The spread of grass-dominated habitats in Turkey and surrounding areas during the Cenozoic: Phytolith evidence

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 250, Issue 1-4, 2007, Pages 18-49

  Strömberg, Caroline A E ^a   Werdelin, Lars ^a   Friis, Else Marie ^a   Saraç, Gerçek ^b  

^a SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

^b GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF MINERAL RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Cenozoic; Europe; Grassland evolution; Mediterranean; Paleoecology; Phytoliths

Indexed keywords

CENOZOIC; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; EVOLUTION; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; GRASS; HORSE; MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT; MIOCENE; PALEOECOLOGY; PHYTOLITH; SAVANNA;

ASIA; EURASIA; EUROPE; GREECE; IRAN; MIDDLE EAST; SOUTHERN EUROPE; TURKEY;

BAMBUSA; EQUIDAE; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; POACEAE; UNGULATA;

EID: 34249292597     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.012     Document Type: Article

References (241)

1. Abel O. Lebensbildler aus der Tierwelt der Vorzeit (1927), G. Fischer, Jena 714 pp.
2. Agustí J., Cabrera L., Garcés M., and Llenas M. Mammal turnover and global climate change in the late Miocene terrestrial record of the Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Spain). In: Agustí J., Rook L., and Andrews P. (Eds). Hominoid Evolution and Climate Change in Europe. The Evolution of Neogene Terrestrial Ecosystems in Europe vol. I (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 397-412
3. Akgün F., Kaya T., Forstén A., and Atalay Z. Biostratigraphic data (Mammalia and Palynology) from the Upper Miocene Üncesu Formation at Düzyayla (Hafik-Sivas, Central Anatolia). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 9 (2000) 57-67
4. Akgün F., Akay E., and Erdoǧan B. Tertiary terrestrial to shallow marine deposition in central Anatolia: a palynological approach. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 11 (2002) 127-160
5. Akman Y., and Ketenoǧlu O. The climate and vegetation of Turkey. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Series B 89 (1986) 123-134
6. Albert R.M., and Weiner S. Study of phytoliths in prehistoric ash layers from Kebara and Tabun caves using a quantitative approach. In: Meunier J.D., and Colin F. (Eds). Phytoliths: Applications in Earth Sciences and Human History (2001), A.A. Balkema Publishers, Lisse 251-266
7. Alexandre A., Meunier J.-D., Lezine A.-M., Vincens A., and Schwartz D. Phytoliths: indicators of grassland dynamics during the late Holocene in intertropical Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 136 (1997) 213-229
8. Alexandre A., Meunier J.-D., Mariotti A., and Soubies F. Late Holocene phytolith and carbon-isotope record from a Latosol at Salitre, South-Central Brazil. Quaternary Research 51 (1999) 187-194
9. Alpagut B., Andrews P., Fortelius M., Kappelman J., Temizsoy I., Celebi H., and Lindsay W. A new specimen of Ankarapithecus meteai from the Sinap Formation of central Anatolia. Nature 382 (1996) 349-351
10. Andrews P. Palaeoecology of the Miocene fauna from Paşalar, Turkey. Journal of Human Evolution 19 4-5 (1990) 569-582
11. Archibold O.W. Ecology of World Vegetation (1995), Chapman and Hall, London
12. Axelrod D.I. Evolution and biogeography of Madrean-Tethyan sclerophyll vegetation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 62 2 (1975) 280-334
13. Banana A.Y., and Tweheyo M. The ecological changes of Echuya afromontane bamboo forest, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 39 4 (2001) 366-373
14. Barboni D., Bonnefille R., Alexandre A., and Meunier J.-D. Phytoliths as paleoenvironmental indicators, West Side Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 152 (1999) 87-100
15. Barboni D., Bremond L., and Bonnefille R. Comparative study of modern phytolith assemblages from inter-tropical Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 246 (2007) 454-470
16. Beden M., and Brunet M. Faunes de mammifères et paléobiogéographie des domaines indiens et péri-indiens au Néogène. In: Fort P.l., Colchen M., and Montenat C. (Eds). Evolution des domaines orogéniques d'Asie méridionale (de la Turquie à l'Indoésie). Mémoires, Sciences de le Terre, Paris (1986) 61-87
17. Begun D.R., Güleç E., and Geraads D. Dispersal patterns of Eurasian hominoids: Implications from Turkey. In: Reumer J.W.F., and Wessels W. (Eds). Distribution and Migration of Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia. A volume in Honour of Hans de Bruijn. DEINSEA (2003) 23-39
18. Benda L. Principles of the palynologic subdivision of the Turkish Neogene. Newsletter on Stratigraphy 1 3 (1971) 23-26
19. Benda L., and Meulenkamp J.E. Biostratigraphic correlations in the eastern Mediterranean Neogene. Annales Géologiques de Pays Helléniques, 1 (7th International Congress on the Mediterranean Neogene) (1979) 61-70
20. In: Berggren W.A., Kent D.V., Aubry M.-P., and Hardenbol J. (Eds). Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. S.E.P.M. Special Publication vol. 54 (1995)
21. Bernor R.L. Geochronology and zoogeographic relationships of Miocene Hominoidea. In: Ciochon R.L., and Corruccini R.S. (Eds). New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry (1983), Plenum Publishing Company 21-64
22. Bernor R.L. A zoogeographic theatre and biochronological play: the time/biofacies phenomena of Eurasian and African Miocene mammal provinces. Paléobiologie Continentale 14 2 (1984) 121-142
23. Bernor R.L. Mammalian biostratigraphy, geochronology, and zoogeographic relationships of the late Miocene Maragheh fauna, Iran. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6 (1986) 76-95
24. Bernor R.L., and Hussain S.T. An assessment of the systematic, phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of Siwalik hipparionine horses. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5 1 (1985) 32-87
25. Bernor R.L., and Scott R.S. New interpretations of the systematics, biogeography and paleoecology of the Sahabi hipparions (latest Miocene) (Libya). Geodiversitas 25 2 (2003) 297-319
