Ferritin and ferritin isoforms I: Structure-function relationships, synthesis, degradation and secretion

Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry

Volumn 113, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 30-54

  Koorts, A M ^a,b   Viljoen, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

^b Department of Physiology ^*  (South Africa)

Author keywords

Ferritin; H subunit; Haemosiderin; Isoferritins; L subunit

Indexed keywords

FERRITIN; ISOPROTEIN;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; SECRETION; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

ANIMALS; FERRITINS; HUMANS; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 34249686049     PISSN: 13813455     EISSN: 17444160     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13813450701318583     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Aisen P. 1991. Ferritin receptors and the role of ferritin in iron transport. Targeted Diag Ther 4:339-4.
2. Agrawal R, Sharma PK, Rao, GS. 2001. Release of iron from ferritin by metabolites of benzene and Superoxide radical generating agents. Toxicol 168:223-30.
3. Alvarez-Hernández X, Licéaga J, McKay IC, Brock JH. 1989. Induction of hypoferremia and modulation of macrophage iron metabolism by tumor necrosis factor. Lab Invest 61(3): 319-22.
4. Arosio P, Yokota M, Drysdale JW. 1976. Structural and immunological relationships of isoferritins in normal and malignant cells. Cancer Res 36:1735-9.
5. Arosio P, Adelman TG, Drysdale JW. 1978. On ferritin heterogeneity; further evidence for heteropolymers. J Biol Chem 253(12):4451-8.
6. Arosio P, Levi S, Santambrogio P, Cozzi A, Luzzago A, Cesareni G, Albertini A. 1991. Structural and functional studies of human ferritin H and L chains. Curr Stud Hematol Blood Transf 58:127-31.
7. Bellotti V, Arosio P, Cazzola M, Cozzi A, Levi S, Meloni E, Zappone E. 1987. Characteristics of a ferritin-binding protein present in human serum. Br J Haematol 65(4):489-93.
8. Blatt J, Wharton V. 1992. Stimulation of growth of neuroblastoma cells by ferritin in vitro. J Lab Clin Med 119:139-43.
9. Bomford A, Conlon-Hollingshead C, Munro HN. 1981. Adaptive responses of rat tissue isoferritins to iron administration. J Biol Chem 256(2):948-55.
10. Bou-Abdallah F, Arosio P, Santambrogio P, Yang X, Janus-Chandler C, Chasteen ND. 2002. Ferrous iron binding to recombinant human H-chain. An isothermal titration calorimetry study. Biochem 41:11184-91.
11. Bou-Abdallah F, Biasiotto G, Arosio P, Chasteen ND. 2004. The putative 'nucleation site' in human H-chain ferritin is not required for mineralization of the iron core. Biochem 43:4332-7.
12. Bou-Abdallah F, Santambrogio P, Levi S, Arosio P, Chasteen ND. 2005. Unique iron binding and oxidation properties of human mitochondrial ferritin: a comparative analysis with human H-chain ferritin. J Mol Biol 347:543-54.
13. Boyd D, Vecoli C, Belcher DM, Jain SK, Drysdale JW. 1985. Structural and functional relationships of human ferritin H and L chains deduced from cDNA clones. J Biol Chem 260(21): 11755-61.
14. Brittenham GM. 1994. The red cell cycle. In: Brock JH, Halliday JW, Pippard MJ, Powell LW, editors. Iron metabolism in health and disease. London: WB Saunders Company Ltd. pp 31-62.
15. Broxmeyer HE, Gentile P, Listowsky I, Cavanna E, Feickert HJ, Dorner MH, Ruggeri G, Cazzola M, Cooper S. 1984. Acidic isoferritins in the regulation of hematopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. In: Albertini A, Arosio P, Chiancone E, Drysdale J, editors. Ferritins and isoferritins as biochemical markers. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers. pp 97-111.
16. Broxmeyer HE, Lu L, Bicknell DC, Williams DE, Cooper S, Levi S, Salfeld J, Arosio P. 1986. The influence of purified recombinant human heavy-subunit and light-subunit ferritins on colony formation in vitro by granulocytemacrophage and erythroid progenitor cells. Blood 68(6): 1257-63.
