An institutional approach to donor control: From dyadic ties to a field-level analysis

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 112, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 1416-1457

  Barman, Emily ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248352061     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/511802     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Abzug, Rikki. 1996. "The Evolution of Trusteeship in the United States: A Round-up of Findings." Nonprofit Management and Leadership 7:101-11.
2. Alexander, Victoria. 1998. "Environmental Constraints and Organizational Strategies." Pp. 272-90 in Private Action and the Public Good, edited by Walter W. Powell and Elizabeth S. Clemens. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
3. Almond, Gabriel, and Sidney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
4. Armstrong, Elizabeth A. 2002. Forging Gay Identities: Organizing Sexuality in San Francisco, 1950-1994. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Arrow, Kenneth. 1981. "Optimal and Voluntary Income Distribution." Pp. 267-88 in Economic Welfare and the Economics of Soviet Socialism, edited by Steven Rosefield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Barman, Emily. 2002. "Asserting Difference: The Strategic Response of Nonprofit Organizations to Competition." Social Forces 80:1191-1222.
7. _. 2006. Contesting Communities: The Transformation of Workplace Charity. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
8. Barry, John W., and Bruno V. Manno, eds. 1997. Giving Better, Giving Smarter: Renewing Philanthropy in America. Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Philanthropy and Civic Renewal.
9. Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sulliver, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. 1980. Habits of the Heart. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
10. Blau, Peter. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
11. Booth, Alan, Douglas Higgins, and Robert Cornelius. 1989. "Community Influences on Funds Raised by Human Service Volunteers." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 18 (1): 81-92.
12. Boris, Elizabeth. 1997. "The Values of the Wealthy: Philanthropic Attitudes as a Reflection of Political Philosophy in American Culture." Independent Sector Spring Research Forum Working Paper. New York.
13. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. _. 1990. The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press.
15. _. 1991. "Genesis and Structure of the Religious Field." Comparative Social Research 13:1-44.
16. Bourdieu, Pierre, and Loïc J. D. Wacquant. 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Boyd, Nan Alamilla. 2003. Wide Open Town: A Queer History of San Francisco. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
18. Bradshaw, Pat, Vic Murray, and Jacob Wolpin. 1996. "Women on Boards of Directors: What Difference Do They Make?" Nonprofit Management and Leadership 6 (3): 241-54.
19. Brandt, Richard. 1990. "More Givers Are Adding Strings: Donors Want a Say in Just Where Charities Spend their Money." Business Week, March 5, p. 34.
20. Brilliant, Eleanor. 1990. The United Way: Dilemmas of Organized Charity. New York: Columbia University Press.
21. Brint, Steven, and Jerome Karabel. 1991. "Institutional Origins and Transformations: The Case of American Community Colleges." Pp. 337-60 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Brown, Eleanor. 1999. "Patterns and Purposes of Philanthropic Giving." Pp. 212-30 in Philanthropy and the Nonprofit Sector in a Changing America, edited by Charles T. Clotfelter and Thomas Ehrlich. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
23. Brudney, Jeffrey. 1989. "Voluntarism." Pp. 23-24 in The International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration, edited by Jay Shafritz. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.
24. Burlingame, Dwight F. and Dennis R. Young, eds. 1996. Corporate Philanthropy at the Crossroads. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
25. Carson, Emmett D. 1983. "The National Black United Fund: From Movement for Social Change to Social Change Organization." New Directions for Philanthropic Fund-Raising 1 (fall): 53-71.
26. Castells, Manuel. 1983. The City and the Grassroots. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
27. Chaves, Mark. 1999. "Financing American Religion." Pp. 169-88 in Financing American Religion, edited by Mark Chaves and Sharon L. Miller. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira.
28. Cheal, Kenneth. 1988. The Gift Economy. London: Routledge.
29. Clohesy, William W. 2000. "Altruism and the Endurance of the Good." Voluntas 11: 237-53.
30. Clotfelter, Charles. 1997. "The Economics of Giving." Pp. 31-51 in Giving Better, Giving Smarter: Working Papers of the National Commission on Philanthropy and Civic Renewal, edited by John W. Barry and Bruno V. Manno. Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Philanthropy and Civic Renewal.
