Parameterization of convective transport in a Lagrangian particle dispersion model and its evaluation

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 403-422

  Forster, Caroline ^a,b   Stohl, Andreas ^a   Seibert, Petra ^c  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

^b GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND LIFE SCIENCES   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLIMATOLOGY; HEAT CONVECTION; MASS TRANSFER; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY);

CONVECTIVE MASS FLUXES; CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT; LAGRANGIAN PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL;

WEATHER FORECASTING;

AIRCRAFT; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; DATA SET; HUMIDITY; LAGRANGIAN ANALYSIS; MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; PARTICLE MOTION; STOCHASTICITY; TRACER; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EID: 34249052518     PISSN: 15588424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAM2470.1     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Arakawa, A., 2004: The cumulus parameterization problem: Past, present, and future. J. Climate, 17, 2493-2525.
2. Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701.
3. Charney, J. G., and A. Eliassen, 1964: On the growth of the hurricane depression. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 68-75.
4. Collins, W. J., R. D. Derwent, C. E. Johnson, and D. S. Stevenson, 2002: A comparison of two schemes for the convective transport of chemical species in a Lagrangian global chemistry model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 991-1009.
5. Cotton, W. R., and R. A. Anthes, 1992: Storm and Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 883 pp.
6. Cotton, W. R., R. D. Alexander, R. Hertenstein, R. L. Walko, R. L. McAnelly, and M. Nicholls, 1995: Cloud venting - A review and some new global annual estimates. Earth-Sci. Rev., 39, 169-206.
7. 222 using on-line and off-line global models at different horizontal resolutions: A detailed comparison with measurements. Tellus, 51B, 573-602.
8. Dörr, H., 1984: Investigation of the gas and water budgets in the unsaturated soil layer using carbon dioxide and radon 222 (in German). Ph.D. thesis, Universität Heidelberg, 87 pp.
9. Draxler, R. R., R. Dietz, R. J. Lagomarsino, and G. Start, 1991: Across North America Tracer Experiment (ANATEX) sampling and analysis. Atmos. Environ., 25A, 2815-2836.
10. Emanuel, K. A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585-604.
11. Emanuel, K. A., 1991: A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2313-2335.
12. Emanuel, K. A., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, 580 pp.
13. Emanuel, K. A., and D. J. Raymond, Eds., 1993: The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models. Meteor. Monogr., No. 46, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 246 pp.
14. Emanuel, K. A., and M. Živković-Rothman, 1999: Development and evaluation of a convection scheme for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1766-1782.
15. Emanuel, K. A., D. Neelin, and C. S. Bretherton, 1994: On large-scale circulations in convecting atmospheres. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1111-1143.
16. 3 precursors over the North Atlantic: An overview of the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) summer intensive. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28 877-28 892.
17. 222Radon measurements. Tellus, 42B, 100-117.
18. Ferber, G. J., J. L. Heffter, R. R. Draxler, R. J. Lagomarisino, F. L. Thomas, R. N. Dietz, and C. M. Benkwitz, 1986: Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX 83). Final report, NOAA Air Research Laboratories Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-142, 60 pp.
19. Forster, C., and Coauthors, 2001: Transport of boreal forest fire emissions from Canada to Europe. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22 887-22 906.
20. Forster, C., and Coauthors, 2004: Lagrangian transport model forecasts and a transport climatology for the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2k2) measurement campaign. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D07S92, doi:10.1029/2003JD003589.
21. Frank, W. M., 1978: The life cycle of GATE convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1256-1264.
22. Gregory, D., J.-J. Morcrette, C. Jacob, A. C. M. Beljaars, and T. Stickdale, 2000: Revision of convection, radiation, and cloud schemes in the ECMWF integrated forecasting system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 1685-1710.
23. 222Rn and other short-lived species. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5953-5970.
24. James, P., A. Stohl, C. Forster, S. Eckhardt, P. Seibert, and A. Frank, 2003a: A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model: 1. Methodology and validation. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8519, doi:10.1029/2002JD002637.
25. James, P., A. Stohl, C. Forster, S. Eckhardt, P. Seibert, and A. Frank, 2003b: A 15-year climatology of stratosphere - troposphere exchange with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model: 2. Mean climate, seasonal and interannual variability. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8522, doi:10.1029/2002JD002639.
26. Kållberg, P., P. Berrisford, B. Hoskins, A. Simmmons, S. Uppala, S. Lamy-Thépaut, and R. Hine, 2005: ERA-40 Atlas. Vol. 19, ERA-40 Project Report Series, ECMWT, 191 pp.