17. Broxmeyer HE, Cooper S, Levi, S, Arosio P. 1991. Mutated recombinant human heavy-chain ferritins and myelosuppression in vitro and in vivo: a link between ferritin ferroxidase activity and biological function. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 88:770-4.
18. Broxmeyer HE. 1992. H-ferritin: A regulatory cytokine that down-modulates cell proliferation. J Lab Clin Med 120(3):367-70.
19. Broyles RH, Belegu V, DeWitt CR, Shah SN, Stewart CA, Pye QN, Floyd RA. 2001. Specific repression of β-globin promoter activity by nuclear ferritin. Proc Natl Acad of Sci USA 98(16):9145-50.
20. Cazzola M, Dezza L, Bergamaschi G, Barosi G, Bellotti V, Caldera D, Ciriello MM, Quaglini S, Arosio P, Ascari E. 1983. Biologic and clinical significance of red cell ferritin. Blood 62(5):1078-87.
21. Cazzola M, Ascari A. 1986. Red cell ferritin as a diagnostic tool. Br J Haematol 62(2):209- 13.
22. Cazzola M, Invernizzi R, Bergamaschi G, Levi S, Corsi B, Travaglino E, Rolandi V, Biasiotto G, Drysdale J, Arosio P. 2003. Mitochondrial ferritin expression in erythroid cells from patients with sideroblastic anemia. Blood 101(5):1996-2000.
23. Chasteen ND. 1998. Ferritin. Uptake, storage, and release of iron. Met Ions Biol Syst 35:479-514.
24. Chasteen ND, Harrison PM. 1999. Mineralization in ferritin: An efficient means of iron storage. J Struct Biol 126:182-94.
25. Cheepsunthorn P, Palmer C, Connor JR. 1998. Cellular distribution of ferritin subunits in postnatal rat brain. J Comp Neurol 400:73-86.
26. Chiancone E, Stefanini S. 1984. Heterogeneity of ferritin. I. Structural and functional aspects. In: Albertini A, Arosio P, Chiancone E, Drysdale J, editors. Ferritins and isoferritins as biochemical markers. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers. pp 23-32.
27. Ciriello MM, Cazzola, M, Dezza L, Levi S, Arosio P. 1987. Measurement of ferritin-bearing lymphocytes in man. Preliminary studies on the use of monoclonal antibodies specific for the L and H subunits of ferritin. Tumori 73: 37-41.
28. Coccia EM, Profita V, Fiorucci G, Romeo G, Affrabi SE, Testa U, Hentze MW, Battistini A. 1992. Modulation of ferritin H-chain expression in Friend erythroleukemia cells: transcriptional and translational regulation by hemin. Mol Cell Biol 12(7):3015-22.
29. Connor JR, Boeshore KL, Benkovic SA, Menzies SL. 1994. Isoforms of ferritin have a specific cellular distribution in the brain. J Neurosci Res 37(4):461 -5.
30. Corsi B, Cozzi A, Arosio P, Drysdale J, Santambrogio P, Campanella A, Biasiotto G, Albertini A, Levi S. 2002. Human mitochondrial ferritin expressed in HeLa cells incorporates iron and affects cellular iron metabolism. J Biol Chem 277(25): 22340-437.
31. Covell AM, Worwood M. 1984. Isoferritins in plasma. In: Albertini A, Arosio P, Chiancone E, Drysdale J, editors. Ferritins and isoferritins as biochemical markers. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp 49-65.
32. Cozzi A, Corsi B, Levi S, Santambrogio P, Albertini A, Arosioj P. 2000. Overexpression of wild type and mutated human ferritin H-chain in HeLa cells. J Biochem 275(33): 25122-9.
33. Cozzi A, Corsi B, Levi S, Santambrogio P, Albertini A, Arosio, P. 2002. Overexpression of wild type and mutated human ferritin H-chain in HeLa cells: in vivo role of ferroxidase activity. J Biol Chem 275:25122-9.
34. Cozzi A, Levi S, Corsi B, Santambrogio P, Campanella A, Gerardi G, Arosio P. 2003. The role of iron and ferritin in TNFa-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. FEES Lett 537:187-92.