26. Bernor R.L., Andrews P.J., Solounias N., and Van Couvering J.A.H. The evolution of "Pontian" mammal faunas: some zoogeographic, palaeoecologic and chronostratigraphic considerations. Annales Géologiques de Pays Helléniques. Tome hors série 1 (1979) 81-89
27. Bernor R.L., Andrews P., de Bruijn H., Fortelius M., Rögl F., Steininger F.F., and Werdelin L. The evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene mammalian faunas: a chronologic, systematic, biogeographic, and paleoenvironmental synthesis. In: Bernor R.L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann H.-W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia University Press, New York 449-469
28. In: Bernor R.L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann H.-W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia University Press, New York
29. Bernor R.L., Solounias N., Swisher III C.C., and van Couvering J.A. The correlation of three classical "Pikermian" mammal faunas - Maragheh, Samos, and Pikermi - with the European MN unit system. In: Bernor R.L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann H.-W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia University Press, New York 137-145
30. Bernor R.L., Armour-Chelu M., Kaiser T.M., and Scott R.S. An evaluation of the late MN 9 (Late Miocene, Vallesian Age), Hipparion assemblage from Rudabánya (Hungary): systematic background, functional anatomy and paleoecology. Coloquios de Paleontología, Volumen Extraordinario 1 (2003) 35-45
31. Bernor R.L., Scott R.S., Fortelius M., Kappelman J., and Sen S. Chapter 11. Equidae (Perissodactyla). In: Fortelius M., Kappelman J., Sen S., and Bernor R.L. (Eds). Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey (2003), Columbia University Press, New York 220-281
32. Blinnikov M.S. Phytoliths in plants and soils of the interior Pacific Northwest, USA. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 135 (2005) 71-98
33. Blinnikov M.S., Busacca A., and Whitlock C. Reconstruction of the late Pleistocene grassland of the Columbia basin, Washington, USA, based on phytolith records in loess. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 177 1-2 (2002) 77-101
34. Bocherens H., and Sen S. Pliocene vertebrate locality of Çalta, Ankara, Turkey. 11. Isotopic investigation. Geodiversitas 20 (1998) 487-495
35. Bocherens H., Fizet M., Mariotti A., Bellon G., and Borel J.P. Les gisements de mammifères du Miocène supérieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 10. Biogéochimie isotopique. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4e Séries, 16, Section C 1 (1994) 211-223
36. Bonis L.d., Bouvrain G., and Geraads D. Artiodactyles du Miocène supérieur de Macédonie (Grèce). Annales Géologiques de Pays Helléniques, Hors Série 1979 1 (1979) 167-175
37. Bonis L.d., Bouvrain G., Geraads D., and Koufos G. Diversity and paleoecology of Greek Late Miocene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 91 1-2 (1992) 99-121
38. Bonis L.d., Bouvrain G., Geraads D., Koufos G.D., Sen S., and Tassy P. Les gisements de mammifères du Miocène supérieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 11. Biochronologie, paléoécologie et relations paléobiogéographiques. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4e Séries, 16, Section C 1 (1994) 225-240
39. Bozarth S.R. Classification of opal phytoliths formed in selected dicotyledons native to the Great Plains. In: Rapp G.J., and Mulholland S.C. (Eds). Phytolith Systematics. Emerging Issues. Advances in Archaeological and Museum Science (1992), Plenum Press, New York 193-214
40. Bozarth S.R. Biosilicate assemblages of boreal forests and aspen parklands. In: Pearsall D.M., and Piperno D.R. (Eds). Current research in phytolith analysis: applications in archaeology and paleoecology. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology. University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (1993) 95-105
41. Bozkurt E. Neotectonics of Turkey-a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta 14 (2001) 3-30
42. Bremond L., Alexandre A., Véla E., and Guiot J. Advantages and disadvantages of phytolith analysis for the reconstruction of Mediterranean vegetation: an assessment based on modern phytolith, pollen and botanical data (Luberon, France). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 129 (2004) 213-228
43. Bremond L., Alexandre A., Hély C., and Guiot J. A phytolith index as a proxy of tree cover density in tropical areas: Calibration with Leaf Area Index along a forest-savanna transect in southeastern Cameroon. Global and Planetary Change 45 (2005) 277-293
44. Bremond L., Alexandre A., Peyron O., and Guiot J. Grass water stress estimated from phytoliths in West Africa. Journal of Biogeography 32 (2005) 311-327
45. Bruch A.A., Utescher T., Mosbrugger V., Gabrielyan I., and Ivanov D.A. Late Miocene climate in the circum-Alpine realm-a quantitative analysis of terrestrial palaeofloras. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 238 1-4 (2006) 270-280
46. de Bruijn H., Damms R., Daxner-Höck G., Fahlbusch V., Ginsburg L., Mein P., and Morales J. Report of the RCMNS working group on fossil mammals, Reisensburg 1990. Newsletter on Stratigraphy 26 (1992) 65-118
47. Campbell B.G., Amini M.H., Bernor R.L., Dickinson W., Drake R., Morris R., Van Couvering J.A., and Van Couvering J.A.H. Maragheh: a classical late Miocene vertebrate locality in norhtwestern Iran. Nature 287 5785 (1980) 837-841
48. Carnelli A.L., Theurillat J.-P., and Madella M. Phytolith types and type-frequencies in subalpine-alpine plant species of the European Alps. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 129 (2004) 39-65
49. Cerling T.E., Harris J.M., MacFadden B.J., Leakey M.G., Quade J., Eisenmann V., and Ehleringer J.R. Global change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 389 (1997) 153-158
50. Chandler M.E.J. The Lower Tertiary floras of Southern England IV. A Summary and Survey of Findings in the Light of Recent Botanical Observations (1964), British Museum (Natural History), London 151 pp.