31. Cmiel, Kenneth, and Susan Levy. 1980. Corporate Giving in Chicago, 1980. Chicago: Donors Forum of Chicago.
32. Conley, Dalton. 2000. "The Racial Wealth Gap: Origins and Implications for Philanthropy in the African American Community." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 29 (4): 530-40.
33. Cordes, Joseph J., Jeffrey Henig, and Eric Twombly. 1999. "The Effects of Expanded Donor Choice in United Way Campaigns on Nonprofit Human Services Providers in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 28:127-51.
34. Diaz, William A. 1999. "Philanthropy and the Case of the Latino Communities in America." Pp. 275-92 in Philanthropy and the Nonprofit Sector, edited by Charles T. Clotfelter and Thomas Ehrlich. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
35. DiMaggio, Paul. 1988. "Interest and Agency in Organizational Theory." Pp. 3-21 in Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
36. DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell. 1983. "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields." American Journal of Sociology 48:147-60.
37. _. 1991. "Introduction." Pp. 1-40 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38. Dobbin, Frank, John R. Sutton, John W. Meyer, and Richard W. Scott. 1993. "Equal Opportunity Law and the Construction of Internal Labor Markets." American Journal of Sociology 99:396-427.
39. Duis, Perry. 1976. Chicago: Creating New Traditions. Chicago: Chicago Historical Society.
40. Eckstein, Susan. 2001. "Community as Gift-Giving: Collectivistic Roots of Volunteerism. "American Sociological Review 66:829-51.
41. Eisbach, Kimberley D. 1994. "Managing Organizational Legitimacy in the California Cattle Industry." Administrative Science Quarterly 39:57-88.
42. Fairfax, Jean E. 1995. "Black Philanthropy: Its Heritage and Its Future." Pp. 9-22 in Cultures of Giving II: How Heritage, Gender, Wealth, and Values Influence Philanthropy, edited by Charles H. Hamilton and Warren F. Ilchman. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
43. Fligstein, Neil. 1990. The Transformation of Corporate Control. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
44. _. 2001. The Architecture of Markets. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Fortune. 1995. "The Fortune 500." Fortune 131 (9): 31-45.
45. Friedland, Roger, and Robert Alford. 1991. '"Bringing Society Back In': Symbols, Practices and Institutional Contradictions." Pp. 232-63 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46. Froelich, Karen. 1999. "Diversification of Revenue Strategies: Evolving Resource Dependence in Nonprofit Organizations." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 28:246-68.
47. Frumkin, Peter. 1997. "Conflict and the Construction of an Organizational Field: The Transformation of American Philanthropic Foundation." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago.
48. Galaskiewicz, Joseph. 1985. Social Organization of an Urban Grants Economy. New York: Academic Press.
49. _. 1991. "Making Corporate Actors Accountable: Institution Building in Minneapolis-St. Paul." Pp. 293-310 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
50. _. 1997. "An Urban Grants Economy Revisited: Corporate Charitable Contributions in the Twin Cities: 1979-1981, 1987-1989." Administrative Science Quarterly 42:445-71.
51. Galaskiewicz, Joseph, and Wolfgang Bielefeld. 1998. Nonprofit Organizations in an Age of Uncertainty: A Study of Organizational Change. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
52. Gallegos, Herman E., and Michael O'Neill, eds. 1991. Hispanics in the Nonprofit Sector. New York: Foundation Center.
53. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
54. Giving USA. 2005. Giving USA. Indianapolis, Ind.: Giving USA Foundation.
55. Glaser, Barney G., and Anselm L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
56. Glaser, John S. 1994. The United Way Scandal: An Insider's Account of What Went Wrong and Why. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
57. Goss, Kristin A. 1999. "Volunteering and the Long Civic Generation." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 26 (4): 378-415.
58. Gronbjerg, Kristen. 1993. Understanding Nonprofit Funding: Managing Revenues in Social Services and Community Development Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
59. Gronbjerg, Kristen, Lori Harmon, Aida Olkkonen, and Asif Raza. 1996. "The United Way System at the Crossroads: Community Planning and Allocation." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 25 (4): 428-52.
