Visions of the volk: German women and the far right from kaiserreich to third reich

Journal of Women's History

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2004, Pages

  Harvey, Elizabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34249805680     PISSN: 10427961     EISSN: 15272036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jowh.2004.0067     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. For an historiographical overview, see Dagmar Reese and Carola Sachse, "Frauenforschung zum Nationalsozialismus: Eine Bilanz,", in Töchter-Fragen: NS-Frauengeschichte, ed. Lerke Gravenhorst and Carmen Tatschmurat (Freiburg: Kore, 1990).
2. Dörte Winkler, Frauenarbeit im "Dritten Reich" (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1977);
3. Frauengruppe Faschismusforschung, ed., Mutterkreuz und Arbeitsbuch. Zur Geschichte der Frauen in der Weimarer Republik und im Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1981);
4. Jill Stephenson, The Nazi Organisation of Women (London: Croom Helm, 1981);
5. Carola Sachse, "Hausarbeit im Betrieb: Betriebliche Sozialarbeit unter dem Nationalsozialismus," in Angst, Belohnung, Zucht und Ordnung. Herrschaftsmechanismen im Nationalsozialismus, ed. Carola Sachse, Tilla Siegel, Hasso Spode, and Wolfgang Spohn (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1982);
6. Gisela Bock, Zwangssterilisation im Nationalsozialismus. Studien zur Rassenpolitik und Frauenpolitik (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1986);
7. Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St Martin's Press, 1987);
8. See Richard J. Evans, The Feminist Movement in Germany, 1894-1933 (London: Sage, 1976);
9. and Barbara Greven-Aschoff, Die bürgerliche Frauenbewegung in Deutschland 1894-1933 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1981).
10. See also Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland, 147-49.
11. and Adelheid von Saldern, "Victims or perpetrators? Controversies about the role of women in the Nazi state," in Nazism and German Society, 1933-1945, ed. D. F. Crew (London: Routledge, 1994).
12. On the Wilhelmine Right, see G. Eley, Reshaping the German Right (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980);
13. Roger Chickering, "We Men Who Feel Most German": A Cultural Study of the Pan-German League (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1984);
14. James Retallack, "The Road to Philippi: The Conservative Party and Bethmann Hollweg's "Politics of the Diagonal," 1909-1914," in Between Reform, Reaction and Resistance: Studies in the History of German Conservatism from 1789-1945, ed. Larry Eugene Jones and James N. Retallack (Providence: Berg, 1993).
15. On the Fatherland Party, see Heinz Hagenlücke, Die Deutsche Vaterlandspartei: Die nationale Rechte am Ende des Kaiserreichs (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1997).
16. Jürgen Falter, Hitlers Wähler (Munich: Beck, 1991), 25.
17. On the idea of the "conservative revolution," see Larry Eugene Jones, "The Limits of Collaboration: Edgar Jung, Herbert von Bose, and the Origins of the Conservative Resistance to Hitler," in Between Reform, Reaction and Resistance.
18. Falter, Hitlers Wähler, 98-117.
19. On conservative nationalist women's campaigning in the Kaiserreich, see Roger Chickering, "'Casting their gaze more broadly': Women's Patriotic Activism in Imperial Germany," Past and Present 118 (1988), 156-85;
20. Ute Planert, Antifeminismus im Kaiserreich: Diskurs, soziale Formation und politische Mentalität (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998);
21. Kirsten Heinsohn, "Im Dienste der deutschen Volksgemeinschaft: Die 'Frauenfrage' und konservative Parteien vor und nach dem ersten Weltkrieg," in Nation, Politik und Geschlecht: Frauenbewegungen und Nationalismus in der Moderne, ed. Ute Planert (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2000);
22. Andrea Süchting-Hänger, Das "Gewissen der Nation": Nationales Engagement und politisches Handeln konservativer Frauenorganisation en 1900 bis 1917 (Düsseldorfl: Droste Verlag, 2002;
23. and Matthew Stibbe, "Anti-Feminism, Nationalism and the German Right, 1914-1920: A Reappraisal," German History 20 (2002), no. 2, 185-210.
24. On women's nationalist organizing before World War I at a local level, see Nancy Reagin, A German Women's Movement: Class and Gender in Hanover, 1880-1933 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 179-84.
25. Nancy Reagin, "The Imagined Hausfrau: National Identity, Domesticity and Colonialism in Imperial Germany," Journal of Modern History 73 (March 2001): 54-86.
26. For a detailed account of the goals, composition, and campaigns of the League to Combat the Emancipation of Women, see Planert, Antifeminismus im Kaiserreich.
27. Heinsohn, "Frauenfrage und konservative Parteien vor und nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg," in Nation, Politik und Geschlecht, 223;
