Roles of platelet factor 4 in hematopoiesis and angiogenesis

Growth Factors

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 242-252

  Maurer, Anne Marie ^a   Zhou, Bin ^b   Han, Zhong Chao ^b  

^a MARMARA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Turkey)

^b INSTITUTE OF HEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD DISEASES HOSPITAL   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; CHONDROITIN 4 SULFATE; CHONDROITIN 6 SULFATE; DERMATAN SULFATE; HEPARAN SULFATE; HEPARIN; HYALURONIC ACID; IDURONIC ACID; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4 DERIVATIVE; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4[17-58]; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4[17-58S36]; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4[17-58S36S52]; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4[34-58]; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4[34-58ALA]; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4[47-55]; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4[47-58]; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4[47-70]; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4[58-70]; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN; PEPTIDE;

ALPHA HELIX; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CELL ADHESION; CELL SURVIVAL; CELL VIABILITY; HUMAN; MEGAKARYOPOIESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; HEMATOPOIESIS; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; RAT; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; CELL ADHESION; CELL SURVIVAL; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS; HEMATOPOIESIS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC; PEPTIDES; PLATELET FACTOR 4; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, SECONDARY; RATS; THROMBOPOIESIS;

EID: 34250014518     PISSN: 08977194     EISSN: 10292292     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08977190600988225     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Abgrall, JF, Han, ZC, Sensebe, L., Gall, G Le, Guern, G., Renard, I. and Brìre, J. (1991) Inhibitory effect of highly purified human platelet β-thromboglobulin on in vitro human megakaryocyte colony formation. Exp Hematol, 19,pp.202-205.
2. Aidoudi, S., Guigon, M., Lebeurier, I., Caen, JP and Han, ZC (1996) In vivo effect of platelet factor (PF4) and tetrapeptide AcSDKP on hematopoiesis of mice treated with 5-fluorouracil. Br J Haematol, 94,pp.443-448.
3. Avraham, H., Vannier, E., Cowley, S., Jiang, SX, Chi, S., Dinarello, CA, Zsebo, KM and Groopman, JE (1992) Effects of the stem cell factor, c-kit ligand, on human megakaryocytic cells. Blood, 79,pp.365-372.
4. Barber, AJ, Kaser-Glanzmann, B., Jakabova, M. and Luscher, EF (1972) Characterization of a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan carrier for heparin-neutralizing activity (PF4) released from human blood platelets. Biochim Biophys Acta, 286,pp.312-329.
5. Bartley, TD, Bogenberger, J., Hunt, P., Li, YS, Lu, HS, Martin, F., Chang, MS, Samal, B., Nichol, JL, Swift, S., Johnson, MJ, Hsu, R-Y, Parker, VP, Suggs, S., Skrine, JD, Merewether, LA, Clogston, C., Hsu, E., Hokom, MM, Hornkohl, A., Choi, E., Pangelinan, M., Sun, Y., Mar, V., McNinch, J., Simonet, L., Jacobsen, F., Xie, C., Shutter, J., Chute, H., Basu, R., Selander, L., Trollinger, D., Sieu, L., Padilla, D., Trail, G., Elliott, G., Izumi, R., Covey, T., Crouse, J., Garcia, A., Castillo, J Del, Biron, J., Cole, S., Hu, MC-T, Pacifici, R., Ponting, I., Saris, C., Wen, D., Yung, YP, Lin, H. and Rosselman, RA (1994) Identification and cloning of a megakaryocyte growth and development factor that is a ligand for cytokine receptor Mpl. Cell, 77, pp.1117-1124.
6. Bernardini, G., Ribatti, D., Spinetti, G., Morbidelli, L., Ziche, M., Santoni, A., Capogrossi, MC and Napolitano, M. (2003) Analysis of the role of chemokines in angiogenesis. J Immunol Methods, 273,pp.83-101.
