Making generalizations about vectors: Is there a physiology of "the mosquito"?

Entomological Research

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-13

  Klowden, Marc J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavior; Host seeking; Mosquito; Physiology; Reproduction

Indexed keywords

AEDES AEGYPTI; ANOPHELES GAMBIAE;

EID: 34248385143     PISSN: 17382297     EISSN: 17485967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5967.2007.00044.x     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Alavi Y, Arai M, Mendoza J et al. (2003) The dynamics of interactions between Plasmodium and the mosquito: a study of the infectivity of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium gallinaceum, and their transmission by Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti. (Published corrigendum appears in 2004 International Journal for Parasitology 34: 245-247.) International Journal for Parasitology 33 : 933 943.
2. Anton S, van Loon JJA, Meijerink J, Smid HM, Takken W, Rospars J-P (2003) Central projections of olfactory receptor neurons from single antennal and palpal sensilla in mosquitoes. Arthropod Structure and Development 32 : 319 327.
3. Baker FC (1935) The effect of photoperiodism on resting, treehole mosquito larvae. Canadian Entomologist 67 : 149 153.
4. Barreau C, Conrad J, Fischer E, Lujan HD, Vernick KD (1999) Identification of surface molecules on salivary glands of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, by a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 29 : 515 526.
5. Bartholomay LC, Fuchs JF, Cheng LL et al. (2004) Reassessing the role of defensin in the innate immune response of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Insect Molecular Biology 13 : 125 132.
6. Baton LA, Ranford-Cartwright LC (2004) Plasmodium falciparum ookinete invasion of the midgut epithelium of Anopheles stephensi is consistent with the Time Bomb model. Parasitology 129 : 663 676.
7. Beerntsen BT, James AA, Christensen BM (2000) Genetics of mosquito vector competence. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64 : 115 137.
8. Billingsley PF (1990) The midgut ultrastructure of hematophagous insects. Annual Review of Entomology 35 : 219 248.
9. Bohbot J, Vogt RG (2005) Antennal expressed genes of the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti L.); characterization of odorant-binding protein 10 and takeout. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 35 : 961 979.
10. Bonnet S, Prevot G, Jacques JC, Boudin C, Bourgouin C (2001) Transcripts of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae that are differentially regulated in the midgut upon exposure to invasive stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Cellular Microbiology 3 : 449 458.
11. Boreham PFL, Garrett-Jones C (1973) Prevalence of mixed blood meals and double feeding in a malaria vector (Anopheles sacharovi Favre). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 48 : 605 614.
12. Boreham PFL, Lenahan JK, Boulzaguet R et al. (1979) Studies on multiple feeding by Anopheles gambiae s.l. in a Sudan savanna area of north Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73 : 418 423.
13. Borkent A, Grimaldi DA (2004) The earliest fossil mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae), in Mid-Cretaceous Burmease amber. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97 : 882 888.
14. Briegel H (1985) Mosquito reproduction: incomplete utilization of the blood meal protein for oogenesis. Journal of Insect Physiology 31 : 15 21.
15. Briegel H (1990a) Metabolic relationship between female body size, reserves, and fecundity of Aedes aegypti. Journal of Insect Physiology 3 : 165 172.
16. Briegel H (1990b) Fecundity, metabolism, and body size in Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), vectors of malaria. Journal of Medical Entomology 27 : 839 850.
17. Briegel H (2003) Physiological bases of mosquito ecology. Journal of Vector Ecology 28 : 1 11.
18. Briegel H, Hörler E (1993) Multiple blood meals as a reproductive strategy in Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 30 : 975 985.
19. Briegel H, Rezzonico L (1985) Concentration of host blood protein during feeding by anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 22 : 612 618.
20. Brogdon WG (1998) Measurement of flight tone differentiates among members of the Anopheles gambiae species complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 35 : 681 684.
21. Brown MR, Klowden MJ, Crim JW, Young L, Shrouder LA, Lea AO (1994) Endogenous regulation of mosquito host-seeking behavior by a neuropeptide. Journal of Insect Physiology 40 : 399 406.