35. Cozzi A, Corsi, B, Levi S, Santambrogio P, Biasiotto G, Arosio P. 2004. Analysis of the biological functions of H- and L-ferritins in HeLa cells by transfection with siRNAs and cDNA: Evidence for a proliferative role of ferritin. Blood 103(6): 2377-83.
36. Cragg SJ, Wagstaff M, Worwood M. 1981. Detection of a glycosylated subunit in human serum ferritin. Biochem J 199:565-71.
37. Deiss A. 1983. Iron metabolism in reticuloendothelial cells. Semin Hematol 20(2):81-90.
38. Drysdale J, Arosio P, Invernizzi R, Cazzola M, Volz A, Corsi B, Biasiotto G, Levi S. 2002. Mitochondrial ferritin: a new player in iron metabolism. Blood Cell Mol Dis 29(3): 376-83.
39. Fahmy M, Young SP. 1993. Modulation of iron metabolism in monocyte cell line U937 by inflammatory cytokines: changes in transferrin uptake, iron handling and ferritin mRNA. Biochem J 296:175-81.
40. Fargion S, Arosio P, Fracanzani AL, Cislaghi V, Levi S, Cozzi A, Piperno A, Fiorelli G. 1988. Characteristics and expression of binding sites specific for ferritin H-chain on human cell lines. Blood 71:753-7.
41. Festa M, Ricciardelli G, Mele G, Pietropaolo C, Ruffo A, Colonna A. 2000. Overexpression of H ferritin and up-regulation of iron regulatory protein genes during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Biol Chem 275(47):36708-12.
42. Finch CA, Huebers HA, Cazzola M, Bergamaschi G, Bellotti V. 1984. Storage iron. In: Albertini A, Arosio P, Chiancone E, Drysdale J, editors. Ferritins and isoferritins as biochemical markers. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp 3-21.
43. Fischbach FA, Gregory DW, Harrison PM, Hoy TJ, Williams JM. 1971. On the structure of hemosiderin and its relationship to ferritin. J Ultrastr Res 37:495-503.
44. Ford GC, Harrison PM, Rice DW, Smith JM, Treffry A, White JL, Yariv J. 1984. Ferritin: design and formation of an iron-storage molecule. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 304:551-65.
45. Gálvez N, Ruiz B, Cuesta R, Colacio E, Dominguez-Vera JM. 2005. Release of iron from ferritin by aceto- and benzohy-droxamic acids. Inorg Chem 44(8):2706-9.
46. Gelvan D, Fibach E, Meyron-Holtz EG, Konijn AM. 1996. Ferritin uptake by human erythroid precursors is a regulated iron uptake pathway. Blood 88(8):3200-7.
47. Halliday JW, Mack U, Powell LW. 1979. The kinetics of serum and tissue ferritins: relation to carbohydrate content. Br J of Haematol 42:535-46.
48. Halliday JW, Powell LW. 1979. Serum ferritin and isoferritins in clinical medicine. Progr Hematol 11:229-66.
49. Halliday JW, Ramm GA, Moss D, Powell LW. 1994. A new look at ferritin metabolism. Adv Exp Med Biol 365:149-56.
50. Harford JB, Rouault TA, Klausner RD. 1994. The control of cellular iron homeostasis. In: Brock JH, Halliday JW, Pippard MJ, Powell LW, editors. Iron metabolism in health and disease. W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. London, pp 123-49.
51. Harrison PM, Arosio P. 1996. The ferritins: molecular properties, iron storage function and cellular regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1275:161-203.
52. Hasan MR, Morishima D, Tomita K, Katsuki M, Kotani S. 2005. Identification of a 250 kDa putative microtubule-associated protein as a bovine ferritin; evidence for a ferritin-microtubule interaction. FEES J 272:822-31.
53. Hershko C, Konijn AM. 1984. Serum ferritin in hematologic disorders. In: Albertini A, Arosio P, Chiancone E, Drysdale J, editors. Ferritins and isoferritins as biochemical markers. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp 143-58.
54. Hie-won L, Stahlhut MW, & Evans AE. 1984. Isoferritins and prognosis of neuroblastoma: the immunological role of acidic isoferritins. In: Albertini A, Arosio P, Chiancone E, Drysdale J, editors. Ferritins and isoferritins as biochemical markers. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp 171-80.