7. Bikfalvi, A. (2004) Platelet factor 4: An inhibtor of angiogenesis. Semin Thromb Hemost, 30,pp.379-385.
8. Bikfalvi, A., Klein, S., Pintucci, G. and Rifkin, DB (1997) Biological roles of fibroblast growth factor-2. Endocr Rev, 18,pp.26-45.
9. Bock, KE, Luscombe, M., Marshall, SE, Pepper, DS and Holbrook, JJ (1980) The multiple complexes formed by the interaction of platelet factor 4 with heparin. Biochem J, 191,pp.769-776.
10. Brandt, E., Ludwig, A., Petersen, F. and Flad, HD (2000) Platelet-derived CXC chemokines: Old players in new games. Immunol Rev, 177,pp.204-206.
11. Broxmeyer, HE, Sherry, B., Cooper, S., Maze, R., Beckmann, MP, Cerami, A. and Ralph, P. (1993) Comparative analysis of the human macrophage inflammatory protein family of cytokines (chemokines) on proliferation of human myeloid progenitor cells. Interacting effects involving suppression, synergistic suppression, and blocking of suppression. J Immunol,150,pp.3448-3458.
12. Bruno, E. and Hoffman, R. (1989) Effect of interleukin 6 on in vitro human megakaryocytopoiesis: Its interaction with other cytokines. Exp Hematol, 17,pp.1038-1043.
13. Busch, C., Dawes, J., Pepper, DS and Wasteson, A. (1980) Binding of platelet factor 4 to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Thromb Res, 19,pp.129-137.
14. Caen, JP, Han, ZC, Bellucci, S. and Alemany, M. (1999) Regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis. Haemostasis, 29,pp.27-40.
15. Capitanio, AM, Niewiawrowski, S., Rucinski, B., Tuszynski, GP, Cierniewski, CS, Hershock, D. and Kornecki, E. (1985) Interaction of platelet factor 4 with human platelets. Biochem Biophys Acta, 839,pp.161-173.
16. Chadderton, NS and Stringer, SE (2003) Interaction of platelet factor 4 with fibroblast growth factor 2 is stabilised by heparan sulphate. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 35,pp.1052-1055.
17. Choi, ES, Hokom, MM, Chen, JL, Skrine, J., Faust, J., Nichol, J. and Hunt, P. (1996) The role of megakaryocyte growth and development factor in terminal stages of thrombopoiesis. Br J Haematol, 95,pp.227-233.
18. Ciafre, SA, Barillari, G., Bongiorno-Borbonne, L., Wannenes, F., Izquierdo, M. and Farace, MG (2002) A tricistronic retroviral vector expressing natural antiangiogenic factors inhibits angiogenesis in vitro but is not able to block tumor progression in vivo. Gene Ther, 9,pp.297-302.
19. Conley, CL, Hartmann, RC and Lalley, JS (1948) The relationship of heparin activity to platelet concentration. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 69,pp.284-287.
20. Deuel, TF, Keim, PS, Farmer, M. and Heinrikson, RL (1977) Amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 74,pp.2256-2258.
21. Dudek, AZ, Nesmelova, I., Mayo, K., Verfaille, CM, Pitchford, S. and Slungaard, A. (2003) Platelet factor 4 promotes adhesion of hematopoietic progenitor cells and binds IL-8: Novel mechanism for modulation of hematopoiesis. Blood, 101,pp.4687-4694.
22. Emerson, SG, Yang, YC, Clark, SC and Long, MW (1988) Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-3 have overlapping but distinct activities. J Clin Invest, 82,pp.1282-1287.
23. Eslin, DE, Zhang, C., Samuels, KJ, Rauova, L., Zhai, L., Niewiarowski, S., Cines, DB, Poncz, M. and Kowalska, MA (2004) Transgenic mice studies demonstrate a role for platelet factor 4 in thrombosis: Dissociation between anticoagulant and antithrombic effect of heparin. Blood, 104,pp.3173-3180.
