Clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects of arterial calcification

Journal of Vascular Surgery

Volumn 45, Issue 6 SUPPL., 2007, Pages A57-A63

  Guzman, Raul J ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS;

ADVENTITIA; ANGIOGENESIS; ARTERY CALCIFICATION; ARTICLE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FIBROBLAST; HUMAN; MESENCHYME CELL; NONHUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PERICYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER;

EID: 34249294496     PISSN: 07415214     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.02.049     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Abedin M., Tintut Y., and Demer L.L. Vascular calcification: mechanisms and clinical ramifications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 (2004) 1161-1170
2. Shao J.-S., Cai J., and Towler D.A. Molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification: lessons learned from the aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 (2006) 1423-1430
3. Budoff M.J., Yu D., Nasir K., Mehrotra R., Chen L., Takasu J., Agrawal N., et al. Diabetes and progression of coronary calcium under the influence of statin therapy. Am Heart J 149 (2005) 695-700
4. Block G.A., Spiegel D.M., Ehrlich J., Mehta R., Lindbergh J., Dreisbach A., et al. Effects of sevelamer and calcium on coronary artery calcification in patients new to hemodialysis. Kidney Int 68 (2005) 1815-1824
5. Raggi P., Callister T.Q., Cooil B., He Z.X., Lippolis N.J., Russo D.J., et al. Identification of patients at increased risk of first unheralded acute myocardial infarction by electron-beam computed tomography. Circulation 101 (2000) 850-855
6. Jeziorska M., McCollum C., and Wooley D.E. Observations on bone formation and remodelling in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of human carotid arteries. Virchows Arch 433 (1998) 559-565
7. Detrano R.C., Wong N.D., Doherty T.M., and Shavelle R. Prognostic significance of coronary calcific deposits in asymptomaic high-risk subjects. Am J Med 102 (1997) 344-349
8. Jain T., Peshock R., McGuire D.K., Willett D., Yu Z., Vega G.L., Guerra R., Hobbs H.H., and Grundy S.M. African Americans and Caucasians have a similar prevalence of coronary calcium in the Dallas Heart Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44 (2004) 1011-1017
9. Bild D.E., Detrano R., Peterson D., Guerci A., Liu K., Shahar E., Ouyang P., Jackson S., and Saad M.F. Ethnic Differences in Coronary Calcification: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 111 (2005) 1313-1320
10. Mahoney L.T., Burns T.L., Stanford W., Thompson B.H., Witt J.D., Rost C.A., and Lauer R.M. Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcification in young adults: The muscatine study. J Am Coll Cardiol 27 (1996) 277-284
11. Arad Y., Newstein D., Cadet F., Roth M., and Guerci A.D. Association of multiple risk factors and insulin resistance with increased prevalence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease by an electron-beam computed tomographic study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001) 2051-2058
12. Schurgin S., Rich S., and Mazzone T. Increased prevalence of significant coronary artery calcification in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 24 (2001) 335-338
13. Goodman W.G., Goldin J., Kuizon B.D., Yoon C., Gales B., Sider D., et al. Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1478-1483
14. Allison M.A., and Wright C.M. Age and gender are the strongest clinical correlates of prevalent coronary calcification (R1). Int J Cardiol 98 (2005) 325-330
15. Wayhs R., Zelinger A., and Raggi P. High coronary artery calcium scores pose an extremely elevated risk for hard events. J Am Coll Cardiol 39 (2002) 225-230
16. Vliegenthart R., Oudkerk M., Song B., van der Kuip D.A.M., Hofman A., and Witteman J.C.M. Coronary calcification detected by electron-beam computed tomography and myocardial infarction. The Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study. Eur Heart J 23 (2002) 1596-1603
17. Iribarren C., Sidney S., Sternfeld B., and Browner W.S. Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. JAMA 283 (2000) 2810-2815
18. Lehto S., Niskanen L., Suhonen M., Ronnemaa T., and Laakso M. Medial artery calcification. A neglected harbinger of cardiovascular complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 16 (1996) 978-983
19. Lehto S., Ronnemaa T., Pyorala K., and Laakso M. Risk factors predicting lower extremity amputations in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 19 (1996) 607-612