60. Gronbjerg, Kirsten A., Laura Martell, with Laurie Paarlberg. 2000. "Philanthropic Funding of Human Services: Solving Ambiguity through the Two-Stage Competitive Process." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 29:9-40.
61. Gronbjerg, Kirsten, and Laurie Paarlberg. 2001. "Community Variations in the Size and Scope of the Nonprofit Sector." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 30 (4): 684-706.
62. Guthrie, Douglas. 2003. Survey on Corporate-Community Relations. New York: Social Sciences Research Council.
63. Haider, Donald. 1997. "Do Trust and Efficiency Still Sell?" Pp. 147-68 in Giving Better, Giving Smarter: Working Papers of the National Commission on Philanthropy and Civic Renewal, edited by John W. Barry and Bruno V. Manno. Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Philanthropy and Civic Renewal.
64. Halfpenny, Peter. 1999. "Economic and Sociological Theories of Individual Charitable Giving: Complementary or Contradictory?" Voluntas 10 (3): 197-215.
65. Hall, Peter Dobkin. 1992. Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays in Philanthropy, Voluntarism, and Nonprofit Organization. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
66. Hannan, Michael T., and John Freeman. 1977. "The Population Ecology of Organizations." American Journal of Sociology 82:929-64.
67. Healy, Kieran. 2000. "Embedded Altruism: Blood Collection Regimes and the European Union's Donor Population." American Journal of Sociology 105 (6): 1633-57.
68. _. 2004. "Altruism as an Organizational Problem: The Case of Organ Procurement." American Sociological Review 69:387-404.
69. Helms, Lelia, Alan B. Henkin, Kyle Murray. 2005. "Playing by the Rules: Restricted Endowment Assets in Colleges and Universities." Nonprofit Management and Leadership 15:341-56.
70. Himmelstein, Jerome. 1997. Looking Good and Doing Good. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
71. Hodgkinson, Virginia, Kathryn E. Nelson, and Edward D. Sivak, Jr. 2002. "Individual Giving and Volunteering." Pp. 387-420 in The State of Nonprofit America, edited by Lester M. Salamon. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute Press.
72. Hodgkinson, Virginia, and Murray Weitzman. 1994. Giving and Volunteering in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Independent Sector.
73. _. 1997. Nonprofit Almanac 1996-97: Dimensions of the Independent Sector. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
74. Hoge, Dean, Charles Zech, Patrick McNamara, and Michael J. Donahue. 1996. Money Matters: Personal Giving in American Churches. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press.
75. Hughes, Allison. 1994. "Corporate Impact on the Community: A Study of Charitable Contribution Patterns for Corporations with Local, Non-Local Domestic and Foreign Headquarters in Three U.S. Cities." Economics B.A. Honors Thesis. Harvard University.
76. Hustinx, Lesley, and Frans Lammertyn. 2004. "The Cultural Bases of Volunteering: Understanding and Predicting Attitudinal Differences between Flemish Red Cross Volunteers." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 33 (4): 548-84.
77. Independent Sector. 2001. The Nonprofit Almanac IN BRIEF. Washington, D.C.: Independent Sector.
78. Jencks, Christopher. 1988. "Who Gives to What?" Pp. 321-39 in The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, edited by Walter W. Powell. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
79. Johnson, Elmer W. 2001. Chicago Metropolis 2020: The Chicago Plan for the Twenty-first Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
80. Jones, Keely. 2006. "Giving and Volunteering as Distinct Forms of Civic Engagement: The Role of Community Integration and Personal Resources in Formal Helping." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 35 (2): 249-66.
81. Judd, Dennis, and Michael Parkinson, eds. 1990. "Leadership and Urban Regeneration: Cities in North America and Europe" Urban Affairs Annual Review, vol. 37. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
82. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1997. World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy. New York: Touchstone Books.
83. _. 2000. "Business Coalitions as a Force for Regionalism." Pp. 154-82 in Reflections on Regionalism, edited by Bruce Katz. New York: Brookings Press.
84. Kottasz, Rita. 2004. "Differences in the Donor Behavior Characteristics of Young Affluent Males and Females: Empirical Evidence from Britain." Voluntas 15: 181-203.