24. Ferrara, N. and Davis-Smyth, T. (1997) The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr Rev, 18,pp. 4-25.
25. Folkman, J. (2003) Fundamental concepts of the angiogenic process. Curr Mol Med, 3, pp. 643-651.
26. Friesel, RE and Maciag, T. (1995) Molecular mechanism of angiogenesis: Fibroblast growth factor signal. FASEB J, 9,pp.919-925.
27. Ganser, A., Carlo-Stella, C., Greher, J., Völkers, B. and Hoelzer, D. (1987) Effect of recombinant interferons alpha and gamma on human bone marrow-derived megakaryocytic progenitors cells. Blood, 70,pp.1173-1179.
28. Gengrinovitch, S., Greenberg, SM, Cohen, T., Gitay-Goren, H., Rockwell, P., Maione, TE, Levi, BZ and Neufeld, G. (1995) Platelet factor-4 inhibits the mitogenic activity of VEGF121 and VEGF165 using several concurrent mechanisms. J Biol Chem, 270,pp.15059-15065.
29. Cip1/WAF1. Blood, 93,pp.25-33.
30. Gewirtz, AM, Calabretta, B., Rucinski, B., Niewiarowski, S. and Xu, WY (1989) Inhibition of human megacaryocytopoiesis in vitro by platelet factor 4 (PF4) and a synthetic COOH-terminal PF4 peptide. J Clin Invest, 83,pp.1477-1486.
31. Gewirtz, AM, Zhang, J., Ratajczak, J., Ratajczak, M., Park, KS, Yan, Z. and Poncz, M. (1995) Chemokine regulation of human megakacaryocytopoiesis. Blood, 86,pp.2559-2567.
32. Gitay-Goren, H., Soker, S., Vlodavsky, I. and Neufeld, G. (1992) The binding of vascular endothelial growth factor to its receptors is dependent on cell surface-associated heparin-like molecules. J Biol Chem, 267,pp.6093-6098.
33. Griffin, CA, Emanuel, BS, LaRocco, P., Schwartz, E. and Poncz, M. (1987) Human platelet factor 4 gene is mapped to 4q12-q21. Cytogenet Cell Genet, 45,pp.67-69.
34. Gupta, SK and Singh, JP (1994) Inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation by platelet factor 4 involves a unique action on S phase progression. J Cell Biol, 127,pp.1121-1127.
35. Gupta, SK, Hassel, T. and Singh, JP (1995) A potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the chemokine platelet factor 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92,pp.7799-7803.
36. Hagedorn, M., Zilberberg, L., Wilting, J., Canron, X., Carrabba, G., Giussani, C., Pluderi, M., Bello, L. and Bikfalvi, A. (2002) Domain swapping in a COOH-terminal fragment of platelet factor 4 generates potent angiogenesis inhibitors. Cancer Res, 62,pp.6884-6890.
37. Han, ZC and Liu, Y. (1999) Angiogenesis: State of the art. Int J Hematol, 70,pp.68-82.
38. Han, ZC,Brière JF, Abgrall, JF, Legall, G., Parent, D. and Sensébe, L. (1987) Effects of recombinant human interferon alpha on human megakaryocyte and fibroblastic colony formation. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents, 1,pp.195-200.
39. Han, ZC, Sensébe L., Abgrall, JF and Brière, J. (1990) Platelet factor 4 inhibits human megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro. Blood, 75,pp.1234-1239.
40. Han, ZC, Bellucci, S., Bodevin, E., Wan, HY, Shen, ZX and Caen, JP (1991) In vivo inhibition of megacaryocyte and platelet production by platelet factor 4 in mice. C R Acad Sci III Paris, 313,pp.553-558.
41. Han, ZC, Bellucci, S., Wan, HY and Caen, JP (1992) New insights into the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis by haematopoietic and fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor-β1. Br J Haematol, 81,pp.1-5.