20. Leoncini G., Ratto E., Viazzi F., Vaccaro V., Parodi A., Falqui V., et al. Increased ambulatory arterial stiffness index is associated with target organ damage in primary hypertension. Hypertension 48 (2006) 397-403
21. Wang L., Jerosch-Herold M., Jacobs Jr. D.R., Shahar E., Detrano R., and Folsom A.R. Coronary artery calcification and myocardial perfusion in asymptomatic adults: the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (2006) 1018-1026
22. Vattikuti R., and Towler D.A. Osteogenic regulation of vascular calcification: an early perspective. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286 (2004) E686-E696
23. Bostrom K., Watson K.E., Horn S., Wortham C., Herman I.M., and Demer L.L. Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 91 (1993) 1800-1809
24. Shanahan C.M., Cary N.R., Metcalfe J.C., and Weissberg P.L. High expression of genes for calcification-regulating proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 93 (1994) 2393-2402
25. Schoppet M., Al-Fakhri N., Franke F.E., Katz N., Barth P.J., Maisch B., et al. Localization of osteoprotegerin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand in Monckeberg's sclerosis and atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 4104-4112
26. Shanahan C.M., Cary N.R.B., Salisbury J.R., Proudfoot D., Weissberg P.L., and Edmonds M.E. Medial localization of mineralization-regulating proteins in association with Monckeberg's sclerosis: evidence for smooth muscle cell-mediated vascular calcification. Circulation 100 (1999) 2168-2176
27. Tyson K.L., Reynolds J.L., McNair R., Zhang Q., Weissberg P.L., and Shanahan C.M. Osteo/chondrocytic transcription factors and their target genes exhibit distinct patterns of expression in human arterial calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 (2003) 489-494
28. Towler D.A., Bidder M., Latifi T., Coleman T., and Semenkovich C.F. Diet-induced diabetes activates an osteogenic gene regulatory program in the aortas of low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 273 (1998) 30427-30434
29. Tintut Y., Patel J., Territo M., Saini T., Parhami F., and Demer L.L. Monocyte/macrophage regulation of vascular calcification in vitro. Circulation 105 (2002) 650-655
30. Zhang L., Zalewski A., Liu Y., Mazurek T., Cowan S., Martin J.L., et al. Diabetes-induced oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation in porcine coronary arteries. Circulation 108 (2003) 472-478
31. Wadwa R.P., Kinney G.L., Ogden L., Snell-Bergeon J.K., Maahs D.M., Cornell E., et al. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor as a marker for progression of coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 38 (2006) 996-1003
32. Chamley-Campbell J.H., Campbell G.R., and Ross R. Phenotype-dependent response of cultured aortic smooth muscle to serum mitogens. J Cell Biol 89 (1981) 379-383
33. Iyemere V.P., Proudfoot D., Weissberg P.L., and Shanahan C.M. Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic plasticity and the regulation of vascular calcification. J Intern Med 260 (2006) 192-210
34. Tintut Y., Alfonso Z., Saini T., Radcliff K., Watson K., Bostrom K., et al. Multilineage potential of cells from the artery wall. Circulation 108 (2003) 2505-2510
35. Balica M., Bostrom K., Shin V., Tillisch K., and Demer L.L. Calcifying subpopulation of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells is responsive to 17 beta-estradiol. Circulation 95 (1997) 1954-1960
36. Tintut Y., Parhami F., Bostrom K., Jackson S.M., and Demer L.L. cAmp stimulates osteoblast-like differentiation of calcifying vascular cells. Potential signaling pathway for vascular calcification. J Biol Chem 273 (1998) 7547-7553
37. Cheng S.-L., Shao J.-S., Charlton-Kachigian N., Loewy A.P., and Towler D.A. Msx2 promotes osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenic differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitors. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 45969-45977
38. Shao J.S., Cheng S.L., Pingsterhaus J.M., Charlton-Kachigian N., Loewy A.P., and Towler D.A. Msx2 promotes cardiovascular calcification by activating paracrine Wnt signals. J Clin Invest 15 (2005) 1210-1220
39. Kirton J.P., Wilkinson F.L., Canfield A.E., and Alexander M.Y. Dexamethasone downregulates calcification-inhibitor molecules and accelerates osteogenic differentiation of vascular pericytes: implications for vascular calcification. Circ Res 98 (2006) 1264-1272