51. Collinson M.E. Vegetational and floristic changes around the Eocene/Oligocene boundary in western and central Europe. In: Prothero D.R., and Berggren W.A. (Eds). Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution (1992), Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 437-450
52. Collinson M.E., and Hooker J.J. Paleogene vegetation of Eurasia: framework for mammalian faunas. In: Reumer J.W.F., and Wessels W. (Eds). Distribution and Migration of Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia. A Volume in Honour of Hans de Bruijn. DEINSEA (2003) 41-83
53. Damuth J., and Fortelius M. Reconstructing mean annual precipitation, based on mammalian dental morphology and local species richness. In: Agustí J., and Oms O. (Eds). EEDEN Programme Plenary Workshop on Late Miocene to Early Pliocene Environments and Ecosystems. European Science Foundation (2001) 23-24
54. Dansereau P. Biogeography, an Ecological Perspective (1957), Ronald Press, New York
55. de Mecquenem R. Contribution à l'étude des fossiles de Maragha. Annales de Paléontologie 14 (1925) 1-36
56. Dennell R., and Roebroeks W. An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa. Nature 438 (2005) 1099-1104
57. Dugas D.P., and Retallack G.J. Middle Miocene fossil grasses from Fort Ternan, Kenya. Journal of Paleontology 67 (1993) 113-128
58. Edwards D.C. A vegetation map of Kenya with particular reference to grassland types. Journal of Ecology 28 2 (1940) 377-385
59. Fauquette S., Suc J.-P., Bertini A., Popescu S.-M., Warny S., Bachiri Taoufiq N., Perez Villa M.-J., Chikhi H., Feddi N., and Subally D. How much did climate force the Messinian salinity crisis? Quantified climatic conditions from pollen records in the Mediterranean region. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 238 1-4 (2006) 281-301
60. Forstén A., and Kaya T. The hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae) from Gülpinar (Çanakkale, Turkey). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 39 3-4 (1995) 491-501
61. Fortelius, M. (coordinator), 2006. Neogene of the Old World Database of Fossil Mammals (NOW). University of Helsinki. http://www.helsinki.fi/science/now/.
62. Fortelius M., and Hokkanen A. The trophic context of hominoid occurrence in the Later Miocene of Western Eurasia - a primate-free view. In: Bonis L.d., Koufos G.D., and Andrews P. (Eds). Hominoid Evolution and Climate Change. Phylogeny of the Neogene Hominoid Primates of Eurasia vol. 2 (2001), Cambridge University Press, London 19-47
63. Fortelius M., Werdelin L., Andrews P., Bernor R.L., Gentry A., Humphrey L., Mittmann H.-W., and Viranta S. Provinciality, diversity, turnover and paleoecology in land mammal faunas of the later Miocene of western Eurasia. In: Bernor R.L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann H.-W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia University Press, New York 414-448
64. Fortelius M., Eronen J.T., Jernvall J., Liu L., Pushkina D., Rinne J., Tesakov A., Vislobokova I.A., Zhang Z., and Zhou L. Fossil mammals resolve regional patterns of Eurasian climate change during 20 million years. Evolutionary Ecology Research 4 (2002) 1005-1016
65. Fortelius M., Eronen J., Liu L.P., Pushkina D., Tesakov A., Vislobokova I., and Zhang Z.Q. Continental-scale hypsodonty patterns, climatic paleobiogeography and dispersal of Eurasian Neogene large mammal herbivores. In: Reumer J.W.F., and Wessels W. (Eds). Distribution and Migration of Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia. A Volume in Honour of Hans de Bruijn. DEINSEA (2003) 1-11
66. Fortelius M., Eronen J., Liu L., Pushkina D., Tesakov A., Vislobokova I., and Zhang Z. Late Miocene and Pliocene large land mammals and climatic changes in Eurasia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 238 1-4 (2006) 219-227
67. Fredlund G.G., and Tieszen L.L. Modern phytolith assemblages from the North American Great Plains. Journal of Biogeography 21 (1994) 321-335
68. Fredlund G.G., and Tieszen L.L. Phytolith and carbon evidence for Late Quaternary vegetation and climate change in the Southern Black Hills, South Dakota. Quaternary Research 47 (1997) 206-217
69. Gabunia L.K., and Chochieva K.I. Co-evolution of the Hipparion fauna and vegetation in the Paratethys region. Evolutionary Theory 6 (1982) 1-13
70. Garcés M., Agustí J., Cabrera L., and Parés J.M. Magnetostratigraphy of the Vallesian (late Miocene) in the Vallès-Penedès Basin (northeast Spain). Geology 25 1 (1996) 19-22
71. Garcés M., Cabrera L., Agustí J., and Parés J.M. Old World First Appearance Datum of "Hipparion" horses: Late Miocene large mammal dispersal and global events. Geology 25 1 (1997) 19-22
72. Garcés M., Krijgsman W., and Agustí J. Chronology of the late Turolian deposits of the Fortuna basin (SE Spain): Implications for the Messinian evolution of the eastern Betics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 163 (1998) 69-81
73. Gaudry A. Animaux fossiles et géologie de l'Attique (1862-1867), Martinet, Paris
74. Geraads D., and Güleç E. A Bramatherium skull (Giraffidae, Mammalia) from the upper Miocene of Kavakdere (Central Turkey). Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey 121 (1999) 51-56
75. Geraads D., and Güleç E. On some spiral-horned antelopes (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from the Late Miocene of Turkey, with remarks on their distribution. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 73 3/4 (1999) 403-409
76. Geraads D., Güleç E., and Saraç G. Middle Miocene ruminants from Inönü, Central Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Monatshefte 8 462-474 (1995)
77. Geraads D., Güleç E., and Kaya T. Sinotragus (Bovidae, Mammalia) from Turkey and the Late Miocene Middle Asiatic Province. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Monatshefte 2002 8 (2002) 477-489
78. Geraads D., Begun D.R., and Güleç E. The middle Miocene hominoid site of Çandir, Turkey: general paleoecological conclusions from the mammalian fauna. In: Güleç E., Begun D.R., and Geraads D. (Eds). Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of the Middle Miocene Hominoid Locality Çandir (Central Anatolia, Turkey) (2003), Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg 211-215
79. Geraads D., Kaya T., and Mayda S. Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli{dotless}, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 3 (2005) 523-544
80. Giaourtsakis I.X. Dispersal patterns of Eurasian hominoids: Implications from Turkey. In: Reumer J.W.F., and Wessels W. (Eds). Distribution and migration of Tertiary mammals in Eurasia. A volume in honour of Hans de Bruijn. DEINSEA (2003) 235-253
81. GPWG (Grass Phylogeny Working Group). Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (2001) 373-457
82. Graham A. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of North American Vegetation (1999), Oxford University Press, New York 350 pp.