85. Lagemann, Ellen Condliffe, ed. 1999. Philanthropic Foundations: New Scholarship, New Possibilities. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
86. Lamont, Michèle. 1992. Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
87. Lenkowsky, Leslie. 2002. "Foundations and Corporate Philanthropy." Pp. 355-86 in State of Nonprofit America, edited by Lester Salomon. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
88. Levy, Reynold. 2001. "Corporate Philanthropy Comes of Age: Its Size, Its Import, Its Future." Pp. 99-121 in in Philanthropy and the Nonprofit Sector in a Changing America, edited by Charles T. Clotfelter and Thomas Erlich. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
89. Lubove, Roy. 1965. The Professional Altruist. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University.
90. Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: G. Routledge & Sons.
91. Marquis, Christopher, Mary Ann Glynn, and Gerald F. Davis. In press. "Community Isomorphism and Corporate Social Action." Academy of Management Review.
92. Martin, John Levi. 2003. "What Is Field Theory?" American Journal of Sociology 109: 1-49.
93. Marx, Jerry. 1997. "Corporate Philanthropy and the United Way: Challenges for the Year 2000." Nonprofit Management and Leadership 8:19-30.
94. Mauss, Marcel. 1954. The Gift. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
95. Mayer, Harold M., Richard C. Wade, and Glen E. Holt. 1969. Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
96. McCarthy, Kathleen D. 1989. Noblesse Oblige: Charity and Cultural Philanthropy in Chicago, 1849-1929. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
97. _. 1991. "The Gospel of Wealth: American Giving in Theory and Practice." Pp. 46-62 in Philanthropic Giving: Studies in Varieties and Goals, edited by Richard Magat. New York: Oxford University Press.
98. McElroy, Katherine M., and John J. Siegfried. 1986. "The Community Influence on Corporate Contributions." Public Finance Quarterly 14 (4): 394-414.
99. McNamara, Mary. 2000. "The Changing Face of Giving." Los Angeles Times, January 9, p. 1.
100. Meyer, John W., and Brian Rowan. 1977. "Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony." American Journal of Sociology 83:340-63.
101. Mill, John Stuart. 1950. Philosophy of Scientific Method, edited by Ernest Nagel. New York: Hafner.
102. Millar, Bruce. 1991. "United Way's Rivals Gain Ground." Chronicle of Philanthropy 4 (4): 1, 24-25.
103. Monroe, Kristen. 1996. The Heart of Altruism: Perceptions of a Common Humanity. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
104. Moore, Teresa. 1993. "United Way Agencies to Receive Less Money." San Francisco Chronicle, June 3, p. A19.
105. _. 1994. "Revamp for Bay United Way." San Francisco Chronicle, September 7, p. A1.
106. Mount, Joan. 1996. "Why Donors Give." Nonprofit Management and Leadership 7: 3-14.
107. Musick, Marc A., John Wilson, and William B. Bynum, Jr. 2000. "Race and Formal Volunteering: The Differential Effects of Class and Religion." Social Forces 78: 1539-71.
108. National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy. 1986. Charity in the Workplace. Washington, D.C.: National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy.
109. _. 1998. Charity in the Workplace. Washington, D.C.: National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy.
110. _. 2004. Charity in the Workplace. Washington, D.C.: National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy.
111. Nielsen, Waldemar. 1972. The Big Foundations. New York: Columbia University Press.
112. Oakes, Leslie S., Barbara Townley, and David J. Cooper. 1998. "Business Planning as Pedagogy: Language and Control in a Changing Institutional Field. "Administrative Science Quarterly 43:259-92.
113. Odendahl, Theresa. 1990. Charity Begins at Home: Generosity and Self-Interest among the Philanthropic Elite. New York: Basic.
114. Oliner, Samuel P., and Pearl M. Oliner. 1992. Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: Free Press.
115. Oster, Sharon. 1995. Strategic Management for Nonprofit Organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
116. Ostrander, Susan A. 1995. Money for Change: Social Movement Philanthropy at Haymarket People's Fund. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
117. Ostrander, Susan, and Paul Schervish. 1990. "Giving and Getting: Philanthropy as Social Relations." Pp. 67-98 in Critical Issues in American Philanthropy: Strengthening Theory and Practice, edited by Jon Van Til. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
118. Ostrower, Francie. 1995. Why the Wealthy Give. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
119. Panus, Jerold. 1984. Mega Gifts: Who Gives Them, Who Gets Them. Chicago: Pluribus Press.
120. Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Gerald Salancik. 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper & Row.
