Two-phase exhumation of ultra high-pressure and medium-pressure Indian Plate rocks from the Pakistan Himalaya

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 272, Issue , 2007, Pages 155-185

  Treloar, Peter J ^a   Vince, Kathryn J ^a,b   Law, Richard D ^c  

^a KINGSTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Landmark EAME   (United Kingdom)

^c VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EOCENE; EXHUMATION; FAULT ZONE; FOLDING; INDIAN PLATE; METAMORPHIC ROCK; MICROSTRUCTURE; MIOCENE; THRUST; ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE METAMORPHISM;

ASIA; EURASIA; PAKISTAN; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 34249786272     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2007.272.01.10     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (98)

1. BAIG, M. S., SNEE, L. W. & LAFORTUNE, R. J. 1989. Timing of pre-Himalayan orogenic events in the northwest Himalaya. Kashmir Journal of Geology, 6-7, 29-39.
2. BARANOWSKI, J., ARMBRUSTER, J. G., SEEBER, L. & MOLNAR, P. 1984. Focal depths and fault-plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Himalaya. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89 6918-6928.
3. BEAUMONT, C., JAMIESON, R. A., NGUYEN, M. H. & LEE, B. 2001. Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature, 414, 738-742.
4. BEAUMONT, C., JAMIESON, R. A., NGUYEN, M. H. & MEDVEDEV, S. 2004. Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan orogen. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, 109(B06406), 1-29.
5. BENDICK, R. & BILHAM, R. 2001. How perfect is the Himalayan are? Geology, 29, 791-794.
6. BERTHE, D., CHOUKROUNE, P. & JEGOUZO, P. 1979. Orthogneiss, mylonites and non-co-axial deformation of granites: The example of the South Armorican Shear Zone. Journal of Structural Geology, 1 31-42.
7. BOUCHEZ, J.-L. & PÊCHER, A. 1981. Himalayan Main Central Thrust pile and its quartz-rich tectonites in central Nepal. Tectonophysics 78, 23-50.
8. BRUNEL, M. 1986. Ductile thrusting in the Himalayas: Shear sense criteria and stretching lineations. Tectonics, 5, 247-265.
9. BURCHFIEL, B. C. & ROYDEN, L. H. 1985. North-south extension within the convergent Himalayan region. Geology, 13, 679-682.
10. BURCHFIEL, B. C., ZHILIANG, C., HODGES, K. V., YUPING, L., ROYDEN, L., CHANGRONG, D. & JIENE, X. 1992. The South Tibetan Detachment System, Himalayan Orogen: Extension Contemporaneous with and Parallel to Shortening in a Collisional Mountain Belt. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 269.
11. BURG, J. P., BRUNEL, M., GAPAIS, D., CHEN, G. M. & LIU, G. H. 1984. Deformation of leucogranites of the crystalline Main Central sheet in southern Tibet (China). Journal of Structural Geology, 6, 535-542.
12. BURG, J.-P., CHAUDHRY, M. N., GHAZANFAR, M., ANCZKIEWICZ, R. & SPENER, D. A. 1996. Structural evidence for backsliding of the Kohistan are in the collisional system of NW Pakistan. Geology, 24, 739-742.
13. CHAMBERLAIN, C. P., ZEITLER, P. K. & ERIKSON, E. 1991. Constraints on the tectonic evolution of the northwestern Himalaya from geochronologic and petrologic studies of Babusar Pass. Journal of Geology, 99, 829-849.
14. CHAUDHRY, M. N. & GHAZANFAR, M. 1987. Geology, structure and geomorphology of upper Kaghan Valley, NW Himalaya, Pakistan. Geological Bulletin, Punjab University, 22, 13-57.
15. CHEMENDA, A. I,, MATTAUER, M. & BOKUM, A. N. 1996. Continental subduction and a mechanism for exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks: New modelling and field data from Oman. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 143, 173-182.
16. CHEMENDA, A. I., BURG, J.-P. & MATTAUER, M. 2000. Evolutionary model of the Himalaya-Tibet system: Geopoem based on new modelling, geological and geophysical data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 174, 397-409.
17. COLEMAN, M. E. 1996. Orogen-parallel and orogen-perpendicular extension in the central Nepalese Himalayas. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, 1594-1607.