42. Han, ZC, Bellucci, S., Shen, ZX, Maffrand, JP, Pascal, M., Petitou, M., Lormeau, J. and Caen, JP (1996) Glycosaminoglycans enhance megakaryocytopoiesis by modifying the activities of hematopoietic growth regulators. J Cell Physiol, 168,pp.97-104.
43. Han, ZC, Defard, M., Boval, B., Schlegel, N. and Caen, JP (1997) Platelet factor 4 and other chemokines support the survival of normal hematopoietic cells and reduce the chemosensitivity of cells to cytotoxic agents. Blood, 89,pp.2328-2335.
44. Hanahan, D. and Folkman, J. (1996) Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell, 86,pp.353-364.
45. Handin, RI and Cohen, HJ (1979) Purification and binding of human platelet factor four. J Biol Chem, 251,pp.4273-4282.
46. Hermodson, M., Schmer, G. and Kurachi, K. (1977) Isolation, crystallization and primary amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4. J Biol Chem, 252,pp.6276-6279.
47. Houck, KA, Leung, DW, Rowland, AM, Winer, J. and Ferrara, N. (1992) Dual regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioavailability by genetic and proteolytic mechanisms. J Biol Chem, 267,pp.26031-26037.
48. Huang, SS, Huang, JS and Deuel, TF (1982) Proteoglycan carrier of platelet factor 4. Isolation and characterization. J Biol Chem, 257,pp.11546-11550.
49. Iruela-Aripse, ML and Dvorak, HF (1997) Angiogenesis: A dynamic balance of stimulators and inhibitors. Thromb Haemost, 78,pp.672-677.
50. Ishibashi, T., Miller, S. and Burstein, SA (1987) Type β transforming growth factor is a potent inhibitor of murine megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro. Blood, 69,pp.1737-1741.
51. Jouan, V., Canron, X., Alemany, M., Caen, JP, Quentin, G., Plouet, J. and Bikfalvi, A. (1999) Inhibition of in vitro angiogenesis by platelet factor-4-derived peptides and mechanism of action. Blood, 94,pp.984-993.
52. Kaushansky, K., Lok, S., Holly, RD, Broudy, VC, Lin, N., Bailey, MC, Forstrom, JW, Buddle, MM, Oort, PJ, Hagen, FS, Roth, GJ, Papayannopoulou, T. and Foster, DC (1994) Promotion of megakaryocyte progenitor expansion and differentiation by the c-Mpl ligand thrombopoietin. Nature, 369,pp.568-571.
53. Klagsbrun, M. and D'Amore, PA (1996) Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 7,pp.259-270.
54. Keck, PJ, Hauser, SD, Krivi, G., Sanzo, K., Warren, T., Feder, J. and Connolly, DT (1989) Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF. Science, 246,pp.1309-1312.
55. Lasagni, L., Francalani, M., Annunziato, F., Lazzeri, E., Giannini, S., Cosmi, L., Sagrinati, C., Mazzinghi, B., Orlando, C., Maggi, E., Marra, F., Romagnani, S., Serio, M. and Romagnani, P. (2003) An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mi and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for PF4. J Exp Med, 197,pp.1537-1549.
56. Lebeurier, I., Nada, B., Aidoudi, S., Amiral, J., Caen, JP and Han, ZC (1996) Carboxy-terminal peptides (C1-24 and C13-24 but not C1-13) of platelet factor 4 inhibit murine megakaryocytopoiesis, an activity which is neutralized by heparin. Br J Haematol, 92,pp.29-34.
57. Lecomte-Raclet, L., Alemany, M., Grand, A Sequira-Le, Amiral, J., Quentin, G., Vissac, AM, Caen, JP and Han, ZC (1998) New insights into the negative regulation of hematopoiesis by chemokine platelet factor 4 and related peptides. Blood, 91,pp.2772-2780.