40. Yamagishi S., Fujimori H., Yonekura H., Tanaka N., and Yamamoto H. Advanced glycation endproducts accelerate calcification in microvascular pericytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 258 (1999) 353-357
41. Collett G.D.M., and Canfield A.E. Angiogenesis and pericytes in the initiation of ectopic calcification. Circ Res 96 (2005) 930-938
42. Moulton K.S., Vakili K., Zurakowski D., Soliman M., Butterfield C., Sylvin E., et al. Inhibition of plaque neovascularization reduces macrophage accumulation and progression of advanced atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 (2003) 4736-4741
43. Celletti F.L., Waugh J.M., Amabile P.G., Brendolan A., Hilfiker P.R., and Dake M.D. Vascular endothelial growth factor enhances atherosclerotic plaque progression. Nat Med 7 (2001) 425-429
44. Zhang Y., Cliff W.J., Schoefl G.I., and Higgins G. Immunohistochemical study of intimal microvessels in coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 143 (1993) 164-172
45. Bujan J., Bellon J.M., Sabater C., Jurado F., Garcia-Honduvilla N., Dominguez B., et al. Modifications induced by atherogenic diet in the capacity of the arterial wall in rats to respond to surgical insult. Atherosclerosis 122 (1996) 141-152
46. Cola C., Almeida M., Li D., Romeo F., and Mehta J.L. Regulatory role of endothelium in the expression of genes affecting arterial calcification. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 320 (2004) 424-427
47. Shin V., Zebboudj A.F., and Bostrom K. Endothelial cells modulate osteogenesis in calcifying vascular cells. J Vasc Res 41 (2004) 193-201
48. Wada T., McKee M.D., Steitz S., and Giachelli C.M. Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cell cultures: inhibition by osteopontin. Circ Res 84 (1999) 166-178
49. Giachelli C.M., Speer M.Y., Li X., Rajachar R.M., and Yang H. Regulation of vascular calcification: roles of phosphate and osteopontin. Circ Res 96 (2005) 717-722
50. Lomashvili K.A., Cobbs S., Hennigar R.A., Hardcastle K.I., and O'Neill W.C. Phosphate-induced vascular calcification: role of pyrophosphate and osteopontin. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004) 1392-1401
51. Watson K.E., Bostrom K., Ravindranath R., Lam T., Norton B., and Demer L.L. TGF-beta1 and 25-hydroxycholesterol stimulate osteoblast-like vascular cells to calcify. J Clin Invest 93 (1994) 2106-2113
52. Simmons C.A., Nikolovski J., Thornton A.J., Matlis S., and Mooney D.J. Mechanical stimulation and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling independently regulate osteogenic differentiation and mineralization by calcifying vascular cells. J Biomech 37 (2004) 1531-1541
53. Proudfoot D., Davies J.D., Skepper J.N., Weissberg P.L., and Shanahan C.M. Acetylated low-density lipoprotein stimulates human vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by promoting osteoblastic differentiation and inhibiting phagocytosis. Circulation 106 (2002) 3044-3050
54. Li J., Chai S., Tang C., and Du J. Homocysteine potentiates calcification of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 74 (2003) 451-461
55. Chen N.X., Duan D., O'Neill K.D., and Moe S.M. High glucose increases the expression of Cbfa1 and BMP-2 and enhances the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 (2006) 3435-3442
56. Wu S.Y., Zhang B.H., Pan C.S., Jiang H.F., Pang Y.Z., Tang C.S., et al. Endothelin-1 is a potent regulator in vivo in vascular calcification and in vitro in calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells. Peptides 24 (2003) 1149-1156
57. Li X., Yang H.-Y., and Giachelli C.M. Role of the sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter, Pit-1, in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Circ Res 14 (2006) 905-912
58. Parhami F., Tintut Y., Ballard A., Fogelman A.M., and Demer L.L. Leptin enhances the calcification of vascular cells: artery wall as a target of leptin. Circ Res 88 (2001) 954-960
59. Basalyga D.M., Simionescu D.T., Xiong W., Baxter B.T., Starcher B.C., and Vyavahare N.R. Elastin degradation and calcification in an abdominal aorta injury model: role of matrix metalloproteinases. Circulation 110 (2004) 3480-3487
60. Qin X., Corriere M.A., Matrisian L.M., and Guzman R.J. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition attenuates aortic calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 (2006) 1510-1516