18. COWARD, M. P., BUTLER, R. W. H., CHAMBERS, A. F. et al. 1988. Folding and imbrication of the Indian crust during Himalayan collision. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 326, 89-116.
19. DAVIES, J. H. & VON BLANKENBURG, F. 1995. Slab break off: A model of lithosphere detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogens. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 129, 85-102.
20. DESMONS, J., COMPAGNONI, R. & CORTESOGNO, L. 1999. Alpine metamorphism of the western Alps: II. High-P/T and related pre-greenschist metamorphism. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 79, 111-134.
21. DIPIETRO, J. A. 1991. Metamorphic pressure-temperature conditions of Indian plate rocks south of the Main Mantle Thrust, Lower Swat, Pakistan. Tectonics, 10, 742-757.
22. DIPIETRO, J. A. & ISACHSEN, C. E. 2001. U-Pb zircon ages from the Indian Plate in northwest Pakistan and their significance to Himalayan and pre-Himalayan geologic history. Tectonics, 20, 510-525.
23. DIPIETRO, J. A. & LAWRENCE, R. D. 1991. Himalayan structure and metamorphism south of the Main Mantle Thrust, Lower Swat, Pakistan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 9, 481-495.
24. ENGLAND, P. C. & HOUSEMAN, G. A. 1988. The mechanics of the Tibetan Plateau. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 326, 301-319.
25. ENGLAND, P. & MOLNAR, P. 1993. Cause and effect among thrust and normal faulting, anatectic melting and exhumation in the Himalaya. In: TRELOAR, P. J. & SEARLE, M. P. (eds) Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 74, 401-411.
26. FOSSEN, H. 2000. Extensional tectonics in the Caledonides: synorogenic or postorogenic. Tectonics, 19, 213-224.
27. FOSTER, G. L., VANCE, D., ARGLES, T. W. & Harris, N. B. W. 2002. The Tertiary collision-related thermal history of the NW Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 20, 827-844.
28. GARZANTI, E., CRITELLI, S. & INGERSOLL, R. V. 1996. Paleogeographic and paleotectonic evolution of the Himalayan Range as reflected by detrital modes of Tertiary sandstones and modern sands (Indus transect, India and Pakistan). Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, 631-642.
29. GEBAVER, D. 1999. Alpine geochronology of the Central and Western Alps: New constraints for a complex geodynamic evolution. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 79 191-208.
30. GRASEMANN B., FRITZ, H. & VANNAY, J. C. 1999. Quantitative kinematic flow analysis from the Main Central Thrust Zone (NW Himalaya, India); implications for a decelerating strain path and the extrusion of orogenic wedges. Journal of Structural Geology, 21, 837-853.
31. GRECO, A. 1989. Tectonics and Metamorphism in the Western Himalayan Syntaxis Area (Azad Kashmir, NE-Pakistan). Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Institut der Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule und der Universität Zürich, Neue Folge, 274.
32. GRECO, A. & SPENCER, D. A. 1993. A section through the Indian Plate, Kaghan Valley, NW Himalaya, Pakistan. In: TRELOAR, P. J. & SEARLE, M. P. (eds) Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 74, 221-236.
33. GRECO, A., MARTONITTI, G., PAPRITZ, K., RAMSAY, J. G. & REY, R. 1989. The crystalline rocks of the Kaghan Valley (NE Pakistan). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82, 629-653.
34. GRUJIC, D., CASEY, M., DAVIDSON, C., HOLLISTER, L., KUNDIG, K., PAVLIS, T. & SCHMID, S. 1996. Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan crystalline in Bhutan: Evidence from quartz microfabrics. Tectonophysics, 260, 21-43.
35. HARRIS, N. B. W. & MASSES, J. 1994. Decompression and anatexis of Himalayan metapelites. Tectonics, 13, 1537-1546.
36. HIRTH, G. & TULLIS, J. 1992. Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates. Journal of Structural Geology, 14, 145-160.
37. HUBBARD, M. S. & SPENCER, D. A. 1990. WSW-trending deformation between Babusar Pass and Toshe Gali arca, northern Pakistan. Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar, 23, 101-110.