22. Calvo E, Mans BJ, Andersen JF, Ribeiro JM (2006a) Function and evolution of a mosquito salivary protein family. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 : 1935 1942.
23. Calvo E, Pham VM, Lombardo F, Arca B, Ribeiro JM (2006b) The sialotranscriptome of adult male Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 36 : 570 575.
24. Castillo JC, Robertson AE, Strand MR (2006) Characterization of hemocytes from the mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
25. Charlwood JD, Jones MDR (1980) Mating in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.l. II. Swarming behaviour. Physiological Entomology 5 : 315 320.
26. Christophers SR (1960) Aëdes aegypti (L.) the yellow fever mosquito. Cambridge University Press, London.
27. Colbo MH, Lee RMK, Davies DM, Yang YJ (1978) Labro-cibarial sensilla and armature in adult blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 15 : 166 175.
28. Collins FH, Paskewitz SM (1995) Malaria: current and future prospects for control. Annual Review of Entomology 40 : 195 219.
29. Collins FH, Paskewitz SM (1996) A review of the use of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to differentiate among cryptic Anopheles species. Insect Molecular Biology 5 : 1 9.
30. Coluzzi M, Concetti A, Ascoli F (1982) Effect of cibarial armature of mosquitoes (Diptera Culicidae) on blood-meal haemolysis. Journal of Insect Physiology 28 : 885 888.
31. Costantini C, Gibson G, Sagnon N, Della Torre A, Brady J, Coluzzi M (1996) Mosquito responses to carbon dioxide in a west African Sudan savanna village. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 10 : 220 227.
32. Costantini C, Sagnon NF, della Torre A et al. (1998) Odor-mediated host preferences of West African mosquitoes, with particular reference to malaria vectors. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 58 : 56 63.
33. Craig GB Jr. (1967) Mosquitoes: Female monogamy induced by male accessory gland substance. Science 156 : 1499 1501.
34. Crampton JM, Warren A, Lycett GJ, Hughes MA, Comley IP, Eggleston P (1994) Genetic manipulation of insect vectors as a strategy for the control of vector-borne disease. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 88 : 3 12.
35. Day JF (2005) Host-seeking strategies of mosquito disease vectors. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 21 (Suppl 17 22.
36. Dekker T, Takken W (1998) Differential responses of mosquito sibling species Anopheles arabiensis and An. quadrimaculatus to carbon dioxide, a man or a calf. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 12 : 136 140.
37. Dekker T, Takken W, Cardé RT (2001) Structure of host-odour plumes influences catch of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Aedes aegypti in a dual-choice olfactometer. Physiological Entomology 26 : 124 134.
38. Dekker T, Takken W, Knols B (1998) Selection of biting sites on a human host by Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, An. arabiensis and An. quadriannulatus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 87 : 295 300.
39. della Torre A, Fanello C, Akogbeto M et al. (2001) Molecular evidence of incipient speciation within Anopheles gambiae s.s. in West Africa. Insect Molecular Biology 10 : 9 18.
40. Dimopoulos G (2003) Insect immunity and its implication in mosquito-malaria interactions. Cellular Microbiology 5 : 3 14.
41. Dong Y, Aguilar R, Xi Z, Warr E, Mongin E, Dimopoulos G (2006) Anopheles gambiae immune responses to human and rodent Plasmodium parasite species. PLoS Pathogens 2 : e52.
42. Edman JD, Kale HW II. (1971) Host behavior: its influence on the feeding success of mosquitoes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 64 : 513 516.
43. Eiras AE, Jepson PC (1994) Responses of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to host odors and convection currents using an olfactometer bioassay. Bulletin of Entomological Research 84 : 207 211.
44. Eldridge BF (1968) The effect of temperature and photoperiod on blood-feeding and ovarian development in mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 17 : 133 140.
45. Fernandez NM, Klowden MJ (1995) Male accessory gland substances modify the host-seeking behavior of gravid Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Journal of Insect Physiology 41 : 965 970.
46. Francischetti IM, Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JM (1999) Anophelin: kinetics and mechanism of thrombin inhibition. Biochemistry 38 : 16 678 16 685.