121. Piliavin, Jane, and Hong-Wen Charng. 1990. "Altruism: A Review of Recent Research." Annual Review of Sociology 16:27-65.
122. Piliavin, Jane A., Doris E. Evans, and Peter Callero. 1984. "Learning to 'Give to Unnamed Strangers': The Process of Commitment to Regular Blood Donation." Pp. 471-92 in Development and Maintenance of Prosocial Behavior: International Perspectives on Positive Morality, edited by Ervin Staub, Daniel Bar-Tal, and Janusz Reykowski. New York: Plenum.
123. Polivy, Deborah Kaplan. 1985. "Increasing Giving Options in Corporate Charitable Payroll Deduction Campaigns: Who Benefits?" ISPS Working Paper no. 2083. Yale University, Institute for Social and Policy Studies.
124. _. 1988. "The United Way: Understanding How It Works Is the First Step to Effecting Change." Pp. 157-69 in Community Organizations: Studies in Resource Mobilization and Exchange, edited by Carl Milofsky, New York: Oxford University Press.
125. Powell, Walter W., and Debra Minkoff. 2006. "Nonprofit Mission: Constancy, Responsiveness, or Deflection?" Pp. 591-611 in The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, 2d ed. Edited by Walter W. Powell and Richard Steinberg. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
126. Public Management Institute. 1990. Corporate 500: The Directory of Corporate Philanthropy 1990. San Francisco: Public Management Institute.
127. Putnam, Robert. 1995. "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital." Journal of Democracy 6:65-78.
128. _. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
129. Reilly, Thomas. 1995. "Million Dollar Motivations." Currents. Washington, D.C.: Council for the Advancement and Support of Education.
130. Roeder, David. 2000. "Setting Priorities: Chamber to Survey Business Opinions." Chicago Tribune, May 19, p. 62.
131. Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1988. "United Charities: An Economic Analysis." Pp. 136-56 in Community Organizations: Studies in Resource Mobilization and Exchange, edited by Carl Milofsky. New York: Oxford University Press.
132. _. 1996. "Altruism, Nonprofits, and Economic Theory." Journal of Economic Literature 34:701-28.
133. Saiia, David, Archie B. Carroll, and Ann K. Buchholtz. 2003. "Does Philanthropy Begin at Home? The Strategic Motivations Underlying Corporate Giving Programs." Business and Society 42 (2): 169-201.
134. Salamon, Lester. 1999. America's Nonprofit Sector: A Primer, 2d ed. Washington, D.C.: Foundation Center.
135. _. 2002. The State of Nonprofit America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute.
136. Sargeant, Adrian. 1999. "Charitable Giving: Towards a Model of Donor Behaviour." Journal of Marketing Management 15 (4): 215-38
137. Schervish, Paul G. 1995. "Passing It On: The Transmission of Wealth and Financial Care." Pp. 109-33 in Care and Community in Modern Society: Passing on the Tradition of Service to Future Generations, edited by Paul G. Schervish, Virginia A. Hodgkinson, Margaret Gates, and associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
138. _. 2005. "Major Donors, Major Motives: The People and Purposes Behind Major Gifts." New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising 47:59-87.
139. Schervish, Paul G., and John J. Havens. 1997. "Social Participation and Charitable Giving: A Multivariate Analysis." Voluntas 8 (3): 235-60.
140. Schneider, John C. 1996. "Philanthropic Styles in the United States: Towards a Theory of Regional Differences." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 25 (2): 190-209.
141. Scott, W. Richard. 2001. Institutions and Organizations, 2d ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
142. Seeley, John W., Buford H. Junker, and R. Wallace Jones. (1957) 1989. Community Chest. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction.
143. Shepherd, Jack. 1977. "Passing the Buck: Philanthropy in San Francisco." 1977. Research Papers: Volume II Philanthropic Fields of Interest. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Treasury.