38. HUBBARD, M. S., SPENCER, D. A. & WEST, D. P. 1995. Tectonic exhumation of the Nanga Parbat massif, northern Pakistan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 133, 213-225.
39. JADE, S., BHATT, B. C., YANG, Z. et al. 2004. GPS measurements from the Ladakh Himalaya, India: Preliminary tests of plate-like or continuous deformation in Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116, 1385-1391.
40. JAMIESON, R. A., BEAUMONT, C., MEDVEDEV, S. & NGUYEN, M. H. 2004. Crustal channel flows: 2. Numerical models with implications for metamorphism in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, 109 (B06407), 1-24.
41. KANEKO, Y., KATAYAMA, L, YAMAMOTO, H. et al. 2003. Timing of Himalayan, ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism: Sinking rate and subduction angle of the Indian continental crust beneath Asia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 21,589-599.
42. KRUHL, J. H. 1998. Reply: Prism- and basal-plane parallel subgrain boundaries in quartz: A microstructural geothermobarometer. Journal of Metamorphic Petrology, 16, 142-146.
43. LARSON, K., BÜRGMANN, R., BILHAM, R. & FREYMUELLER, J. 1999. Kinematics of the India-Asia collision zone from GPS measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 1077-1093.
44. LAW, R. D., SEARLE, M. P. & SIMPSON, R. L. 2004. Strain, deformation temperatures and vorticity of flow at the top of the Greater Himalayan Slab, Everest massif, Tibet. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 161, 305-320.
45. LISTER, G. S. 1977. Crossed-girdle c-axis fabrics in quartzites plastically deformed by plane strain and progressive simple shear. Tectonophysics, 39, 51-54.
46. MAHEO, G., ROLLAND, Y., GUILLOT, S. & PÊCHER, A. 2001. Metamorphic and magmatic evidences for slab break-off process below NW Himalaya. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 19, 43-44.
47. MCCAFFREY, R. & NABELEK, J. 1998. Role of oblique convergence in the active deformation of the Himalayas and southern Tibet plateau. Geology, 26, 691-694.
48. MERLE, O. 1998. Emplacement Mechanisms of Nappes and Thrust Sheets. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
49. MOLNAR, P. & LYON-CAEN, H. 1989. Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins. Geophysical Journal International, 99, 123-155.
50. MORGAN, S. S. & LAW, R. D. 2004. Unusual transition in quartzite dislocation creep regimes and crystal slip systems in the aureole of the EJB pluton, California: A case for anhydrous conditions created by decarbonation of adjacent marbles. Tectonophysics, 384, 209 231.
51. MURPHY, M. A. & COPELAND, P. 2005. Transtensional deformation in the central Himalaya and its role in accommodating growth of the Himalayan orogen. Tectonics, 24(TCA012), doi:10.1029/ 2004TC001659.
52. NAJMAN, Y., PRINGLE, M., GODIN, L. & OLIVER, G. 2001. Dating of the oldest continental sediments from the Himalayan foreland basins. Nature, 410, 194-197.
53. O'BRIEN, P. J., ZOTOV, N. LAW, R. D., KHAN, M. A. & JAN, M. Q. 2001. Coesite in Himalayan eclogite and implications for models of India-Asia collision. Geology, 29, 435-438.
54. PARRISH, R. R., GOUGH, S., SEARLE, M. P. & WATERS, D. 2003. Extremely rapid exhumation of the Kaghan UHP terrane, Pakistan from U-Th-Pb measurements on accessory minerals. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Seattle, Abstracts, 229-7.
55. PATRIAT, P. & ACHACHE, J. 1984. India-Eurasia collision chronology and its implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanisms of plates. Nature, 311, 615-621.
56. PÊCHER, A. 1991. The contact between the Higher Himalaya crystallines and the Tibetan sedimentary series - Miocene large-scale dextral shearing. Tectonics, 10, 587-598.
57. PÊCHER, A., BOUCHEZ, J. L. & LE FORT, P. 1991. Miocene dextral shearing between Himalaya and Tibet. Geology, 19, 683-685.
58. PIVNIK, D. A. & WELLS, N. A. 1996: The transition from Tethys to the Himalaya as recorded in NW Pakistan. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, 1295-1313.