58. Lecomte-Raclet, L., Rholam, M., Alemany, M., Lazar, N., Simenel, C., Delepierre, M., Han, ZC, Cohen, P. and Caen, JP (2000) Dual structural requirements for multiligneage hematopoietic-suppressive activity of chemokine-derived peptides. Biochemistry, 39,pp.9612-9622.
59. Li, VW, Folkerth, RD, Watanabe, H., Rupnick, M., Barnes, P., Scott, RM, Black, PM, Sallan, SE and Folkman, J. (1994) Microvessel count and cerebrospinal fluid basic growth factor in children with brain tumors. Lancet, 344,pp.82-86.
60. Li, YH, Jin, YX, Chen, HS, Tobelem, G., Caen, JP and Han, ZC (2003) Suppression of tumor growth by viral vector-mediated gene transfer of N-terminal truncated platelet factor 4. Cancer Biother Radio, 18,pp.829-840.
61. Liu, YJ, Lu, SH and Han, ZC (2002) Signal transduction of chemokine platelet factor 4 in human erythroleukemia cells. Int J Hematol, 75,pp.401-406.
62. Liu, B., Zhao, L., Han, Z., Yang, R. and Han, ZC (2006) Live attenuated Salmonella carrying platelet factor 4 cDNAs as radioprotectors. Radiat Res, 166,pp.352-359.
63. Loscalzo, J., Melnick, B. and Handin, RI (1985) The interaction of platelet factor 4 and glycosaminoglycans. Arch Biochem Biophys, 240,pp.446-455.
64. Lozano, RM, Redondo-Horcajo, M., Jimenez, MA, Zilberberg, L., Cuevas, P., Bikfalvi, A., Rico, M. and Gimenez-Gallego, G. (2001) Solution structure and interaction with basic and acidic fibroblast growth factor of a 3-kDa human platelet factor-4 fragment with antiangiogenic activity. J Biol Chem, 276,pp.35723-35734.
65. Maione, TE, Gray, GS and Petro, J. (1990) Inhibition of angiogenesis by recombinant human platelet factor 4 and related peptides. Science, 247,pp.77-79.
66. Maione, TE, Gray, GS, Hunt, AJ and Sharpe, RJ (1991) Inhibition of tumor growth in mice by an analogue of platelet factor 4 that lacks affinity for heparin and retains potent angiostatic activity. Cancer Res, 51,pp.2077-2083.
67. Maurer, AM, Han, ZC, Dhermy, D. and Briere, J. (1996) Inhibitory effect of platelet factor 4 on human erythroleukemic cells is dependent on cell surface heparan sulfate. J Lab Clin Med, 127,pp.382-390.
68. Mayo, KH and Chen, MJ (1989) Human platelet factor 4 monomer-dimer-tetramer equilibria investigated by H NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry, 28,pp.9469-9478.
69. Mayo, KH, Barker, S., Kuranda, MJ, Hunt, AJ, Meyers, JA and Maione, TE (1992) Molten globule monomer to condensed dimmer: Role of disulfide bonds in platelet factor 4 folding and subunit association. Biochemistry, 31,pp.12255-12265.
70. Metcalf D.1998. Regulatory mechanism controling hemato-poisis: Principles and problems. Stem Cells, 1(16, Suppl): 3-11.
71. Millauer, B., Shawver, LK, Plate, KH, Risau, W. and Ullrich, A. (1994) Glioblastoma growth inhibited in vivo by a dominant Flk-1 mutant. Nature, 367,pp.576-579.
72. Moore, S., Pepper, DS and Cash, JD (1975) Platelet antiheparin activity. The isolation and characterization of platelet factor 4 released from thrombin-aggregated washed human platelet and its dissociation into subunits and the isolation of membrane bound antiheparin activity. Biochim Biophys Acta, 379,pp.370-384.
73. Morrison, RS, Giordano, S., Yamaguchi, F., Hendrickson, S., Berger, MS and Palczewski, K. (1993) Basic fibroblast growth factor expression is required for clonogenic growth of human glioma cells. J Neurosci Res, 34,pp.502-509.