55. Hodgetts J, Peters SW, Hoy TG, Jacobs A. 1986. The ferritin content of normoblasts and megaloblasts from human bone marrow. Clin cSi 70:47-51.
56. Hulet SW, Heyliger SO, Powers S, Connor JR. 2000. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells internalize ferritin via clathrindependent receptor mediated endocytosis. J Neurosci Res 61:52-60.
57. Hwang J, Krebs C, Huynh BH, Edmondson DE, Theil EC, Penner-Hahn JE. 2000. A short Fe-Fe distance in peroxodiferric ferritin: control of Fe substrate versus cofactor decay? Science 287(5450):122-5.
58. Hynes MJ, Coinceanainn MO. 2002. Investigation of the release of iron from ferritin by naturally occurring antioxidants. J Inorg Biochem 90:18-21.
59. lancu TC. 1982. Iron overload. Mol Aspects Med 6:1-100.
60. lancu TC. 1992. Ferritin and hemosiderin in pathological tissues. Electron Microsc Rev 5:209-29.
61. Invernizzi R, Caccola M, De Fazio P, Rosti V, Ruggeri G, Arosio P. 1990. Immunocytochemical detection of ferritin in human bone marrow and peripheral blood cells using monoclonal antibodies specific for the H and L subunit. Br J Haematol 76:427-32.
62. Jacobs A, Worwood M. 1975. Ferritin in serum; clinical and biochemical implications. New Engl J Med 292(18):951 -6.
63. Jacobs A. 1977. Low molecular weight intracellular iron transport compounds. Blood 50(3):433-9.
64. Jacobs A, Hodgetts J, Hoy TG. 1984. Functional aspects of isoferritins. In: Albertini A, Arosio P, Chiancone E, Drysdale J, editors. Ferritins and isoferritins as biochemical markers. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp 113-27.
65. Jameson GNL, Jameson RF, Linert W. 2004. New insights into iron release from ferritin: direct observation of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine entering ferritin and reaching redox equilibrium with the iron core. Org Biomol Chem 2:2346-51.
66. Jin W, Hidnori T, Pancorbo B, Theil EC. 2001. 'Opening' the ferritin pore for iron release by mutation of conserved amino acids at interhelix and loop sites. Biochem 40:7525-32.
67. Jones BM, Worwood M, Jacobs A. 1983. Isoferritins in normal leucocytes. Br J Haematol 55(1):73-81.
68. Joshi JG, Clauberg M. 1988. Ferritin: an iron storage protein with diverse functions. Biofactors 1(3):207-12.
69. Kakhlon O, Gruenbaum, Y, Cabantchik ZI. 2001a. Repression of the heavy chain increases the labile iron pool of human K562 cells. Biochem J356(2):311-16.
70. Kakhlon O, Gruenbaum Y, Cabantchik ZI. 2001b. Repression of ferritin expression increases the labile iron pool, oxidative stress, and short-term growth of human erythroleukemia cells. Blood 97:2863-71.
71. Kakhlon O, Gruenbaum Y, Cabantchik ZI. 2002. Ferritin expression modulates cell cycle dynamics and cell responsiveness to H-ras-induced growth via expansion of the labile iron pool. Biochem J 363(3):431-6.
72. Kew MC, Torrance JD, Derman D, Simon M, Macnab GM, Charlton RW, Bothwell TH. 1978. Serum and tumour ferritins in primary liver cancer. Gut 19(4):294-9.
73. Kikyo N, Suda M, Kikyo N, Hagiwara K, Yasukawa K, Fujisawa M, Yazaki Y, Okabe T. 1994. Purification and characterization of a cell growth factor from a human leukaemia cell line: immunological identity with ferritin. Cancer Res 54:268 -71.
74. Kim S-W, Kim Y-H, Lee J. 2001. Thermal stability of human ferritin: concentration dependence and enhanced stability of an N-terminal fusion mutant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 289:125-9.
75. Konijn AM, Meyron-Holtz EG, Fibach E, Gelvan, D. 1994. Cellular ferritin uptake: a highly regulated pathway for iron assimilation in human erythroid precursor cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 356:189-97.