47. Galka BE, Brust RA (1987) The effect of temperature and photoperiod on the induction of embryonic diapause in the mosquito Aedes togoi (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 65 : 2266 2271.
48. Garrett-Jones C, Shidrawi GR (1969) Malaria vectorial capacity of a population of Anopheles gambiae. An exercise in epidemiological entomology. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 40 : 531 545.
49. Garros C, Van Bortel W, Trung HD, Coosemans M, Manguin S (2006) Review of the Minimus Complex of Anopheles, main malaria vector in Southeast Asia: from taxonomic issues to vector control strategies. Tropical Medicine and International Health 11 : 102 114.
50. Ghosh AK, Ribolla PE, Jacobs-Lorena M (2001) Targeting Plasmodium ligands on mosquito salivary glands and midgut with a phage display peptide library. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 : 13 278 13 281.
51. Gibson G, Torr SJ (1999) Visual and olfactory responses of haematophagous Diptera to host stimuli. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13 : 2 23.
52. Giglioli MEC (1963) The female reproductive system of Anopheles gambiae melas. I. The structure and function of the genital ducts and associated organs. Rivista di Malariologia 42 : 149 176.
53. Giglioli MEC, Mason GF (1966) The mating plug in anopheline mosquitoes. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society A 41 : 123 129.
54. Gillies MT (1955) The pre-gravid phase of ovarian development in Anopheles funestus. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 49 : 320 325.
55. Guelmino DJ (1951) The physiology of Anopheles maculipennis during hibernation. An attempt to interpret the phenomenon of gonotrophic dissociation. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 45 : 161 168.
56. Gupta L, Kumar S, Han YS, Pimenta PFP, Barillas-Mury C (2005) Midgut epithelial responses of different mosquito-Plasmodium combinations: The actin cone zipper repair mechanism in Aedes aegypti. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 : 4010 4015.
57. Gwadz RW, Craig GB Jr. (1970) Female polygamy due to inadequate semen transfer in Aedes aegypti. Mosquito News 30 : 355 360.
58. Haddow AJ, Corbet PS (1961) Entomological studies from a high tower in Mpanga forest, Uganda. V. Swarming activity above the forest. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 113 : 284 300.
59. Han YS, Thompson J, Kafatos FC, Barillas-Mury C (2000) Molecular interactions between Anopheles stephensi midgut cells and Plasmodium berghei: the time bomb theory of ookinete invasion of mosquitoes. EMBO Journal 19 : 6030 6040.
60. Hanson SM, Craig GB Jr. (1995) Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) eggs: field survivorship during northern Indiana winters. Journal of Medical Entomology 32 : 599 604.
61. Hartberg WK (1971) Observations on the mating behaviour of Aedes aegypti in nature. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 45 : 847 850.
62. Hernandez-Martinez S, Lanz H, Rodriguez MH, Gonzalez-Ceron L, Tsutsumi V (2002) Cellular-mediated reactions to foreign organisms inoculated into the hemocoel of Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) Journal of Medical Entomology 39 : 61 69.
63. Hillyer JF, Schmidt SL, Christensen BM (2003) Rapid phagocytosis and melanization of bacteria and Plasmodium sporozoites by hemocytes of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Journal of Parasitology 89 : 62 69.
64. Hiss EA, Fuchs MS (1972) The effect of matrone on oviposition in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Journal of Insect Physiology 18 : 2217 2227.
65. Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A et al 2002) The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science 298 : 129 149.
66. Huber M, Cabib E, Miller LH (1991) Malaria parasite chitinase and penetration of the mosquito peritrophic membrane. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88 : 2807 2810.
67. Ignell R, Dekker T, Ghaninia M, Hansson BS (2005) Neuronal architecture of the mosquito deutocerebrum. Journal of Comparative Neurology 493 : 207 240.
68. Ismail IA, Phinichpongse S, Boonrasri P (1978) Responses of Anopheles minimus to DDT residual spraying in a cleared forested foothill area in central Thailand. Acta Tropica 35 : 69 82.
69. Jaenson TGT, Ameneshewa B (1991) Prehibernation diet and reproductive condition of female Anopheles messeae in Sweden. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 5 : 243 252.