27. Kritz, M. A., S. W. Rosner, and D. Z. Stockwell, 1998: Validation of an off-line three-dimensional chemical transport model using observed radon profiles 1. Observations. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8425-8432.
28. Lelieveld, J., and P. J. Crutzen, 1994: Role of deep cloud convection in the ozone budget of the troposphere. Science, 264, 1759-1761.
29. Lin, X., F. Zaucker, E.-Y. Hsie, M. Trainer, and S. A. McKeen, 1996: Radon 222 simulations as a test of a three-dimensional regional transprort model. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29 165-29 177.
30. Luhar, A. K., M. F. Hibberd, and P. J. Hurley, 1996: Comparison of closure schemes used to specify the velocity PDF in Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models for convective conditions. Atmos. Environ., 30, 1407-1418.
31. Manabe, S., and R. F. Strickler, 1964: Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 361-385.
32. Nordeng, T. E., 1994: Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the tropics. ECMWF Research Department Tech. Memo. 206, 41 pp.
33. Olivié, D. J. L., P. F. J. van Velthoven, A. C. M. Beljaars, and H. M. Kelder, 2004: Comparison between archived and offline diagnosed convective mass fluxes in the chemistry transport model TM3. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11303, doi:10.1029/2003JD004036.
34. Ooyama, K. V., 1964: A dynamical model for the study of tropical cyclone development. Geofis. Int., 4, 187-198.
35. Ooyama, K. V., 1969: Numerical simulation of the life cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 3-40.
36. Ooyama, K. V., 1982: Conceptual evolution of the theory and modelling of the tropical cyclone. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 369-379.
37. Raymond, D. J., 1995: Regulation of moist convection over the West Pacific warm pool. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3945-3959.
38. Raymond, D. J., and A. M. Blyth, 1986: A stochastic model for nonprecipitating cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2708-2718.
39. Reithmeier, C., and R. Sausen, 2002: ATTILA: Atmospheric tracer transport in a Lagrangian model. Tellus, 54B, 278-299.
40. Riehl, H., and J. S. Malkus, 1959: On the heat balance of the equatorial through zone. Geophysica, 6, 503-538.
41. Seibert, P., and A. Frank, 2004: Source-receptor matrix calculation with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model in backward mode. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 51-63.
42. Seibert, P., B. Krüger, and A. Frank, 2001: Parametrisation of convective mixing in a Lagrangian particle dispersion model. Proc. Fifth GLOREAM Workshop, Wengen, Switzerland, EUROTRAC-2,8 pp.
43. Smith, R. K., 1997a: On the theory of CISK. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 407-418.
44. Smith, R. K., 1997b: The physics and the parameterization of moist atmospheric convection. Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, R. K. Smith, Ed., NATO ASI Series, Vol. 5, Kluwer Academic in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division, 498 pp.
45. Spichtinger, N., M. Wenig, P. James, T. Wagner, U. Platt, and A. Stohl, 2001: Satellite detection of a continental-scale plume of nitrogen oxides from boreal forest fires. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4579-4582.
46. Stockwell, D. Z., M. A. Kritz, M. P. Chipperfield, and J. A. Pyle, 1998: Validation of an off-line three-dimensional chemical transport model using observed radon profiles 2. Model results. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8433-8445.
47. Stohl, A., and D. J. Thomson, 1999: A density correction for Lagrangian particle dispersion models. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 90, 155-167.
48. Stohl, A., and T. Trickl, 1999: A textbook example of long-range transport: Simultaneous observation of ozone maxima of stratospheric and North American origin in the free troposphere over Europe. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30 445-30 462.
49. Stohl, A., and P. James, 2004: A Lagrangian analysis of the atmospheric branch of the global water cycle. Part I: Method description, validation, and demonstration for the August 2002 flooding in Central Europe. J. Hydrometeor., 5, 656-678.
50. Stohl, A., M. Hittenberger, and G. Wotawa, 1998: Validation of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART against large scale tracer experiment data. Atmos. Environ., 24, 4245-4264.
51. Stohl, A., C. Forster, A. Frank, P. Seibert, and C. Wotawa, 2005: Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461-2474.
52. Stunder, B. J. B., and R. R. Draxler, 1989: Across North America Tracer Experiment (ANATEX). Vol. Aircraft-based sampling. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-177, 29 pp.
53. Telford, J. W., 1975: Turbulence, entrainment and mixing in cloud dynamics. Pure Appl. Geophys., 113, 1067-1084.
54. Thomson, D. J., 1987: Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories inturbulent flows. J. Fluid Mech., 180, 529-556.
55. Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1800.
56. Tiedtke, M., 1993: Representation of cumulus clouds in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3040-3061.
57. Turekian, K. K., Y. Nozaki, and L. Benninger, 1977: Cheochemistry of atmospheric radon and radon product. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 5, 227-255.
58. Wotawa, G., and M. Trainer, 2000: The influence of Canadian forest fires on pollutant concentrations in the United States. Science, 288, 324-328.
59. 222Rn measurements during the 1993 NARE Intensive. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29 149-29 164.