83. Gregor H.-J. Contributions to the late Neogene and early Quaternary floral history of the Mediterranean. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 62 (1990) 309-338
84. Gromova V. Le genre Hipparion. Trudy Paleontological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R 36 (1952) 1-473 (in Russian)
85. Güleç E., Begun D.R., and Geraads D. Geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Middle Miocene hominoid locality Candir (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 240 (2003) 1-265
86. Gürbüz K., and Gül M. Evolution of and factors controlling Eocene sedimentation in the Darende-Balaban Basin, Malatya (Eastern Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 14 (2005) 311-335
87. Gürbüz M. Inönü (KB Ankara) Orta Miyosenindeki Hemicyon sansaniensis (Ursidae) turunum tanimlanmasi ve stratigrafik yayilimi. Bulletin C of the Geological Society of Turkey 24 (1981) 85-90
88. Hammer Ø., Harper D.A.T., and Ryan P.D. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4 1 (2001) 1-9. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm
89. Haq B.U., Hardenbol J., and Vail P.R. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 235 (1987) 1156-1167
90. Hayek L.A.C., Bernor R.L., Solounias N., and Steigerwald P. Preliminary studies of hipparionine horse diet as measured by tooth microwear. In: Forstén A., Fortelius M., and Werdelin L. (Eds). Björn Kurtén-A Memorial Volume. Annales Zoologici Fennici (1992) 187-200
91. Heissig K. Family Rhinocerotidae. In: Rössner G.E., and Heissig K. (Eds). The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe (1999), Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München 175-188
92. Hernández Fernández M., and Peláez-Campomanes P. Ecomorphological characterization of Murinae and hypsodont "Cricetidae" (Rodentia) from the Iberian Plio-Pleistocene. Coloquios de Paleontología, Volumen Extraordinario 1 (2003) 237-251
93. ICPN Working Group, Madella M., Alexandre A., and Ball T. International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature 1.0. Annals of Botany 96 (2005) 253-260
94. Innocenti F., Agostini S., Di Vincenzo G., Doglioni C., Manetti P., Savaşçin M.Y., and Tonarini S. Neogene and Quaternary volcanism in Western Anatolia: magma sources and geodynamic evolution. Marine Geology 221 (2005) 397-421
95. Ioakim C., and Solounias N. A radiometrically dated pollen flora from the Upper Miocene of Samos Island Greece. Revue de Micropaléontologie 28 3 (1985) 197-204
96. Ioakim C., Rondoyanni T., and Mettos A. The Miocene Basins of Greece (Eastern Mediterranean) from a palaeoclimatic perspective. Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève 24 2 (2005) 735-748
97. Jacinto Tabanez A.A., and Viana V.M. Patch structure within Brazilian Atlantic forest fragments and implications for conservation. Biotropica 32 4 (2000) 925-933
98. Jacobs B.F., Kingston J.D., and Jacobs L.L. The origin of grass-dominated ecosystems. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 2 (1999) 590-643
99. Janis C.M. The use of fossil ungulate communities as indicators of climate and environment. In: Brenchley P. (Ed). Fossils and Climate (1984), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., London 85-104
100. Janis C.M. An estimation of tooth volume and hypsodonty indices in ungulate mammals, and the correlation of these factors with dietary preferences. In: Russel D.E., Santoro J.-P., and Sigogneau-Russel D. (Eds). Teeth Revisited: Proceedings of the VIIth International Symposium on Dental Morphology. Memoires de Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Series C, Paris, France (1988) 367-387
101. Janis C.M. Tertiary mammal evolution in the context of changing climates, vegetation, and tectonic events. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24 (1993) 467-500
102. Janis C.M., and Fortelius M. On the means whereby mammals achieve increased functional durability of their dentitions with special reference to limiting factors. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 63 2 (1988) 197-230
103. Kaiser T.M. The dietary regimes of two contemporaneous populations of Hippotherium primigenium (Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Vallesian (Upper Miocene) of Southern Germany. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 198 (2003) 381-402
104. Kaiser T.M., and Fortelius M. Differential mesowear in occluding upper and lower molars: opening mesowear analysis for lower molars and premolars in hypsodont horses. Journal of Morphology 258 (2003) 67-83
105. Kaiser T.M., and Solounias N. Extending the tooth mesowear method to extinct and extant equids. Geodiversitas 25 2 (2003) 321-345
106. Kappelman J., Maas M.C., Sen S., Alpagut B., Fortelius M., and Lunkka J.-P. A new early Tertiary mammalian fauna from Turkey and its paleobiogeographic significance. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 3 (1996) 592-595
107. Kappelman J., Sen S., Fortelius M., Duncan A., Alpagut B., Crabaugh J., Gentry A., Lunkka J.P., McDowell F., Solounias N., Viranta S., and Werdelin L. Chronology and biostratigraphy of the Miocene Sinap Formation of Central Turkey. In: Bernor R.L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann H.-W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia University Press, New York 78-95
108. Kappelman J., Duncan A., Feseha M., Lunkka J.-P., Ekart D., McDowell F., Ryan T.M., and Swisher III C.C. Chapter 2. Chronology. In: Fortelius M., Kappelman J., Sen S., and Bernor R.L. (Eds). Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey (2003), Columbia University Press, New York 41-66
109. Karadenizli L., Seyitoǧlu G., Sen S., Arnaud N., Kazanci N., Saraç G., and Alçiçek C. Mammal bearing late Miocene tuffs of the Akkaşdaǧi{dotless} region; distribution, age, petrographical and geochemical characteristics. In: Sen S. (Ed). Geology, mammals and environments at Akkaşdaǧi{dotless}, late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Géodiversitas (2005) 553-566
110. Kaya T. Odontological variations of the Hipparions from Gülpmar (Çanakkale). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey 25 (1982) 127-135
111. Kaya T., Geraads D., and Tuna V. A new Middle Miocene mammalian fauna from Mordoǧan (Western Turkey). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 77 2 (2003) 293-302
112. Kaymakçi{dotless} N. Tectono-stratigraphical evolution of the Çanki{dotless}ri{dotless} Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Geologica Ultraiectina, Medeleningen van de Faculteit Aardwetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht (No. 190): (2001) 1-247
113. Kazanci N., Sen S., Seyitoglu G., Bonis L.d., Bouvrain G., Araz H., Varol B., and Karadenizli L. Geology of a new Late Miocene mammal locality in central Anatolia, Turkey. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (Paris) 329 (1999) 503-510
114. Kazanci N., Karadenizli L., Seyitoǧlu G., Sen S., Alçiçek M.C., Varol B., Saraç G., and Hakyemez Y. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkaşdaǧi{dotless} area, Turkey. In: Sen S. (Ed). Geology, Mammals and Environments at Akkaşdaǧi{dotless}, Late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Géodiversitas (2005) 527-551
115. Kealhofer L., and Piperno D. Opal phytoliths in Southeast Asian Flora. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 88 (1998) 1-39
116. Kelling G., Robertson A., and Van Buchem F. Cenozoic sedimentary basins of southern Turkey: in introduction. Sedimentary Geology 173 (2005) 1-13
117. Kidder D.L., and Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H. Impact of grassland radiation on the nonmarine silica cycle and Miocene diatomite. Palaios 20 2 (2005) 198-206
118. Koçyi{dotless}ǧi{dotless}t A. An example of an accretionary forearc basin from northern Central Anatolia and its implications for the history of subduction of Neo-Tethys in Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 103 (1991) 22-36
119. Kondo R., Childs C., and Atkinson I. Opal phytoliths of New Zealand (1994), Manaaki Whenua Press, Canterbury, New Zealand 85 pp.