70. James AA (1994) Molecular and biochemical analyses of the salivary glands of vector mosquitoes. Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur 92 : 133 150.
71. James AA, Rossignol PA (1991) Mosquito salivary glands: parasitological and molecular aspects. Parasitology Today 7 : 267 271.
72. James AA, Blackmer K, Racioppi JV (1989) A salivary gland-specific, maltase-like gene of the vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Gene 75 : 73 83.
73. Janzen HG, Wright KA (1971) The salivary glands of Aedes aegypti (L.): an electron microscope study. Canadian Journal of Zoology 49 : 1343 1346.
74. Jones MDR (1981) The programming of circadian flight-activity in relation to mating and the gonotrophic cycle in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Physiological Entomology 6 : 307 313.
75. Jones MDR, Gubbins SJ (1978) Changes in the circadian flight activity of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae in relation to insemination, feeding and oviposition. Physiological Entomology 3 : 213 220.
76. Jones JC, Sheffield HG (1970) The fine structure of the seminal bursa of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). Mosquito News 30 : 270 271.
77. Jordan RG (1980) Embryonic diapause in three populations of the western tree hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 73 : 357 359.
78. Kline DL, Wood JR, Cornell JA (1991) Interactive effects of 1-octen-3-ol and carbon dioxide on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) surveillance and control. Journal of Medical Entomology 28 : 254 258.
79. Klowden MJ (1981) Initiation and termination of host-seeking inhibition in Aedes aegypti during oocyte maturation. Journal of Insect Physiology 27 : 799 803.
80. Klowden MJ (1986) Effects of sugar deprivation on the host-seeking behaviour of gravid Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Journal of Insect Physiology 32 : 479 483.
81. Klowden MJ (1993) Mating and nutritional state affect the reproduction of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 9 : 169 173.
82. Klowden MJ (1999) The check is in the male: male mosquitoes affect female physiology and behavior. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 15 : 213 220.
83. Klowden MJ (2001) Sexual receptivity in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes: absence of control by male accessory gland substances. Journal of Insect Physiology 47 : 661 666.
84. Klowden MJ (2006) Switchover to the mated state by spermathecal activation in female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Journal of Insect Physiology 52 : 679 684.
85. Klowden MJ, Blackmer JL (1987) Humoral control of pre-oviposition behaviour in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Journal of Insect Physiology 33 : 689 692.
86. Klowden MJ, Briegel H (1994) Mosquito gonotrophic cycle and multiple feeding potential: contrasts between Anopheles and Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 31 : 618 622.
87. Klowden MJ, Chambers GM (1991) Male accessory gland substances activate egg development in nutritionally stressed Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Journal of Insect Physiology 37 : 721 726.
88. Klowden MJ, Chambers GM (1992) Reproductive and metabolic differences between Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 29 : 467 471.
89. Klowden MJ, Chambers GM (2004) Production of polymorphic sperm by anopheline mosquitoes and their fate within the female genital tract. Journal of Insect Physiology 50 : 1163 1170.
90. Klowden MJ, Lea AO (1978) Blood meal size as a factor affecting continued host-seeking by Aedes aegypti (L.). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 27 : 827 831.
91. Klowden MJ, Lea AO (1979a) Humoral inhibition of host-seeking in Aedes aegypti during oocyte maturation. Journal of Insect Physiology 25 : 231 235.
92. Klowden MJ, Lea AO (1979b) Abdominal distention terminates subsequent host-seeking behaviour of Aedes aegypti following a blood meal. Journal of Insect Physiology 25 : 583 585.
93. Klowden MJ, Lea AO (1979c) Effect of defensive host behavior on the blood meal size and feeding success of natural populations of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 15 : 514 517.
94. Klowden MJ, Russell RC (2004) Mating affects egg maturation in Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Vector Ecology 29 : 135 139.
95. Klun JA, Strickman D, Rowton E et al. (2004) Comparative resistance of Anopheles albimanus and Aedes aegypti to N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (Deet) and 2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide (AI3-37220) in laboratory human-volunteer repellent assays. Journal of Medical Entomology 41 : 418 222.
