How to assess the risks of nanotechnology: Learning from past experience

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 402-409

  Davis, J Michael ^a  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Comprehensive environmental assessment; Life cycle; MTBE; Multi Media; Nanotechnology; Risk

Indexed keywords

METHYL TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE); POTENTIAL RISKS; PRODUCT LIFE CYCLES; RESEARCH STRATEGIES; SYSTEMATIC APPROACHES; UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES;

ETHERS; FOOD ADDITIVES; FUEL ADDITIVES; LIFE CYCLE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PLANNING; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; RISKS; SAFETY ENGINEERING; STRATEGIC PLANNING;

HEALTH RISKS;

ETHER DERIVATIVE; METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER; TERT BUTYL METHYL ETHER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

NANOTECHNOLOGY; POLLUTANT; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; METHYL ETHERS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 34249857110     PISSN: 15334880     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2007.152     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. R. Paull, J. Wolfe, P. Hebert, and M. Sinkula, Nature Biotechnol. 21, 1144 (2003).
2. Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology Subcommittee, The National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategie Plan, National Science and Technology Council, Washington, DC (2004).
3. K. A. D. Guzman, M. R. Taylor, and J. F. Banfield, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 1401 (2006).
4. W. Rumsfeld, Department of Defense news briefing (2002), http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/2002/t02122002_t212sdv2.html
5. D. B. Warheit, B. R. Laurence, K. L. Reed, D. H. Roach, G. A. M. Reynolds, and T. Webb, Toxicol. Sci. 77, 117 (2004).
6. Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies, The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, London (2004).
7. Late Lessons from Early Warnings: The Precautionary Principle 1896-2000, European Environment Agency, Luxembourg (2002), http://reports.eea.eu. int/environmental_issue_report_2001_22/en
8. Proceedings of the Conference on MTBE and Other Oxygenates: A Research Update, EPA/600R-95/134, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC (1995), http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/mtbe/0850-A.pdf
9. H. A. Anderson, L. Hanrahan, J. Goldring, and B. Delaney, An Investigation of Health Concerns Attributed to Reformulated Gasoline Use in Southeastern Wisconsin: Phase 1, Random Digit Dial Telephone Survey, Final Report, Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health, Madison, WI (1995).
10. H. A. Anderson, L. Hanrahan, J. Goldring, and B. Delaney, An Investigation of Health Concerns Attributed to Reformulated Gasoline Use in Southeastern Wisconsin: Phase 2, Telephone Registered Health Concerns, Final Report, Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Health. Bureau of Public Health, Madison, WI (1995).
11. N. Fiedler, K. Kelly-McNeil, S. Mohr, P. Lehrer, R. E. Opiekun, C. W. Lee, T. Wainman, R. Hamer, C. Weisel, and R. Edelberg, Environ. Health Perspect. 108, 753 (2000).
12. J. S. Duffy, J. A. Del Pup, and J. J. Kneiss, J. Soil Contam. 1, 29 (1992).
13. Assessment of Potential Health Risks of Gasoline Oxygenated with Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE); EPA/600/R-93/206, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC (1993), http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/mtbe/gasmtbe.pdf
14. Health Risk Perspectives on Fuel Oxygenates; EPA 600/R-94/217, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC (1994), http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/mtbe/oxyrisk.pdf
15. The Potential Health Effects of Oxygenates Added to Gasoline: A Review of the Current Literature, A Special Report of the Institute's Oxygenates Evaluation Committee, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA (1996).
16. Toxicological and Performance Aspects of Oxygenated Motor Vehicle Fuels, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1996).
17. Interagency Oxygenated Fuels Assessment Steering Committee, Interagency Assessment of Potential Health Risks Associated with Oxygenated Gasoline, National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources and Office of Science and Technology Policy, Washington, DC (1996).
18. Interagency Oxygenated Fuels Assessment Steering Committee, Interagency Assessment of Oxygenated Fuels, National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources and Office of Science and Technology Policy, Washington, DC (1997), http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/ fuels/ostpfin.pdf
19. Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE), public review draft, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA (1998).
20. Evidence on the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE), public review draft, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment [OEHHA], California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA (1998).
21. J. M. Davis and W. H. Farland, Toxicol. Sci. 61, 211 (2001).
22. C. Rothenstein, FY 2004 Semi-Annual Mid-Year Activity Report [memo to EPA UST/LUST Regional Division Directors, Regions 1-10], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Underground Storage Tanks, Washington, DC (2004), http://www.epa.gov/ oust/cat/ca_04_12.pdf
23. Oxygenates in Water: Critical Information and Research Needs, EPA/600R-98/048, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC (1998), http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/oxy_h2o. pdf
24. R. J. McKinnon and J. E. Dyksen, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 76, 42 (1984).
25. P. J. Squillace, J. S. Zogorski, W. G. Wilber, and C. V. Price, Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 1721 (1996).
26. J. Doyle and S. Sward, MTBE leaks a ticking bomb: Gas additive taints water nationwide, San Francisco Chronicle, (1998), http://www.sfgate.com/ cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1998/12/14/MN18353.DTL
27. C. M. Cooney, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 279A (2005).
28. A. J. Stocking, I. H. Suffet, M. J. McGuire, and M. C. Kavanaugh, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 93, 99 (2001).