120. Kostopoulos D.S., Sen S., and Koufos G.D. Magnetostratigraphy and revised chronology of the late Miocene mammal localities of Samos, Greece. International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geologische Rundschau) 92 (2003) 779-794
121. Koufos G.D. Late Miocene mammal events and biostratigraphy in the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Reumer J.W.F., and Wessels W. (Eds). Distribution and Migration of Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia. A Volume in Honour of Hans de Bruijn. DEINSEA (2003) 343-371
122. Kovar-Eder J. Vegetation dynamics in Europe during the Neogene. In: Reumer J.W.F., and Wessels W. (Eds). Distribution and Migration of Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia. A volume in Honour of Hans de Bruijn. DEINSEA (2003) 373-391
123. Kovar-Eder J., and Kvaček Z. Towards vegetation mapping based on the fossil plant record. In: Kvaček Z. (Ed). Neogene Vegetation and Climate Reconstructions. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica (2003) 7-13
124. Kovar-Eder J., Kvaček Z., Zastawniak E., Givulescu R., Hably L., Mihajlovic D., Teslenko J., and Walther H. Floristic trends in the vegetation of the Paratethys surrounding areas during Neogene time. In: Bernor R.L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann H.-W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia University Press, New York 395-413
125. Kovar-Eder J., Kvaček Z., Martinetto E., and Roiron P. Late Miocene to Early Pliocene vegetation of southern Europe (7-4 Ma) as reflected in the megafossil plant record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 238 1-4 (2006) 321-339
126. Krijgsman W. Magnetostratigraphic dating of the Çandi{dotless}r fossil locality (middle Miocene, Turkey). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 240 (2002) 41-87
127. Krijgsman W., Duermeijer C.E., Langereis C.G., Bruijn H.d., Saraç G., and Andriessen P.A.M. Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of late Oligocene to middle Miocene mammal-bearing continental deposits in Central Anatolia (Turkey). Newsletter on Stratigraphy 34 1 (1996) 13-29
128. Kurtén B. The Chinese Hipparion Fauna. Societas Scientarum Fennica. Commentationes Biologicae XIII 4 (1952) 1-82
129. Kurtén B. The age of mammals (1971), Weindefeld and Nicolson, London
130. Köhler M. Boviden des türkischen Miozäns (Känozoikum und Braunkohlen der Türkei). Paleontologia i Evolucio 21 (1987) 133-246
131. Leemans R., and Cramer W. The IIASA Database for Mean Monthly Values of Temperature, Precipitation and Cloudiness of a Global Terrestrial Grid (1991), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
132. Lentfer C.J., Cotter M.M., and Boyd W.E. Particle settling times for gravity sedimentation and centrifugation: a practical guide for palynologists. Journal of Archaeological Science 30 149-168 (2003)
133. Leopold E.B., Liu G., and Clay-Poole S. Low-biomass vegetation in the Oligocene?. In: Prothero D.R., and Berggren W.A. (Eds). Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution (1992), Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 399-420
134. Lopéz-Antoñanzas R., Sen S., and Saraç G. A new large ctenodactylid species from the Lower Miocene of Turkey. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 3 (2004) 676-688
135. Lunkka J.-P., Fortelius M., Kappelman J., and Sen S. Chronology and mammal faunas of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey. In: Agustí J., Rook L., and Andrews P. (Eds). The Evolution of Neogene Terrestrial Ecosystems in Europe. Hominoid Evolution and Climatic Change in Europe (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 238-264
136. Lunkka J.-P., Kappelman J., Ekart D., Crabaugh J., and Gibbard P. Chapter 1. Geology. In: Fortelius M., Kappelman J., Sen S., and Bernor R.L. (Eds). Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey (2003), Columbia University Press, New York 25-40
137. Maas M.C., Thewissen J.G.M., Sen S., Kazanci N., and Kappelman J. Enigmatic new ungulates from the Early Middle Eocene of central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 3 (2001) 578-590
138. MacFadden B.J. Fossil Horses (1992), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 369 pp.
139. MacFadden B.J. Origin and evolution of the grazing guild in New World terrestrial mammals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12 5 (1997) 182-187
140. Madella M. Ecological and climatic information of phytolith assemblage analogues from modern soil developed under herbaceous vegetation. The Phytolitharien. Bulletin of the Society for Phytolith Research 14 3 (2002) 12-13
141. Mai D.M. Development and regional differentiation of the European vegetation during the Tertiary. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162 (1987) 79-91
142. Mai D.M. Tertiäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas (1995), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 691 pp.