74. Mustonen, T. and Alitalo, K. (1995) Endothelial receptor tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenesis. J Cell Biol, 129,pp.895-898.
75. Nguyen, M., Watanabe, H., Budson, AE, Richie, JP, Hayes, DF and Folkman, J. (1994) Elevated levels of angiogenic peptide basic fibroblast growth factor in the urine of patients with a wide spectrum of cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst, 86,pp.356-361.
76. Niewiarwski, S., Rucinski, B., James, P. and Lindhal, U. (1979) Platelet antiheparin proteins and antithrombin III interact with different binding sites on heparin molecule. FEBS Lett, 102,pp.75-81.
77. Norol, F., Vitrat, N., Cramer, E., Guichard, J., Burstein, SA, Vainchenker, W. and Debili, N. (1998) Effects of cytokines on platelet production from blood and marrow CD34+ cells. Blood, 91,pp.830-843.
78. Ornitz, DM, Herr, AB, Nilsson, M., Westman, J., Svahn, CM and Waksman, G. (1995) FGF binding and FGF receptor activation by synthetic heparan-derived di- and trisaccharides. Science, 268,pp.432-436.
79. Perollet, C., Han, ZC, Savona, C., Caen, JP and Bikfalvi, A. (1998) Platelet factor 4 modulates fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) activity and inhibits FGF2 dimerization. Blood, 91,pp.3289-3299.
80. Piacibello, W., Garetto, L., Sanavio, F., Severino, A., Fubini, L., Stacchini, A., Dragonetti, G. and Aglietta, M. (1996) The effects of human FLT3 Ligand on in vitro megakaryocytopoiesis. Exp Hematol, 24,pp.340-346.
81. Roghani, M., Mansukhani, A., Dell'Era, P., Bellosta, P., Basilico, C., Rifkin, DB and Moscatelli, D. (1994) Heparin increases the affinity of basic fibroblast growth factor for its receptor but is not required for binding. J Biol Chem, 269,pp.22156-22162.
82. Ryo, R., Proffitt, RT, Poger, ME, O'Bear, R. and Deuel, TF (1980) Platelet factor 4 antigen in megakaryocytes. Thromb Res, 17,pp.645-652.
83. Ryo, R., Nakeff, A., Huang, SS, Ginsberg, M. and Deuel, TF (1983) New synthesis of a platelet-specific protein: Platelet factor 4 synthesis in megakaryocyte-enriched rabbit bone marrow culture system. J Cell Biol, 96,pp.515-520.
84. Sachais, BS, Higazi, AR, Cines, DB, Poncz, M. and Kowalska, MA (2004) Interactions of platelet factor 4 with the vessel wall. Semin Thromb Hemost, 30,pp.351-358.
85. de Sauvage, FJ, Hass, PE, Spencer, SD, Malloy, BE, Gurney, AL, Spencer, SA, Darbonne, WC, Henzel, WJ, Wong, SC, Kuang, WJ, Oles, KJ, Hultgren, B., Solbert, LA, Goeddel, DV and Eaton, DL (1994) Stimulation of megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis by the c-MPL ligand. Nature, 369,pp.533-538.
86. Sato, Y., Abe, M. and Takaki, R. (1990) Platelet factor 4 blocks the binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to the receptor and inhibits the spontaneous migration of vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 172,pp.595-600.
87. Sato, Y., Waki, M., Ohno, M., Kuwano, M. and Sakata, T. (1993) Carboxyl-terminal heparin-binding fragments of platelet factor 4 retain the blocking effect on the receptor binding of basic fibroblast growth factor. Jpn J Cancer Res, 84,pp.485-488.
88. Sharpe, RJ, Byers, HR, Scott, CF, Bauer, SI and Maione, TE (1990) Growth inhibition of murine melanoma and human colon carcinoma by recombinant human platelet factor 4. J Natl Cancer Inst, 82,pp.848-853.
