
102. Villasenor, I. M., Dayrit, F., and Lim-Sylianco, C. Y. 1990. Studies on M.oleifera seeds, Part II. Thermal degradation of roasted seeds. Phil. J . Sci. 119:33-39.
103. Villasenor, I. M., Lim-Sylianco, C. Y., and Dayrit, F. 1989. Mutagens from roasted seeds of Moringa oleifera. Mutat. Res. 224:209-212.
104. Wardlaw, A. J., Dunnette, S., Gleich G. J., Collins, J. V., and Kay, A. B. 1988. Eosinophils and mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage in subjects with mild asthma: Relationship to bronchial hyperreactivity. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.137:62-69.
105. Wenzel, S. E., Szefler, S. J., and Leung, D. Y. 1997. Bronchoscopic evaluation of severe asthma. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 156:737-743.
106. Wisnewski, A. V., and Redlich, C. A. 2001. Recent developments in diisocyanate asthma. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1:169-175.
107. Wood, L. G., Gibson, P. G., and Garg, M. L. 2003. Biomarkers of lipid peroxidation, airway inflammation, and asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 21:177-186.
108. Ying, S., Humbert, M., Barkans, J., Corrigan, C. J., Pfister, R., Menz, G., Larche, M., Robinson, D. S., Durham, S. R., and Kay, A. B. 1997. Expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein product by CD41 and CD81 T-cells, eosinophils, and mast cells in bronchial biopsies obtained from atopic and nonatopic (intrinsic) asthmatics. J. Immunol. 158:3539-3544.
109. Zheng, K. C., Ariizumi, M., Todoriki, H., and Nong, D. X. 2001a. Cytokine profiles in airways of rats exposed to toluene diisocyanate. J. Occup. Health 43:39-45.
110. Zheng, K. C., Nong, D. X., Morioka, T., Todoriki, H., and Arizumi, M. 2001b. Elevated IL-4 and IL-6 in rats sensitized with toluene diisocyanate. Ind. Health 39:334-339.
111. Zhimmet, I., and Tashkin, D. P. 2000. Alternative medicines for allergy and asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 106:603-614.
112. Zhu, Z., Tang, W., Ray, A., Wu, Y., Einarsson, O., Landry, M. L., Gwaltney, J., and Elias, J. A. 1996. Rhinovirus stimulation of IL-6 in vivo and in vitro: Evidence for NFκB-dependent transcriptional activation. J. Clin. Invest. 97:421-430.