143. Manchester S.R. Biogeographical relationships of North American Tertiary floras. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (1999) 472-522
144. Mein P. Updating of MN zones. In: Lindsay E.H., Fahlbusch V., and Mein P. (Eds). European Neogene Mammal Chronology (1989), Plenum, New York 73-90
145. Merceron G., Blondel C., Brunet M., Sen S., Solounias N., Viriot L., and Heintz E. The Late Miocene paleoenvironment of Afghanistan as inferred from dental microwear in artiodactyls. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 207 (2004) 143-163
146. Merceron G., Bonis L.d., Viriot L., and Blondel C. Dental microwear of fossil bovids from northern Greece: paleoenvironmental conditions in the eastern Mediterranean during the Messinian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 217 (2005) 173-185
147. Merceron G., Bonis L.d., Viriot L., and Blondel C. Dental microwear of the late Miocene bovids of northern Greece: Vallesian/Turolian environmental changes and disappearance of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis?. Bulletin de la Sociétée Géologique de France 176 (2005) 475-484
148. Mettos A., Ioakim C., and Rondoyanni T. Palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographic evolution of Attica-Beotia (Central Greece). In: Koufos G.D., and Ioakim C.E. (Eds). Mediterranean Neogene Cyclostratigraphy in Marine-Continental Palaeoenvironments. Proceedings R. C. M. N. S. Interim Colloquium, Patras 1998. Geological Society of Greece Special Publication vol. 9 (2000), Geological Society of Greece, Athens 187-196
149. Mosbrugger V., Utescher T., and Dilcher D. Cenozoic continental climatic evolution of Central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 42 (2005) 14964-14969
150. Mulholland S.C. Phytolith shape frequencies in North Dakota grasses: A comparison to general patterns. Journal of Archaeological Science 16 (1989) 489-511
151. Nagatoshi K. Miocene hominoid environments of Europe and Turkey. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 61 (1987) 145-154
152. Norris G. Systematic and stratigraphic palynology of Eocene to Pliocene strata in the Imperial Nuktak C-22 Well, McKenzie, N.W.T. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 340 (1986) 1-99
153. Osborn H.F. The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia and North America (1910), The Macmillan Company, New York
154. Ozansoy F. Etudes des gisements continentaux et des mammifères du Cénozoïque de Turquie. Mémoires de de la Société Géologique de France 102 (1965) 1-92
155. Palamarev E. Paleobotanical evidences of the Tertiary history and origin of the Mediterranean sclerophyll dendroflora. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162 (1987) 93-107
156. Parry D.W., and Smithson F. Types of opaline silica depositions in the leaves of British grasses. Annals of Botany 28 (1964) 169-185
157. Parry D.W., and Smithson F. Opal silica in the inflorescences of some British grasses and cereals. Annals of Botany 30 (1966) 525-538
158. Pearsall D.M. Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of Procedures (2000), Academic Press, San Diego 470 pp.
159. Pinilla A., and Bustillo A. Sílicofitolitos en secencies arcillosas con silcretas. Mioceno Medio, Madrid. In: Pinilla A., Juan-Tresserras J., and Machado M.J. (Eds). The State of the Art of Phytoliths in Soils and Plants. Monografias del Centro de Ciencieas Medioambientales (1997), CSIC, Madrid 255-265
160. Piperno D.R. Phytolith Analysis, an Archaeological and Geological Perspective (1988), Academic Press, San Diego
161. Piperno D.R. Phytolith and charcoal records from deep lake cores in the American tropics. In: Pearsall D.M., and Piperno D.R. (Eds). Current Research in Phytolith Analysis: Applications in Archaeology and Paleoecology. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology. University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (1993), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 58-71
162. Piperno D.R. Phytoliths. In: Smol J.P., Birks H.J.B., and Last W.M. (Eds). Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators (2001), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands 235-251
163. Piperno D.R. Phytoliths: a Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and Paleoecologists (2006), AltaMira Press, New York 304 pp.
164. Piperno D.R., and Pearsall D.M. The silica bodies of tropical American grasses: Morphology, taxonomy, and implications for grass systematics and fossil phytolith identification. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 85 (1998) 1-40
165. Piperno D.R., and Sues H.-D. Dinosaurs dined on grass. Science 310 (2005) 1126-1128
166. Popescu S.-M. Late Miocene and early Pliocene environments in the southwestern Black Sea region from high-resolution palynology of DSDP Site 380A (Leg 42B). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 238 1-4 (2006) 64-77
167. In: Popov S.V., Rögl F., Rozanov A.Y., Steininger F.F., Shcherba I.G., and Kovac M. (Eds). Lithological-paleogeographic maps of Paratethys. 10 maps Late Eocene to Pliocene. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg vol. 250 (2004), E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Science Publishers, Frankfurt auf Main 46 pp.
168. Popov S.V., Shcherba I.G., Ilyina L.B., Nevesskaya L.A., Paramonova N.P., Khondkarian S.O., and Magyar I. Late Miocene to Pliocene palaeogeography of the Paratethys and its relation to the Mediterranean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 238 1-4 (2006) 91-106
169. Postek M.T. The occurrence of silica in the leaves of Magnolia grandiflora L. Botanical Gazette 142 1 (1981) 124-134
170. Prasad V., Strömberg C.A.E., Alimohammadian H., and Sahni A. Dinosaur coprolites and the early evolution of grasses and grazers. Science 310 (2005) 1177-1180
171. Quade J., Solounias N., and Cerling T.E. Stable isotopic evidence from paleosol carbonates and fossil teeth in Greece for forest or woodlands over the past 11 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 108 (1994) 41-53
172. Quade J., Cerling T.E., Andrews P., and Alpagut B. Paleodietary reconstruction of Miocene faunas from Paşalar, Turkey using stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of fossil tooth enamel. Journal of Human Evolution 28 4 (1995) 373-384