89. Shen, ZX, Basara, N., Xi, XD, Caen, JP, Maffrand, JP, Pascal, M., Petitou, M., Lormeau, JC and Han, ZC (1994) Fraxiparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro and in vivo in mice. Br J Haematol, 88,pp.608-612.
90. Spivak-Kroizman, T., Lemmon, MA, Dikic, I., Ladbury, JE, Pinchasi, D., Huang, J., Jaye, M., Crumley, G., Schlessinger, J. and Lax, I. (1994) Heparin induced oligomerization of FGF molecules is responsible for FGF receptor dimerization, activation, and cell proliferation. Cell, 79,pp.1015-1024.
91. Charles, R St, Walz, DA and Edwards, BFP (1989) The three dimensional structure of bovine platelet factor 4 at 3.0-A resolution. J Biol Chem, 264,pp.2092-2099.
92. Strieter, RM, Polverini, PJ, Arenberg, DA and Kunkel, SL (1995) The role of CXC chemokines as regulators of angiogenesis. Shock, 4,pp.155-160.
93. Strieter, RM, Burdick, MD, Mestas, J., Gomperts, B., Keane, MP and Belperio, JA (2006) Cancer CXC chemokine networks and tumor angiogenesis. Eur J Cancer, 42,pp.768-778.
94. Stuckey, JA, Charles, R St and Edwards, BFP (1992) A model of the platelet factor 4 complex with heparin. Proteins Struct Funct Genet, 14,pp.277-287.
95. Sulpice, E., Bryckaert, M., Lacour, J., Contreres, JO and Tobelem, G. (2002) Platelet factor 4 inhibits FGF2-induced endothelial cell proliferation via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway but not by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Blood, 100,pp.3087-3094.
96. Tanaka, T., Manome, Y., Wen, P., Kufe, DW and Fine, HA (1997) Viral vector-mediated transduction of a modified platelet factor 4 cDNA inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. Nat Med, 3,pp.437-442.
97. Taylor, S. and Folkman, J. (1982) Protamine is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Nature, 297,pp.307-312.
98. Venkataraman, G., Sasisekharan, V., Herr, AB, Ornitz, DM, Waksman, G., Cooney, CL, Langer, R. and Sasisekharan, R. (1996) Preferential self-association of basic fibroblast growth factor is stabilized by heparin during receptor dimerization and activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93,pp.845-850.
99. Walz, DA, Wu, VY, De Lamo, R., Dene, H. and McCoy, LE (1977) Primary structure of human platelet factor 4. Thromb Res, 11,pp.893-898.
100. Wendling, F., Maraskovsky, E., Debili, N., Florindo, C., Teepe, M., Titeux, M., Methia, N., Breton-Gorius, J., Cosman, D. and Vainchenker, W. (1994) C-Mpl is a humoral regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis. Nature, 369,pp.571-574.
101. Xi, XD, Caen, JP, Fournier, S., Schlegel, N., Amiral, J., Sibony, O., Blot, P. and Han, ZC (1996) Direct and reversible effect of platelet factor 4 on megakaryocyte development from CD34+ cord blood cells: Comparative studies with transforming growth factor-ß1. Br J Hematol, 93,pp.265-272.
102. Youn, BS, Mantel, C. and Broxmeyer, HE (2000) Chemokines, chemokine receptors and hematopoiesis. Immunol Rev, 177,pp.150-174.
103. Zhang, X., Chen, L., Bancroft, DP, Lai, CK and Maione, TE (1994) Crystal structure of recombinant human platelet factor 4. Biochemistry, 33,pp.8361-8366.
104. Zhang, J., Lu, SH, Liu, YJ, Feng, Y. and Han, ZC (2004) Platelet factor 4 enhances the adhesion of normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells to endothelial cells. Leuk Res, 28,pp.631-638.
105. Zlotnik, A. and Yoshie, O. (2000) Chemokine, a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity, 12,pp.121-127. Immunity