29. 9th Report on Carcinogens, 2000, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, Washington, DC (2000).
30. Evaluation or re-evaluation of some agents which target specific organs, in rodent bioassays, in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (1998), Vol. 73, p. 445.
31. Methyl tertiary-Butyl Ether, Environmental Health Criteria 206, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (1998).
32. Public Health Goal for Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) in Drinking Water, California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Sacramento, CA (1999), www.oehha.ca.gov/water/ phg/pdf/mtbe_f.pdf
33. Drinking Water Advisory: Consumer Acceptability Advice and Health Effects Analysis on Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE), EPA-822-F-97-008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC (1997), http://www.epa.gov/watersciertce/criteria/drinking/mtbe.pdf
34. Blue Ribbon Panel on Oxygenates in Gasoline, Achieving Clean Air and Clean Water: The Report of the Blue Ribbon Panel on Oxygenates in Gasoline, EPA420-R-99-021, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1999), http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/oxypanel/r99021.pdf
35. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register 65, 16093 (2000).
36. U.S. Congress, Energy Policy Act, PL 109-158 (2005).
37. State Actions Banning MTBE (Statewide), EPA420-B-04-009, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (2004), http://www.epa.gov/mtbe/420b04009.pdf
38. R. Cunningham, Costs of Potential Ban of MTBE in Gasolines, analysis prepared for Lyondell Chemical Co., presented to Blue Ribbon Panel on Oxygenates in Gasoline, Boston, MA, Turner, Mason & Company, Dallas, TX (1999), http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/oxypanel/bosfinal.pdf
39. MTBE, Oxygenates, and Motor Gasoline, Energy Information Administration, Department of Energy, Washington, DC (2000), http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/ steo/pub/special/mtbe.html#What%20would%20an%20MTBE%20ban%20cost
40. P. M. Franklin, C. P. Koshland, D. Lucas, and R. F. Sawyer, Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 3857 (2000).
41. Effects of Acid Rain, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (2006), http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/index.html
42. Global Warming, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (2006), http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/index.html
43. Basis for Waiver of Federal Reformulated Gasoline, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA (2003), http://www.calepa.ca.gov/programs/mtbe/02Waiver.htm
44. S. Erdal and B. Goldstein, Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ. 25, 765 (2000).
45. R. Hardman, Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 165 (2006).
46. G. C. Delzer and T. Ivahnenko, Occurrence and Temporal Variability of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in Select Sources of Drinking Water: Results of the Focused Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4084, U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Assessment Program; Rapid City, SD (2003), http://wwwsd.cr.usgs.gov/ nawqa/pubs/wrir/wrir02_4084.html
47. M. J. Moran, J. S. Zogorski, and P. J. Squillace, Ground Water 43, 615 (2005).
48. H. S. Weinberg, S. W. Krasner, S. D. Richardson, and A. D. Thruston, Jr., The Occurrence of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) of Health Concern in Drinking Water: Results of a Nationwide DBP Occurrence Study, EPA/600/R-02/068, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA (2002), http://www.epa.gov/ athens/publications/reports/EPA_600_R02_068.pdf
49. M. D. Cobb and J. Macoubrie, J. Nanopart. Res. 6, 395 (2004).
50. E. A. Rosa and R. E. Dunlap, Publ. Opin. Q. 58, 295 (1994).
51. J. Wilsdon, IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. 23, 16 (2004).
52. Alternative Fuels Research Strategy, external review draft, ERA 600/AP-92/002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC (1992), http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/mtbe/ altfuel.pdf
53. Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Washington, DC (1986), http://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/genindex.htm
54. M. Fischetti, Sci. Am. 285, 76 (2001).
55. E. G. Hertwich and J. K. Hammitt, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 6, 5 (2001).
56. E. G. Hertwich and J. K. Hammitt, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 6, 235 (2001).
57. I. I. Linkov, F. K. Satterstrom, G. A. Kiker, T. S. Bridges, S. L. Benjamin, and D. A. Belluck, Integrated Environ. Assess. Manag. 1, 1 (2005).
58. J. A. Shatkin and B. E. Barry, Approaching Risk Assessment of Nanoscale Materials, In: Nanotech 2006, Technical Proceedings of the 2006 Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, May, Boston, MA (2006), Vol. 1, p. 553.
59. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1983), http://books.nap.edu/books/POD115/html/index.html
60. J. M. Davis and V. M. Thomas, Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. (2006), Vol. 1076.
61. Y. Nishioka, J. I. Levy, G. A. Norris, A. Wilson, P. Hofstetter, and J. D. Spengler, Risk Anal. 22, 1003 (2002).
62. G. Sonneman, M. Schuhmacher, and F. Castells, Advanced Methods in Resource and Waste Management, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL (2003), Vol. 2.
63. G. W. Suter, II, T. Vermeire, W. R. Munns, Jr., and J. Sekizawa, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 207, S611 (2005).
64. J. C. Davies (ed.), Comparing Environmental Risks: Tools for Setting Government Priorities, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC (1996).
65. M. A. Fox, J. D. Groopman, and T. A. Burke, Environ. Health Perspect. Suppl. 110(S2), 203 (2002).
66. J. C. Bare, G. A. Norris, D. W. Pennington, and T. McKone, J. Indus. Ecol. 6, 49 (2002).
67. D. H. Guston and D. Sarewitz, Technol. Soc. 24, 93 (2002).
68. Nanotechnology Workgroup, a group of EPA's Science Policy Council, Nanotechnology White Paper, external review draft, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (2005), http://www.epa.gov/osa/pdfs/ EPA_nanotechnology_white_paper_external_review_draft_12-02-2005.pdf