173. Retallack G.J. Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology (1990), Hyman Press, Boston, MA 520 pp.
174. Retallack G.J. Cenozoic expansion of grasslands and climatic cooling. Journal of Geology 109 (2001) 407-426
175. Rivas-Carballo M.R., Alonso-Gavilgm G., Valle M.F., and Civis J. Miocene palynology of the central sector of the Duero basin (Spain) in relation to palaeogeography and palaeoenvironment. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 82 (1994) 251-264
176. Rovner I. Potential of opal phytoliths for use in paleoecological reconstruction. Quaternary Research 1 (1971) 343-359
177. Rummel M. Tribe Cricetodontini. In: Rössner G.E., and Heissig K. (Eds). The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe (1999), Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München 359-364
178. Runge F. Opal Phytolithe in Pflantzen aus dem humiden und semi-ariden Osten Afrikas und ihre Bedeutung fur die Klima-und Vegetationsgeschichte. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 118 3 (1996) 303-363
179. Runge F. Evidence for land use history by opal phytolith analysis: examples from the central African tropics (eastern Kivu, D. R. Congo). In: Meunier J.D., and Colin F. (Eds). Phytoliths: Applications in Earth Sciences and Human History (2001), A.A. Balkema Publishers, Lisse 73-85
180. Rögl F. Mediterranean and Paratethys palaeogeography during the Oligocene and Miocene. In: Agustí J., Rook L., and Andrews P. (Eds). Hominoid Evolution and Climate Change in Europe. Vol. I. The Evolution of Neogene Terrestrial Ecosystems in Europe (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 8-22
181. Saki{dotless}nç M., Yalti{dotless}rak C., and Oktay F.Y. Palaeogeographic evolution of the Thrace Neogene Basin and the Tethys-Paratethys relations at northwestern Turkey (Thrace). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 153 (1999) 17-40
182. Sangster A.G., and Parry D.W. Some factors in relation to bulliform cell silicification in the grass leaf. Annals of Botany 33 (1969) 315-323
183. Sangster A.G., Hodson M.J., and Tubb H.J. Silicon deposition in higher plants. In: Datnoff L.E., Snyder G.H., and Korndörfer G.H. (Eds). Silicon in Agriculture (2001), Elsevier, Amsterdam 85-113
184. Saraç G. The Biostratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia-Perissodactyla) of the Continental Neogene Sediments in the Ankara Region (1994), PhD thesis, Ankara University, Ankara 214 pp.
185. Saraç G. Turkiye omurgali fosil yataklari. MTA (Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlügü) Derleme Rapor No. 10609, Ankara (2003)
186. Saraç G., Kaya T., and Geraads D. Ancylotherium pentelicum (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of central and western Turkey. Géobios 35 (2002) 241-251
187. Savaşçi{dotless} D., and Seyi{dotless}toǧlu G. Çanki{dotless}ri{dotless} havzasina ait Kumartaş ve Hancili formasyonlari{dotless} içerisinde çökelme ile eş yaşli{dotless} yapi{dotless}lar [=Synsedimentary structures in the Kumartaş and Hancili formations, Çanki{dotless}ri{dotless} basin]. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 47 (2004) 63-73
188. Scholes R.J., and Archer S.R. Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28 (1997) 517-544
189. Scotese C.R. Paleogeographic Atlas, PALEOMAP Progress Report 90-0497 (1997), Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
190. Scotese, C.R., 2002. http://www.scotese.com (PALEOMAP website).
191. Scott R.S., and Maga M. Paleoecology of the Akkaşdaǧi{dotless} hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae), late Miocene of Turkey. In: Sen S. (Ed). Geology, Mammals and Environments at Akkaşdaǧi{dotless}, Late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Géodiversitas (2005) 809-830
192. Sen S. Hipparion datum and its chronologic evidence in the Mediterranean area. In: Lindsay E.H., Fahlbusch V., and Mein P. (Eds). European Neogene Mammal Chronology (1989), Plenum, New York 495-505
193. Sen S., Bonis L.d., Dalfes N., Geraads D., and Koufos G.D. Les gisements de mammifères du Miocène supérieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 1. Stratigraphie et magnétostratigraphie. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4e Séries, 16, Section C 1 (1994) 5-17
194. Sickenberg O. Die Gliederung des höheren Jungtertiärs und Altquartärs in der Türkei nach Vertebraten und ihre Bedeutung für die internationale Neogen-Gliederung. Geologisches Jahrbuch. Reihe B, Regionale Geologie Ausland 15 (1975) 1-167
195. Simon J.L. Resampling: The New Statistics (1997), Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA 436 pp.
196. Simpson G.G. Horses: The Story of the Horse Family in the Modern World and through Sixty Million Years of History (1951), Oxford University Press, Oxford
197. Solounias N. The Turolian fauna from the island of Samos, Greece. Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution 6 (1981) 1-232
198. Solounias N., and Dawson-Saunders B. Dietary adaptations and paleoecology of the Late Miocene ruminants from Pikermi and Samos in Greece. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 65 3-4 (1988) 149-172
199. Solounias N., and Hayek L.A.C. New methods of tooth microwear analysis and application to dietary determination of two extinct antelopes. Journal of zoology: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 229 (1993) 421-445
200. Solounias N., and Moelleken S.M.C. Dietary adaptation of two Miocene goat ancestors and evolutionary implications. Geobios 6 (1992) 797-809
201. Solounias N., and Moelleken S.M.C. Dietary adaptation of some extinct ruminants determined by premaxillary shape. Journal of Mammalogy 74 4 (1993) 1059-1071
202. Solounias N., Teaford M., and Walker A. Interpreting the diet of extinct ruminants: the case of a non-browsing giraffid. Paleobiology 14 3 (1988) 287-300
203. Solounias N., Moelleken S.M.C., and Plavcan J.M. Predicting the diet of extinct bovids using masseteric morphology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (1995) 795-805
204. Solounias N., Plavkan J.M., Quade J., and Witmer L. The paleoecology of the Pikermian biome and the savanna myth. In: Agustí J., Rook L., and Andrews P. (Eds). The Evolution of Neogene Terrestrial Ecosystems in Europe (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 436-453
205. Spassov N., Tzankov T., and Geraads D. Late Neogene environments of southwest Bulgaria. In: Chatzipetros A., and Pavlides A. (Eds). Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, Thessaloniki, Greece (2004) 504-506
206. Stebbins G.L. Coevolution of grasses and herbivores. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 68 (1981) 75-86
207. Steininger F.F., Bernor R.L., and Fahlbusch V. European Neogene marine/continental chronologic correlations. In: Lindsay E.H., Fahlbusch V., and Mein P. (Eds). European Neogene Mammal Chronology (1989), Plenum, New York 15-46
208. Steininger F.F., Berggren W.A., Kent D.V., Bernor R.L., Sen S., and Agustí J. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. In: Bernor R.L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann H.-W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia University Press, New York 7-46
209. Stirton R.A. Observations on evolutionary rates in hypsodonty. Evolution 1 (1947) 34-41
210. Strömberg C.A.E. The origin and spread of grass-dominated ecosystems in the Late Tertiary of North America: Preliminary results concerning the evolution of hypsodonty. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 177 1-2 (2002) 59-75
211. Strömberg, C.A.E., 2003. The origin and spread of grass-dominated ecosystems during the Tertiary of North America and how it relates to the evolution of hypsodonty in equids. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 779 pp.