28. and Retallack, "The Road to Phlippi," 274-75.
29. Evans, The Feminist Movement, 223-27.
30. On the Pan-German League admitting women, see Stibbe, "Anti-feminism," 187;
31. On Käthe Schirmacher, see Johanna Gehmacher, "Der andere Ort der Welt. Käthe Schirmachers Auto/Biographie der Nation," in Geschlecht und Nationalismus in Mittet- und Osteuropa 1848-1918, ed. Sophia Kemlein (Osnabrück: Fibre, 2000);
32. Anke Walzer, Käthe Schirmacher: Eine deutsche Frauenrechtlerin auf dem Wege vom Liberalismus zum konservativen Nationalismus (Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus, 1991);
33. Süchting-Hänger, "Das Gewissen der Nation", 209-10;
34. and Kirsten Heinsohn, "Germany," in Women, gender and fascism in Europe, 1919-1945, ed. Kevin Passmore (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), 44-45.
35. Gehmacher, "Der andere Ort der Welt," 108.
36. Helen Boak, "Mobilizing Women for Hitler: The Female Nazi Voter," in Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw, ed. Tim Kirk and Anthony McElligott (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004);
37. Gabriele Bremme, Die politische Rolle der Frau in Deutschland (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1956), 28-31.
38. Bremme, Die politische Rolle der Frau in Deutschland, 70-71;
39. and Julia Sneeringer, Winning Women's Votes: Propaganda and Politics in Weimar Germany (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 42-48.
40. Sneeringer, Winning Women's Votes, 42.
41. Heinsohn, "Germany," 42.
42. Raffael Scheck, "Women on the Weimar Right: The Role of Female Politicians in the Deutschnationale Volkspartei (DNVP)," Journal of Contemporary History, 36, no. 4 (2001): 547-60,
43. and Raffael Scheck, Mothers of the Nation: Right-Wing Women in Weimar Germany (Oxford: Berg, 2004).
44. See Lora Wildenthal, "Mass-Marketing Colonialism and Nationalism: The Career of Else Frobenius in the 'Weimarer Republik' and Nazi Germany," in Nation, Politik und Geschlecht.
45. Angelika Schaser, "Das Engagement des Bundes Deutscher Frauenvereine für das 'Auslandsdeutschtum': Weibliche "Kulturaufgabe" und nationale Politik vom Ersten Weltkrieg bis 1933," in Nation, Politik und Geschlecht.
46. Raffael Scheck, "Women against Versailles: Maternalism and Nationalism of Female Bourgeois Politicians in the Early Weimar Republic," German Studies Review 22 no. 1 (1999): 21-42.
47. On the gendered imagery used in German anti-Polish discourses in the wake of World War I, see Angela Koch, "Von männlichen Tätern und weiblichen Räumen. Geschlechtercodes in antipolnischen Diskursen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg," in Zwischen Kriegen: Nationen, Nationalismen und Geschlechterverhältnisse in Mittel- und Osteuropa 1918-1939, ed. Johanna Gehmacher, Elizabeth Harvey and Sophia Kemlein (Osnabrück: Fibre, 2004).
48. Andrea Süchting-Hänger, "Die Anti-Versailles-Propaganda konservativer Frauen in der Weimarer Republik-Eine weibliche Dankesschuld?," in Versailles 1919: Ziele-Wirkung-Wahrnehmung, ed. Gerd Krumeich (Cologne: Klartext, 2001);
49. Birthe Kundrus, "Geschlechterkriege: Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Deutung der Geschlechterverhältnisse in der Weimarer Republik," in Heimat-Front: Militär und Geschlechterverhältnisse im Zeitalter der Weltkriege, ed. Karen Hagemann and Stefanie Schüler-Springorum (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2002), 177.
50. Elizabeth Harvey, "Pilgrimages to the 'Bleeding Border': Gender and Rituals of Nationalist Protest in Germany, 1919-39," Women's History Review 9, no. 2 (2000): 201-29.
51. Lohalm, Völkischer Radikalismus, 115.
52. On the Neuland movement's racism and anti-semitism, see Lange, Protestantische Frauen, 96, 105-113, 152;
53. Raffael Scheck, "Zwischen Volksgemeinschaft und Frauenrechten," in Nation, Politik und Geschlecht, esp. 242.
54. Scheck, "Women on the Weimar Right," 554.
55. Elizabeth Harvey, "Serving the Volk, Saving the Nation: Women in the Youth Movement and the Public Sphere in Weimar Germany," in Elections, Mass Politics and Social Change in Modern Germany, ed. Larry Eugene Jones and James Retallack (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992);
56. and Elizabeth Harvey, "Gender, generation and politics: young Protestant women in the final years of the Weimar Republic," in Generations in conflict: Youth revolt and generation formation in Germany 1770-1968, ed. Mark Roseman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995).
57. Larry Eugene Jones, German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918-1933 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), esp. 333-37, 366-77.
58. Stephenson, Nazi Organisation of Women, 23-50;
59. Matthew Stibbe, Women in the Third Reich (London: Arnold, 2003), 28;
60. Boak, "Mobilizing Women for Hitler," 84-85.
61. Stibbe, Women in the Third Reich 21-29.
62. Boak, "'Our Last Hope', 8;
63. and Lange, Protestantische Frauen, 180-89.