59. PLATT, J. P. 1993. Exhumation of high pressure rocks: A review of concepts and processes. Terra Nova, 5, 119-133.
60. PLATT, J. P. 2000. Calibrating the bulk rheology of active obliquely convergent thrust belts and forearc wedges from surface profiles and velocity distributions. Tectonics, 19, 529-548.
61. PLATT, J. & VISSERS, R. L. M. 1989. Extensional collapse of thickened continental lithosphere: A working hypothesis for the Alboran Sea and Gibraltar arc. Geology, 17, 540-545.
62. RAMSAY, J. G. 1981. Tectonics of the Helvetic Nappes. In: MCCLAY, K. R. & PRICE, N. J. (eds) Thrust and Nappe Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 9, 293-310.
63. REDDY, S. M., WHEELER, J. & CLIFF, R. A. 1999. The geometry and timing of orogenic extension: An example from the western Italian Alps. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 17, 573-589.
64. REDDY, S. M., WHEELER, J., BUTLER, R. W. H. et al. 2003. Kinematic reworking and exhumation within the convergent Alpine Orogen. Tectonophysics, 365, 77-102
65. RING, U., BRANDON, M. T., WILLETT, S. D. & LISTER, G. S. 1999. Exhumation processes. In: RING, U., BRANDON, M. T., WILLETT, S. D. & LISTER, G. S. (eds) Exhumation Processes: Normal Faulting, Ductile Flow and Erosion. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 154, 1-27.
66. ROWLEY, D. B. 1996. Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of the stratigraphic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 145, 1-13.
67. ROYDEN, L. H. 1993a. The tectonic expression of slab pull at continental convergent boundaries. Tectonics, 12, 303-325.
68. ROYDEN, L. H. 1993b. Evolution of retreating subduction boundaries formed during continental collision. Tectonics, 12, 629-638.
69. RUBATTO, D. & HERMANN, J. 2001. Exhumation as fast as subduction? Geology, 29, 3-6.
70. SCHMID, S. M. & CASEY, M. 1986. Complete fabric analysis of some commonly observed quartz c-axis patterns. In: HOBBS, B. E. & HEARD, H. C. (eds) Mineral and Rock Deformation Laboratory Studies: The Paterson Volume. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monographs, 36, 263-286.
71. SEARLE, M. P. 1999. Extensional and compressional faults in the Everest-Lhotse massif, Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 156, 227-40.
72. SEARLE, M. P. 2003. Geological map of the Everest massif, Nepal and South Tibet, Scale 1:100 000. Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University.
73. SEARLE, M. P., SIMPSON, R. L., LAW, R. D., PARRISH, R. R. & WATERS, D. J. 2003. The structural geometry, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Everest massif, High Himalaya of Nepal-south Tibet. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 345-366.
74. SEEBER, L. & PẐCHER, A. 1999. Strain partitioning along the Himalayan arc and the Nanga Parbat antiform. Geology, 26, 791-794.
75. SMITH, H. A., CHAMBERLAIN, C. P. & ZEITLER, P. K. 1994. Timing and duration of Himalayan metamorphism within the Indian Plate, Northwest Himalaya, Pakistan. Journal of Geology, 102, 493-508.
76. STIPP, M., STÜNITZ, H., HEILBRONNER, R. & SCHMID, S. M. 2002. Dynamic recrystallization of quartz: Correlation between natural and experimental conditions. In: DE MEER, S., DRURY, M. R., DE BRESSER, J. H. P, & PENNOCK, G. M. (eds) Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 200, 171-190.
77. TONARINI, S., VILLA, I., OBERLI, F., MEIER, M., SPENCER, D. A., POGNANTE, U. & RAMSAY, J. G. 1993. Eocene age of eclogite metamorphism in the Pakistan Himalaya: Implications for India-Eurasian collision. Terra Nova, 5, 13-20.
78. TRELOAR, P. J. 1997. Thermal controls on early-Tertiary, short-lived, rapid regional metamorphism in the NW Himalaya, Pakistan. Tectonophysics, 273, 77-104.
79. TRELOAR, P. J. & O'BRIEN, P. 2003. What do coesite eclogites tell us about the earliest stages of India - Asia collision? Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 35(6), 95.