76. Langlois d'Estaintot B, Santambrogio P, Granier T, Gallois B, Chevalier JM, Precigoux G, Levi S, Arosio P. 2004. Crystal structure and biochemical properties of the human mitochondrial ferritin and its mutant Ser144Ala. J Mol Biol 340(2): 277-93.
77. Lawson DM, Treffry A, Artymiuk PL, Harrison PM, Yewdall SJ, Luzzago A, Cesareni G, Levi S, Arosio P. 1989. Identification of the ferroxidase centre in ferritin. FEES Lett 254(1/2):207-10.
78. Levay PF, Viljoen M. 1995. Lactoferrin: a general review. Haematologica 80(3):252-67.
79. Levi S, Luzzago A, Franceschinelli F, Santambrogio P, Cesareni G, Arosio P. 1989. Mutational analysis of the channel and loop sequences of human ferritin H-chain. Biochem J 264:381-8.
80. Levi S, Yewdall SJ, Harrison PM, Santambrogio P, Cozzi A, Rovida E, Albertini A, Arosio P. 1992. Evidence that H- and L-chains have co-operative roles in the iron-uptake mechanisms of human ferritin. Biochem J 288:591-6.
81. Levi S, Santambrogio P, Cozzi A, Rovida E, Corsi B, Tamborini E, Spada S, Albertini A, Arosio P. 1994. The role of the L-chain in ferritin iron incorporation; studies of homo and heteropolymers. J Mol Biol 238:649 - 54.
82. Levi S, Santambrogio P, Corsi B, Cozzi A, Arosio P. 1996. Evidence that residues exposed on the three-fold channels have active roles in the mechanism of ferritin iron incorporation. Biochem J 317(2):467-73.
83. Levi S, Corsi B, Bosisio M, Invernizzi R, Volz A, Sanford D, Arosio P, Drysdale J. 2001. A human mitochondrial ferritin encoded by an intronless gene. J Biol Chem 270(27):24437-40.
84. Levi S, Arosio P. 2004. Mitochondrial ferritin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:1887-9.
85. Liu X, Jin W, Theil EC. 2003. Opening protein pores with chaotropes enhances Fe reduction and chelation of Fe from the ferritin biomineral. PNAS 100(7):3653-8.
86. Liu X, Theil EC. 2004. Ferritin reactions: direct identification of the site for the diferric peroxide reaction intermediate. PNAS 101(23):8557-62.
87. Martsev SP, Vlasov AP, Arosio P. 1998. Distinct stability of recombinant L and H subunits of human ferritin; calorimetric and ANS binding studies. Protein Eng 11(5):377-81.
88. Mehlhase J, Sandig G, Pantopoulos K, Grune T. 2005. Oxidation-induced ferritin turnover in microglial cells: role of proteasome. Free Rad Biol Med 38:276-85.
89. Meyron-Holtz EG, Fibach E, Gelvan D, Konijn AM. 1994. Binding and uptake of exogenous isoferritins by cultured human erythroid precursor cells. Br J Haematol 86: 635-41.
90. Meyron-Holtz EG, Vaisman B, Cabantchik ZI, Fibach E, Rovault TA, Hershko C, Konijn AM. 1999. Regulation of intracellular iron metabolism in human erythroid precursors by internalized extracellular ferritin. Blood 94(9):3205-11.
91. Miyazaki E, Kato J, Kobune M, Okumura K, Sasaki K, Shintani N, Arosio P, Niitsu Y. 2002. Denatured H-ferritin subunit is a major constituent of haemosiderin in the liver of patients with iron overload. Gut 50:413-19.
92. Morikawa K, Oseko F, Morikawa S. 1995. A role for ferritin in hematopoiesis and the immune system. Leuk Lymphoma 18:429-33.
93. Moss D, Hibbs AR, Stenzel D, Powell LW, Halliday JW. 1994. The endocytic pathway for H-ferritin established in live MOLT-4 cells by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Br J Haematol 88:746-53.