61. Johnson K., Polewski M., van Etten D., and Terkeltaub R. Chondrogenesis mediated by PPi depletion promotes spontaneous aortic calcification in NPP1-/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005) 686-691
62. Son B.K., Kozaki K., Iijima K., Eto M., Kojima T., Ota H., et al. Statins protect human aortic smooth muscle cells from inorganic phosphate-induced calcification by restoring Gas6-Axl survival pathway. Circ Res 98 (2006) 1024-1031
63. Abedin M., Lim J., Tang T.B., Park D., Demer L.L., and Tintut Y. N-3 fatty acids inhibit vascular calcification via the p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma pathways. Circ Res 98 (2006) 727-729
64. Wachi H., Sugitani H., Murata H., Nakazawa J., Mecham R.P., and Seyama Y. Tropoelastin inhibits vascular calcification via 67-kDa elastin binding protein in cultured bovine aortic smooth muscle cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 11 (2004) 159-166
65. Simionescu A., Philips K., and Vyavahare N. Elastin-derived peptides and TGF-beta1 induce osteogenic responses in smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 334 (2005) 524-532
66. Davies M.R., Lund R.J., and Hruska K.A. BMP-7 is an efficacious treatment of vascular calcification in a murine model of atherosclerosis and chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 (2003) 1559-1567
67. Price P.A., Faus S.A., and Williamson M.K. Bisphosphonates alendronate and ibandronate inhibit artery calcification at doses comparable to those that inhibit bone resorption. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001) 817-824
68. Price P.A., Buckley J.R., and Williamson M.K. The amino bisphosphonate ibandronate prevents vitamin D toxicity and inhibits vitamin D-induced calcification of arteries, cartilage, lungs and kidneys in rats. J Nutr 131 (2001) 2910-2915
69. Price P.A., Omid N., Than T.N., and Williamson M.K. The amino bisphosphonate ibandronate prevents calciphylaxis in the rat at doses that inhibit bone resorption. Calcif Tissue Int 71 (2002) 356-363
70. Luo G., Ducy P., McKee M.D., Pinero G.J., Loyer E., Behringer R.R., and Karsenty G. Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature 386 (1997) 78-81
71. Speer M.Y., McKee M.D., Guldberg R.E., Liaw L., Yang H.-Y., Tung E., et al. Inactivation of the osteopontin gene enhances vascular calcification of matrix Gla protein-deficient mice: evidence for osteopontin as an inducible inhibitor of vascular calcification in vivo. J Exp Med 196 (2002) 1047-1055
72. Speer M.Y., Chien Y.C., Quan M., Yang H.Y., Vali H., McKee M.D., et al. Smooth muscle cells deficient in osteopontin have enhanced susceptibility to calcification in vitro. Cardiovasc Res 66 (2005) 324-333
73. Bucay N., Sarosi I., Dunstan C.R., Morony S., Tarpley J., Capparelli C., et al. Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev 12 (1998) 1260-1268
74. Schafer C., Heiss A., Schwarz A., Westenfeld R., Ketteler M., Floege J., et al. The serum protein {alpha}2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin-A is a systemically acting inhibitor of ectopic calcification. J Clin Invest 112 (2003) 357-366
75. Galvin K.M., Donovan M.J., Lynch C.A., Meyer R.I., Paul R.J., Lorenz J.N., et al. A role for Smad6 in delvelopment and homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Nat Genet 24 (2000) 171-174
76. Kuro-o M., Matsumura Y., Aizawa H., Kawaguchi H., Suga T., Utsugi T., et al. Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing. Nature 390 (1997) 45-51
77. Spicer S.S., Lewis S.E., Tashian R.E., and Schulte B.A. Mice carrying a CAR-2 null allele lack carbonic anhydrase II immunohistochemically and show vascular calcification. Am J Pathol 134 (1989) 947-954
78. Shioi A., Nishizawa Y., Jono S., Koyama H., Hosoi M., and Morii H. Beta-glycerophosphate accelerates calcification in cultured bovine vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 15 (1995) 2003-2009
79. Jono S., McKee M.D., Murry C.E., Shioi A., Nishizawa Y., Mori K., et al. Phosphate regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Circ Res 87 (2000) E10-E17
80. Fischer J.W., Steitz S.A., Johnson P.Y., Burke A., Kolodgie F., Virmani R., et al. Decorin promotes aortic smooth muscle cell calcification and colocalizes to calcified regions in human atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 (2004) 2391-2396
81. Bonucci E., and Sadun R. Dihydrotachysterol-induced aortic calcification. A histochemical and ultrastructural investigation. Clin Orthop Relat Res (1975) 283-294