96. Knols BG, Takken W, de Jong R (1994) Influence of human breath on selection of biting sites by Anopheles albimanus. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 10 : 423 426.
97. Korochkina S, Barreau C, Pradel G et al. (2006) A mosquito-specific protein family includes candidate receptors for malaria sporozoite invasion of salivary glands. Cellular Microbiology 8 : 163 175.
98. Krzywinski J, Besansky NJ (2003) Molecular systematics of Anopheles: from subgenera to subpopulations. Annual Review of Entomology 48 : 111 139.
99. Lavine MD, Strand MR (2002) Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 32 : 1295 1309.
100. Lea AO, Briegel H, Lea HM (1978) Arrest resorption or maturation of oocytes in Aedes aegypti: dependence on the quantity of blood and the interval between blood meals. Physiological Entomology 3 : 309 316.
101. Leahy MG, Craig GB Jr. (1965) Accessory gland substance as a stimulant for oviposition in Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus. Mosquito News 25 : 448 452.
102. Lee RMK, Craig DA (1983) Cibarial sensilla and armature in mosquito adults (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 61 : 633 646.
103. Lee JJ, Klowden MJ (1999) A male accessory gland protein that modulates female mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) host-seeking behavior. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 15 : 4 7.
104. Lombardo F, Nolan T, Lycett G et al. (2005) An Anopheles gambiae salivary gland promoter analysis in Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles stephensi. Insect Molecular Biology 14 : 207 216.
105. Lowenberger CA, Kamal S, Chiles J et al. (1999) Mosquito-Plasmodium interactions in response to immune activation of the vector. Experimental Parasitology 91 : 59 69.
106. Luckhart S, Vodovotz Y, Cui L, Rosenberg R (1998) The mosquito Anopheles stephensi limits malaria parasite development with inducible synthesis of nitric oxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 : 5700 5705.
107. Luckhart S, Li K, Dunton R et al. (2003) Anopheles gambiae immune gene variants associated with natural Plasmodium infection. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 128 : 83 86.
108. Macdonald WW (1956) Aedes aegypti in Malaya. II. Larval and adult biology. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 50 : 399 414.
109. Mahmood F, Reisen WK (1982) Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae): changes in male mating competence and reproductive system morphology associated with aging and mating. Journal of Medical Entomology 19 : 573 588.
110. Mail AG, McHugh RA (1961) Relation of temperature and humidity to winter survival of Culex pipiens and Culex tarsalis. Mosquito News 21 : 252 254.
111. Marinotti O, James AA, Ribeiro JMC (1990) Diet and salivation in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Journal of Insect Physiology 36 : 545 548.
112. McGreevy PB, Bryan JH, Oothuman P, Kolstrup N (1978) The lethal effects of the cibarial and pharyngeal armatures of mosquitoes on microfilariae. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 72 : 361 368.
113. McIver SB (1982) Sensilla of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 19 : 489 535.
114. Meis, JF, Pool G, van Gemert GJ, Lensen AH, Ponnudurai T, Meuwissen JH (1989) Plasmodium falciparum ookinetes migrate intercellularly through Anopheles stephensi midgut epithelium. Parasitology Research 76 : 13 19.
115. Meola R, Lea AO (1972) Humoral inhibition of egg development in mosquitoes. Journal of Medical Entomology 9 : 99 103.
116. Michel K, Kafatos FC (2005) Mosquito immunity against Plasmodium. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 35 : 677 689.
117. Mitchell CJ (1979) Winter survival of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) hibernating in mine tunnels in Boulder County Colorado USA. Journal of Medical Entomology 16 : 482 487.
118. Mitchell CJ (1983) Differentiation of host-seeking behavior from blood-feeding behavior in overwintering Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) and observations on gonotrophic dissociation. Journal of Medical Entomology 20 : 157 163.
119. Mongin E, Louis C, Holt RA, Birney E, Collins FH (2004) The Anopheles gambiae genome: an update. Trends in Parasitology 20 : 49 52.
120. Myung JM, Marshall P, Sinnis P (2004) The Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein is involved in mosquito salivary gland invasion by sporozoites. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 133 : 53 59.