94. Nie G, Sheftel AD, Kim SF, Ponka P. 2005. Overexpression of mitochondrial ferritin causes cytosolic iron depletion and changes cellular iron homeostasis. Blood 105(5):2161-7.
95. Niitsu Y, Onodera Y, Kohgo Y, Goto Y, Watanabe N, Urushizaki I. 1984. Isoferritins in malignant diseases. In: Albertini A, Arosio P, Chiancone E, Drysdale J, editors. Ferritins and isoferritins as biochemical markers. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp 113-27.
96. Orino K, Lehman L, Tsuji Y, Ayaki H, Torti SV, Torti FM. 2001. Ferrritin and the response to oxidative stress. Biochem J 357:241-7.
97. Persson HL, Nilsson KJ, Brunk UT. 2001. Novel cellular defences against iron and oxidation: ferritin and autophagocytosis preserve lysosomal stability in airway epithelium. Redox Report 6(1):57-63.
98. Pifiero DJ, Hu J, Cook BM, Scaduto Jr, RC, Connor JR. 2000. Interleukin-1β increases binding of the iron regulatory protein and the synthesis of ferritin by increasing the labile iron pool. Biochim Biophys Acta 1497:279-88.
99. Polanams J, Ray AD, Watt RK. 2005. Nanophase iron phosphate, iron arsenate, iron vanadate and iron molybdate minerals synthesized within the protein cage of ferritin. Inorg Chem 44(9):3203-9.
100. Ponka P, Beaumont C, Richardson DR. 1998. Function and regulation of transferrin and ferritin. Sem Hematol 35(1):35-54.
101. Powell LW, Alpert E, Isselbacher KJ, Drysdale JW. 1975. Human isoferritins: organ specific iron and apoferritin distribution. Br J Haematol 30:47-132.
102. Powell AK. 1998. Ferritin. Its mineralization. Met Ions Biol Syst 35:515-61.
103. Radisky DC, Kaplan J. 1998. Iron in cytosolic ferritin can be recycled through lysosomal degradation in human fibroblasts. Biochem J 336:201-5.
104. Richter GW. 1978. The iron-loaded cell-the cytopathology of iron storage. Am J Pathol 91(2):363-404.
105. Richter GW. 1984. Studies of iron overload; rat liver siderosome ferritin. Lab Invest 50(1):26-35.
106. Ringeling PL, Cleton MI, Kroos MJ, Sorber LWJ, de Bruyn WC, Harrison PM, van Eijk HG. 1989. Lysosomal and cytosolic ferritins. Biol Metals 2:114-21.
107. Rogers J, Lacroix L, Durmowitz G, Kasschau K, Andriotakis J, Bridges KR. 1994. The role of cytokines in the regulation of ferritin expression. Adv Exp Med Biol 356:127-32.
108. Rudeck M, Volk T, Sitte N, Grune, T. 2000. Ferritin oxidation in vitro: implication of iron release and degradation by the 20S proteasome. IUBMB Life 49:451-6.
109. Ruggeri G, Iacobello C, Albertini A, Brocchi E, Levi S, Gabri E, Arosio P. 1984. Studies of human isoferritins in tissues and body fluids. In: Albertini A, Arosio P, Chiancone E, Drysdale J, editors. Ferritins and isoferritins as biochemical markers. Elsevier Science Publishers. Amsterdam, pp 67-78.
110. Ruggeri G, Santambrogio P, Bonfiglio F, Levi S, Bugari G, Verardi R, Cazzola M, Invernizzi R, Zambelli LM, Albertini A, Arosio P. 1992. Antibodies for denatured human H-ferritin stain only reticuloendothelial cells within the bone marrow. Br J Haematol 81:118-24.
111. Sánchez P, Gálvez N, Colacio E, Miñones E, Domínguez-Vera JM. 2005. Catechol releases iron(III) from ferritin by direct chelation without iron(II) production. Dalton Trans 4:811-13.
112. Santambrogio P, Levi S, Cozzi A, Rovida E, Albertini A, Arosio P. 1993. Production and characterization of recombinant heteropolymers of human ferritin H and L chains. J Biol Chem 268(7):12744-48.