82. Price P.A., June H.H., Buckley J.R., and Williamson M.K. Osteoprotegerin inhibits artery calcification induced by warfarin and by vitamin D. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001) 1610-1616
83. Jono S., Nishizawa Y., Shioi A., and Morii H. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases in vitro vascular calcification by modulating secretion of endogenous parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Circulation 98 (1998) 1302-1306
84. Tanimura A., McGregor D.H., and Anderson H.C. Matrix vesicles in atherosclerotic calcification. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 172 (1983) 173-177
85. Kim K.M. Calcification of matrix vesicles in human aortic valve and aortic media. Fed Proc 35 (1976) 156-162
86. Bobryshev Y.V. Calcification of elastic fibers in human atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerosis 180 (2005) 293-303
87. Price P.A., Caputo J.M., and Williamson M.K. Bone origin of the serum complex of calcium, phosphate, fetuin, and matrix Gla protein: biochemical evidence for the cancellous bone-remodeling compartment. J Bone Miner Res 17 (2002) 1171-1179
88. Price P.A., June H.H., Buckley J.R., and Williamson M.K. SB 242784, a selective inhibitor of the osteoclastic V-H+ATPase, inhibits arterial calcification in the rat. Circ Res 91 (2002) 547-552
89. Moe S.M., and Chen N.X. Pathophysiology of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Circ Res 95 (2004) 560-567
90. Parhami F., Garfinkel A., and Demer L.L. Role of lipids in osteoporosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 (2000) 2346-2348
91. Parhami F., and Demer L.L. Arterial calcification in face of osteoporosis in ageing: can we blame oxidized lipids?. Current Opinion in Lipidology 8 (1997) 312-314
92. Price P.A., Faus S.A., and Williamson M.K. Warfarin-induced artery calcification is accelerated by growth and vitamin D. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 (2000) 317-327
93. Essalihi R., Dao H.H., Gilbert L.A., Bouvet C., Semerjian Y., McKee M.D., et al. Regression of medial elastocalcinosis in rat aorta: a new vascular function for carbonic anhydrase. Circulation 112 (2005) 1628-1635
94. Katsumata K., Kusano K., Hirata M., Tsunemi K., Nagano N., Burke S.K., et al. Sevelamer hydrochloride prevents ectopic calcification and renal osteodystrophy in chronic renal failure rats. Kidney Int 64 (2003) 441-450
95. Price P.A., Roublick A.M., and Williamson M.K. Artery calcification in uremic rats is increased by a low protein diet and prevented by treatment with ibandronate. Kidney Internat 70 (2006) 1577-1583
96. Bostrom K., Tsao D., Shen S., Wang Y., and Demer L.L. Matrix GLA protein modulates differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 in C3H10T1/2 Cells. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 14044-14052
97. Zebboudj A.F., Shin V., and Bostrom K. Matrix GLA protein and BMP-2 regulate osteoinduction in calcifying vascular cells. J Cell Biochem 90 (2003) 756-765
98. Jono S., Peinado C., and Giachelli C.M. Phosphorylation of osteopontin is required for inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 20197-20203
99. Sato Y., Nakamura R., Satoh M., Fujishita K., Mori S., Ishida S., et al. Thyroid hormone targets matrix Gla protein gene associated with vascular smooth muscle calcification. Circ Res 97 (2005) 550-557
100. Rutsch F., Ruf N., Vaingankar S., Toliat M.R., Suk A., Hohne W., et al. Mutations in ENPP1 are associated with 'idiopathic' infantile arterial calcification. Nat Genet 34 (2003) 379-381
101. Bennett B.J., Scatena M., Kirk E.A., Rattazzi M., Varon R.M., Averill M., et al. Osteoprotegerin inactivation accelerates advanced atherosclerotic lesion progression and calcification in older ApoE-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 (2006) 2117-2124
102. Galis Z.S., and Khatri J.J. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Circ Res 90 (2002) 251-262
103. Ortega N., Behonick D., Stickens D., and Werb Z. How Proteases regulate bone morphogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 995 (2003) 109-116
104. Mannello F., Tonti G.A.M., Bagnara G.P., and Papa S. Role and function of matrix metalloproteinases in the differentiation and biological characterization of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 24 (2006) 475-481
105. Lai C.-F., Seshadri V., Huang K., Shao J.-S., Cai J., Vattikuti R., et al. An osteopontin-NADPH oxidase signaling cascade promotes pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9 activation in aortic mesenchymal cells. Circ Res 98 (2006) 1479-1489