121. Nijhout HF (1977) Control of antennal hair erection in male mosquitoes. Biological Bulletin 153 : 591 603.
122. Nijhout HF, Sheffield HG (1979) Antennal hair erection in male mosquitoes: A new mechanical effector in insects. Science 206 : 595 596.
123. Niu LL, Fallon AM (2000) Differential regulation of ribosomal protein gene expression in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes before and after the blood meal. Insect Molecular Biology 9 : 613 623.
124. Park SS, Shahabuddin M (2000) Structural organization of posterior midgut muscles in mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. Journal of Structural Biology 129 : 30 37.
125. Peng J, Chen S, Busser S, Liu H, Honegger T, Kubli E (2005) Gradual release of sperm bound sex-peptide controls female postmating behavior in Drosophila. Current Biology 15 : 207 213.
126. Perrone JB, DeMaio J, Spielman A (1986) Regions of mosquito salivary glands distinguished by surface lectin-binding characteristics. Insect Biochemistry 16 : 313 318.
127. Pitnick S, Karr TL (1998) Paternal products and by-products in Drosophila development. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 265 : 821 826.
128. Ribeiro JMC (1992) Characterization of a vasodilator from the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Journal of Experimental Biology 165 : 61 71.
129. Ribeiro JMC (2000) Blood-feeding in mosquitoes: probing time and salivary gland anti-haemostatic activities in representatives of three genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex). Medical and Veterinary Entomology 14 : 142 148.
130. Ribeiro JM, Francischetti IM (2003) Role of arthropod saliva in blood feeding: sialome and post-sialome perspectives. Annual Review of Entomoogyl 48 : 73 88.
131. Ribeiro JMC, Nussenzveig RH (1993) The salivary catechol oxidase/peroxidase activities of the mosquito Anopheles albimanus. Journal of Experimental Biology 179 : 273 287.
132. Ribeiro JMC, Rossignol PA, Spielman A (1985) Salivary gland apyrase determines probing time in anopheline mosquitoes. Journal of Insect Physiology 31 : 689 692.
133. Riehle MA, Garczynski SF, Crim JW, Hill CA, Brown MR (2002) Neuropeptides and peptide hormones in Anopheles gambiae. Science 298 : 172 175.
134. Robich RM, Denlinger DL (2005) Diapause in the mosquito Culex pipiens evokes a metabolic switch from blood feeding to sugar gluttony. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 : 15 912 15 917.
135. Rosenberg R (1985) Inability of Plasmodium knowlesi sporozoites to invade Anopheles freeborni salivary glands. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34 : 687 691.
136. Roth LM (1948) A study of mosquito behavior. An experimental laboratory study of the sexual behavior of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). American Midland Naturalist 40 : 265 352.
137. Roth LM (1951) Loci of sensory end-organs used by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say) in receiving host stimuli. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 44 : 59 74.
138. Rudin W, Hecker H (1989) Lectin-binding sites in the midgut of the mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi Liston and Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research 75 : 268 279.
139. Rutledge LC, Moussa MA, Lowe CA, Sofield RK (1978) Comparative sensitivity of mosquito species and strains to the repellent di ethyl toluamide. Journal of Medical Entomology 14 : 536 541.
140. Schaefer CH, Miura T, Washino RK (1971) Studies on the overwintering biology of natural populations of Anopheles freeborni and Culex tarsalis in California. Mosquito News 31 : 153 157.
141. Scott TW, Chow E, Strickman D et al. (1993) Blood-feeding patterns of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in a rural Thai village. Journal of Medical Entomology 30 : 922 927.
142. Senior White RA (1952) Studies on the bionomics of Anopheles aquasalis Curry 1932 (concld.). Part III. Indian Journal of Malariology 6 : 29 72.
143. Severson DW, Knudson DL, Soares MB, Loftus BJ (2004). Aedes aegypti genomics. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 34 : 715 721.
144. Shahabuddin M, Fields I, Bulet P, Hoffmann JA, Miller LH (1998) Plasmodium gallinaceum: differential killing of some mosquito stages of the parasite by insect defensin. Experimental Parasitology 89 : 103 112.