80. TRELOAR, P. J. & REX, D. C. 1990a. Cooling, uplift and exhumation rates in the crystalline thrust stack of the North Indian Plate, west of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis. Tectonophysics, 180, 323-349.
81. TRELOAR, P. J. & REX, D. C. 1990b. Post-metamorphic cooling history of the Indian Plate crystalline thrust stack, Pakistan Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 147, 735-738.
82. TRELOAR, P. J., BROUGHTON, R. D., WILLIAMS, M. P., COWARD, M. P. & WINDLEY, B. F. 1989a. Deformation, metamorphism and imbrication of the Indian Plate, south of the Main Mantle Thrust, North Pakistan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 111-125.
83. TRELOAR, P. J., COWARD, M. P. & WILLIAMS, M. P. 1989b. Metamorphism and crustal stacking in the North Indian Plate, North Pakistan. Tectonophysics, 165, 167-184.
84. TRELOAR, P. J., COWARD, M. P., WILLIAMS, M. P. & KHAN, M. A. 1989c. Basement cover imbrication south of the Main Mantle Thrust, North Pakistan. In: MALINCONICO, L. L. & LILLIE, R. J. (eds) Tectonics of the Western Himalaya. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 232, 137-152.
85. TRELOAR, P. J., REX, D. C., COWARD, M. P. et al. 1989d. K/Ar and Ar/Ar geochronology of the Himalayan collision in NW Pakistan: constraints on the timing of collision, deformation, metamorphism and uplift. Tectonics, 8, 891-909.
86. TRELOAR, P. J., COWARD, M. P., CHAMBERS, A. F., IZATT, C. N. & JACKSON, K. C. 1991. Thrust geometries, interferences and rotations in the north-west Himalaya. In: MCCLAY, K. R. (ed.) Thrust Tectonics. Chapman and Hall, London, 325-342.
87. TRELOAR, P. J., O'BRIEN, P. J., PARRISH, R. R. & KHAN, M. A. 2003. Exhumation of early Tertiary, coesite-bearing eclogites from the Pakistan Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 367-376.
88. VANNAY, J.-C. & GRASEMANN, B. 2001. Himalayan inverted metamorphism and syn-convergence extension as a consequence of a general shear extrusion. Geological Magazine, 138, 253-276.
89. VINCE, K. J. 1997. Miocene-aged extension within the Main Mantle Thrust Zone, Pakistan Himalaya. PhD thesis, Kingston University.
90. VINCE, K. J. & TRELOAR, P. J. 1996. Miocene, north-vergent extensional displacements along the Main Mantle Thrust, NW Himalaya, Pakistan. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 153, 677-680.
91. VISSERS, R. L. M., PLATT, J. P. & VAN DER WAL, D. 1995. Late orogenic extension of the Betic cordillera and the Alboran domain. Tectonics, 14, 786-303.
92. WHEELER, J. & BUTLER, R. W. H. 1994. Criteria for identifying structures related to true crustal extension in orogens. Journal of Structural Geology, 16, 1023-1027.
93. WILLIAMS, M. P. 1989. The geology of the Besham area, North Pakistan: Deformation and imbrication in the footwall of the Main Mantle Thrust. Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar, 22, 65-82.
94. WINSLOW, D. M., CHAMBERLAIN, C. P. & ZEITLER, P. K. 1995. Metamorphism and melting of the lithosphere due to rapid denudation, Pakistan Himalaya. Journal of Geology, 103, 395-408.
95. ZEILINGER, G. 2002. Structural and geochronological study of the lowest Kohistan complex, Indus Kohistan region in Pakistan, NW Himalaya. PhD thesis, EH Zurich.
96. ZEILINGER, G., BURG, J.-P., CHAUDHRY, N., DAWOOD, H. & HUSSAIN, S. 2000. Fault systems and paleo-stress tensors in the Indus Suture Zone (NW Pakistan). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 18, 547-559.
97. ZEITLER, P. K. 1985. Cooling history of the NW Himalaya. Tectonics, 4, 128-151.
98. ZHU, B., KIDD, W. S. F., ROWLEY, D. B., CURRIE, B. S. & SHAFIQUE, N. 2005. Age of initiation of the India-Asia collision in the east-central Himalaya. Journal of Geology, 113, 265-285.