113. Santambrogio P, Levi S, Cozzi A, Corsi B, Arosio P. 1996. Evidence that the specificity of iron incorporation into homopolymers of human ferritin L- and H-chains is conferred by the nucleation and ferroxidase centres. Biochem J 314: 139-44.
114. Siegenberg D, Baynes RD, Bothwell TH, Macfarlane BJ, Lamparelli RD. 1990. Factors involved in the regulation of iron transport through reticuloendothelial cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 193(1):65-72.
115. Speyer BE, Fielding J. 1979. Ferritin as a cytosol iron transport intermediate in human reticulocytes. Br J Haematol 42:255-67.
116. Surguladze N, Thompson KM, Beard JL, Connor JR, Fried MG. 2004. Interactions and reactions of ferritin with DNA. J Biol Chem 279(15):14694-702.
117. Surguladze N, Patton S, Cozzi A, Fried MG, Connor JR. 2005. Characterization of nuclear ferritin and mechanism of translocation. Biochem J 388:731-40.
118. Takagi H, Shi D, Ha Y, Allewell NM, Theil EC. 1998. Localized unfolding at the junction of three ferritin subunits; a mechanism for iron release. J Biol Chem 273(30):18685-8.
119. Takahashi T, Kuyucak S. 2003. Functional properties of three-fold and fourfold channels in ferritin deduced from electrostatic calculations. Biophys J 84:2256-63.
120. Theil EC. 1990. The ferritin family of iron storage proteins. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 63:421-49.
121. Theil EC. 1990. Ferritin and mRNA translation, structure, and gene transcription during development of animals and plants. Enzyme 44(1-4):68-82.
122. Thompson KJ, Fried MG, Ye Z, Boyer P, Connor JR. 2002. Regulation, mechanisms and proposed function of ferritin translocation to cell nuclei. J Cell Sci 115:2165-77.
123. Thomson AM, Rogers JT, Leedman PJ. 1999. Iron-regulatory proteins, iron-responsive elements and ferritin mRNA translation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 31:1139-52.
124. Torti FM, Torti SV. 2002. Regulation of ferritin genes and protein. Blood 99(10):3505-16.
125. Torti SV, Torti FM. 1994. Iron and ferritin in inflammation and cancer. Adv Inorg Biochem 10:119-37.
126. Trerffry A, Zhao Z, Quail MA, Guest JR, Harrison PM. 1997. Dinuclear centre of ferritin: studies of iron binding and oxidation show differences in the two iron sites. Biochem 36:432-41.
127. Truty J, Malpe R, Linder MC. 2001. Iron prevents ferritin turnover in hepatic cells. J Biol Chem 276(52):48775-80.
128. Wade VJ, Levi S, Arosio P, Treffry A, Harrison PM, Mann S. 1991. Influence of site-directed modifications on the formation of iron cores in ferritin. J Mol Biol 221:1443-52.
129. Wagstaff M, Worwood M, Jacobs A. 1982. Iron and isoferritins in iron overload. Clin Sci 62(5):529-40.
130. Watt GD, Frankel RB, Papaefthymiou GC. 1985. Reduction of mammalian ferritin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:3640-3.
131. Weir MP, Sharp GA, Peters TJ. 1985. Electron microscopic studies of human haemosiderin and ferritin. J Clin Pathol 38:915-8.
132. Welch KD, Van Eeden MC, Aust SD. 2001. Modification of ferritin during iron loading. Free Rad Biol Med 31(8):999-1006.
133. Welch KD, Reilly CA, Aust SD. 2002. The role of cysteine residues in the oxidation of ferritin. Free Rad Biol Med 33(3):399-408.
134. White K, Munro HN. 1988. Induction of ferritin subunit synthesis by iron is regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels. J Biol Chem 263(18):8938-42.
135. Wixom RL, Prutkin L, Munro HN. 1980. Hemosiderin: nature, formation, and significance. Int Rev Exp Pathol 22:193-225.
136. Worwood M, Dawkins S, Wagstaff M, Jacobs A. 1976. The purification and properties of ferritin from human serum. Biochem J 157:97-103.
137. Worwood M. 1982. Ferritin in human tissues and serum. Clin Haematol 11(2):275-307.
138. Worwood M. 1990. Ferritin. Blood Rev 4:259-69.