145. Sharakhov IV, Serazin AC, Grushko OG et al. (2002) Inversions and gene order shuffling in Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus. Science 298 : 182 185.
146. Spielman A, Wong J (1973) Environmental control of ovarian diapause in Culex pipiens. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 66 : 905 907.
147. Stark KR, James AA (1998) Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding a novel factor Xa-directed anticoagulant from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 : 20 802 20 809.
148. Sterling CR, Aikawa M, Vanderberg JP (1973) The passage of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites through the salivary glands of Anopheles stephensi: an electron microscope study. Journal of Parasitology 59 : 593 605.
149. Stracker TH, Thompson S, Grossman GL, Riehle M, Brown MR (2002) Characterization of the AeaHP gene and its expression in the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 39 : 331 342.
150. Sutcliffe JF (1987) Distance orientation of biting flies to their hosts. Insect Science and its Application 8 : 611 616.
151. Takken W, Dekker T, Wijnholds YG (1997) Odor-mediated flight behavior of Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto and An. stephensi Liston in response to CO2, acetone, and 1-octen-3-ol (Diptera: Cuicidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 10 : 395 407.
152. Takken W, Kline DL (1989) Carbon dioxide and 1-octen-3-ol as mosquito attractants. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 5 : 311 316.
153. Takken W, Knols BGJ (1999) Odor-mediated behavior of afrotropical malaria mosquitoes. Annual Review of Entomology 44 : 131 157.
154. Takken W, Klowden MJ, Chambers GM (1998) Effect of body size on host-seeking and blood meal utilization in Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae): the disadvantage of being small. Journal of Medical Entomology 35 : 639 645.
155. Timmermann SE, Briegel H (1999) Larval growth and biosynthesis of reserves in mosquitoes. Journal of Insect Physiology 45 : 461 470.
156. Torii M, Nakamura K, Sieber KP, Miller LH, Aikawa M (1992) Penetration of the mosquito (Aedes aegypti) midgut wall by the ookinetes of Plasmodium gallinaceum. Journal of Protozoology 39 : 449 454.
157. Trpis M, McClelland GA, Gillett JD, Teesdale C, Rao TR (1973) Diel periodicity in the landing of Aedes aegypti on man. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 48 : 623 629.
158. Valenzuela JG, Francischetti IM, Ribeiro JM (1999) Purification, cloning, and synthesis of a novel salivary anti-thrombin from the mosquito Anopheles albimanus. Biochemistry 38 : 11 209 11 215.
159. Van Bortel W, Trung HD, Sochantha T et al. (2004) Eco-ethological heterogeneity of the members of the Anopheles minimus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Southeast Asia and its consequences for vector control. Journal of Medical Entomology 41 : 366 374.
160. Wekesa JW, Yuval B, Washino RK (1995) Multiple blood feeding in Anopheles freeborni (Diptera: Culicidae) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52 : 508 511.
161. White GB (1974) Anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68 : 278 301.
162. Wright KA (1969) The anatomy of salivary glands of Anopheles stephensi Liston. Canadian Journal of Zoology 47 : 579 587.
163. Yaro AS, Dao A, Adamou A et al. (2006) Reproductive output of female Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae): comparison of molecular forms. Journal of Medical Entomology 43 : 833 839.
164. Yeh C-C, Klowden MJ (1990) Effects of male accessory gland substances on the pre-oviposition behaviour of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Journal of Insect Physiology 36 : 799 803.
165. Yuval B, Fritz GN (1994) Multiple mating in female mosquitoes-evidence from a field population of Anopheles freeborni (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 84 : 137 140.
166. Yuval B, Wekesa JW, Washino RK (1992) Swarming and mating in Anopheles freeborni: preliminary observations and methods for field studies. Proceedings of the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association 60 : 76 81.
167. Zieler H, Garon C, Fischer E, Shahabuddin M (2000) A tubular network associated with the brush-border surface of the Aedes aegypti midgut: implications for pathogen transmission by mosquitoes. Journal of Experimental Biology 203 : 1599 1611.