212. Strömberg C.A.E. Using phytolith assemblages to reconstruct the origin and spread of grass-dominated habitats in the Great Plains during the late Eocene to early Miocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 207 3-4 (2004) 239-275
213. Strömberg C.A.E. Decoupled taxonomic radiation and ecological expansion of open-habitat grasses in the Cenozoic of North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 34 (2005) 11980-11984
214. Strömberg C.A.E. The evolution of hypsodonty in equids: testing a hypothesis of adaptation. Paleobiology 32 2 (2006) 236-258
215. Suc J.-P. Origin and evolution of the Mediterranean vegetation and climate in Europe. Nature 307 2 (1984) 429-432
216. Suc J.-P., Fauquette S., Bessedik M., Bertini A., Zheng Z., Clauzon G., Suballyova D., Diniz F., Quézel P., Feddi N., Clet M., Bessais E., Bachiri Taoufiq N., Meon H., and Combourieu-Nebout N. Neogene vegetation changes in West European and West circum-Mediterranean areas. In: Agustí J., Rook L., and Andrews P. (Eds). The Evolution of Neogene Terrestrial Ecosystems in Europe (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 378-388
217. 39Ar dates and their contribution toward a revised chronology for the Late Miocene nonmarine of Europe and West Asia. In: Bernor R.L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann H.-W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia University Press, New York 64-77
218. Tekkaya İ. Preliminary report on the Bovidae fauna from Kayadibi, Konya. Bulletin M.T.A. 73 (1969) 155-160
219. Tekkaya İ. A note on the remains of fossils Bovidae of Gülpinar. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 16 2 (1973) 77-88
220. Thomasson J.R. Fossil grasses: 1820-1986 and beyond. In: Soderstrom T.R., Hilu K.W., Campbell C.S., and Barkworth M.E. (Eds). Grass Systematics and Evolution (1987), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 159-167
221. Thorn V.C. Phytoliths from subantarctic Campbell Island: plant production and soil surface spectra. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 132 (2004) 37-59
222. Tiffney B.H., and Manchester S.R. The use of geological and paleontological evidence in evaluating plant phylogeographic hypotheses in the northern hemisphere Tertiary. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162 6 Supplement (2001) S3-S17
223. Tobien H. Brief summary of Deinotherium lineages in 'Central Europe' and 'Eastern Mediterranean'. In: Bernor R.L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittman H.-W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia University Press, New York
224. Traverse A. Response of world vegetation to Neogene tectonic and climatic events. Alcheringia 6 (1982) 197-209
225. Twiss P.C., Suess E., and Smith R.M. Morphological classification of grass phytoliths. Proceedings - Soil Science Society of America 33 (1969) 109-115
226. Wallis L.A. An overview of leaf phytolith production patterns in selected northwest Australian flora. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 125 (2003) 201-248
227. van der Made J. Listriodontinae (Suidae, Mammalia), their evolution, systematics and distribution in time and space. Contributions to Tertiary and Quaternary Geology 33 (1996) 1-4
228. van der Made J. Aureliachoerus from Oberdorf and other Aragonian pigs from Styria. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A 99 (1998) 225-277
229. van der Made J. Chapter 13. Suoidea (Artiodactyla). In: Fortelius M., Kappelman J., Sen S., and Bernor R.L. (Eds). Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey (2003), Columbia University Press, New York 308-327
230. van der Made J., Morales J., Sen S., and Aslan F. The first camel from the Upper Miocene of Turkey and the dispersal of the camels into the Old World. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1 (2002) 117-122
231. van der Made J., Morales J., Sen S., and Aslan F. Chapter 14. Camelidae (Artiodactyla). In: Fortelius M., Kappelman J., Sen S., and Bernor R.L. (Eds). Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey (2003), Columbia University Press, New York 328-331
232. van der Made J., Morales J., and Montoya P. Late Miocene turnover in the Spanish mammal record in relation to palaeoclimate and the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 238 1-4 (2006) 228-246
233. Vasiliev I., Krijgsman W., Langereis C.G., Panaiotu C.E., Maşenco L., and Bertotti G. Towards an astrochronological framework for the eastern Paratethys Mio-Pliocene sedimentary sequences of the Focşani basin (Romania). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227 3-4 (2004) 231-247
234. Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J., 1992 onwards. Grass Genera of the World: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval; including Synonyms, Morphology, Anatomy, Physiology, Phytochemistry, Cytology, Classification, Pathogens, World and Local Distribution, and References. http://delta-intkey.com/.
235. Weidmann M., Solounias N., Drake R.E., and Curtis J. Neogene stratigraphy of the Mytilini Basin, Samos Island, Greece. Geobios 17 4 (1984) 477-490
236. Velitzelos E., and Gregor H.-J. Some aspects of the Neogene floral history in Greece. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 62 (1990) 291-307
237. Wing S.L. Tertiary vegetation of North America as a context for mammalian evolution. In: Janis C.M., Scott K.M., and Jacobs L.L. (Eds). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals in North America. 1. Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates and Ungulatelike Mammals (1998), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 37-65
238. Woodburne M.O., Bernor R.L., and Swisher III C.C. An appraisal of the stratigraphic and phylogenetic bases for the "Hipparion" Datum in the Old World. In: Bernor R.L., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann H.-W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia University Press, New York 124-136
239. Worobiec E., and Worobiec G. Leaves and pollen of bamboos from the Polish Neogene. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 133 (2005) 39-50
240. Yamamoto S.-I., Nishimura N., and Matsui K. Natural disturbance and tree species coexistence in an old-growth beech- dwarf bamboo forest, southwestern Japan. Journal of Vegetation Science 6 6 (1995) 875-886
241. Zazzo A., Mariotti A., Lécuyer C., and Heintz E. Intra-tooth isotope variations in late Miocene bovid enamel from Afghanistan: paleobiological, taphonomical, and climatic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 186 (2002) 145-161