144. Sherry, John F. 1983. "Gift Giving in an Anthropological Perspective." Journal of Consumer Research 10 (2): 158-68.
145. Silberg, Carol Schwartz. 1990. "Factors Associated with the Philanthropic Behavior of Major Donors." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Maryland.
146. Simmel, Georg. 1950. The Sociology of Georg Simmel, edited by Kurt Wolff. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
147. Sinclair, Michelle, and Joseph Galaskiewicz. 1997. "Corporate- Nonprofit Partnerships: Varieties and Covariations." New York Law School Law Review 41:1059-90.
148. Skocpol, Theda. 1984. "Emerging Agendas and Recurrent Strategies in Historical Sociology." Pp. 356-91 in Vision and Method in Historical Sociology, edited by Theda Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
149. Skocpol, Theda, and Morris Fiorina, eds. 1999. Civic Engagement in American Democracy. Washington and New York: Brookings Institution Press and Russell Sage Foundation.
150. Smith, Bradford, Sylvia Shue, Jennifer Lisa Vest, and Joseph Villarreal. 1999. Philanthropy in Communities of Color. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
151. Smith, David H. 1973. Voluntary Action Research. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
152. Smith, James A. 2001. "The Evolving Role of American Foundations." Pp. 34-51 in Philanthropy and the Nonprofit Sector in a Changing America, edited by Charles T. Clotfelter and Thomas Erlich. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
153. Sokolowski, S. Wojciech. 1996. "Show Me the Way to the Next Worthy Deed: Towards a Microstructural Theory of Volunteering and Giving." Voluntas 7 (3): 259-78.
154. Stanford University. 1992. "Philanthropy and Competition in the Workplace: Fundraising at Hewlett-Packard." Unpublished paper.
155. Steinberg, Richard. 1987. "Nonprofit Organizations and the Market." Pp. 118-40 in The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, edited by Walter W. Powell. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
156. Steinberg, Richard, and Mark Wilhelm. 2005. "Religious and Secular Giving, by Race and Ethnicity." New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising 48:57-66.
157. Swedberg, Richard. 2004. "The Toolkit of Economic Sociology." Center for the Study of Economy and Society Working Paper Series Paper no. 22. Cornell University.
158. Tepperman, Jean. 1995. "Eye on San Francisco." Foundation News and Commentary (January/February), pp. 29-32.
159. Thompson, James D. 1967. Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill
160. Thornton, Patricia H., and William Ocasio. 1999. "Institutional Logics and the Historical Contingency of Power in Organizations: Executive Succession in the Higher Education Publishing Industry, 1958-1990." American Journal of Sociology 105:801-43.
161. Titmuss, Richard. (1970) 1997. The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, edited by Ann Oakley and John Ashton. New York: New Press.
162. Tocqueville, Alexis de. (1835) 1966. Democracy in America. New York: Harper & Row.
163. Tuckman, Howard P. 1998. "Competition, Commercialization, and the Evolution of Nonprofit Organizational Structures." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 17:175-94.
164. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2000. County and City Data Books. Accessed November 6, 2000. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/ ccdb/.
165. United Way in Chicago. 2003. Annual Report. Chicago: United Way in Chicago.
166. UWA (United Way of America). 1977. People and Events: A History of the United Way. Washington, D.C.: United Way of America.
167. _. 1999. "Donor Preference Policies and Practices." Unpublished report. Alexandria, Va.
168. _. 2003. "Basic Facts about United Way." United Way of America, Alexandria, Va. Accessed February 12, 2003. http://national.unitedway.org/ aboutuw.
169. UWBA (United Way of the Bay Area). 1978a. "Minutes of June 14 Meeting of United Way of the Bay Area Board of Directors." Unpublished document.
170. _. 19786. "Minutes of March 15 Meeting of United of the Bay Area Board of Directors." Unpublished document.
171. _. 1986. "Donor Option and Designations . . . A Perspective." Unpublished document.
172. _. 1987. "Widening the Circle of Commitment." Unpublished document.
173. _. 1990. "Statement of Strategic Direction." Unpublished document.
174. _. 1992. UWBA Annual Report. San Francisco: United Way of the Bay Area.
175. _. 1998. Vision 2001. San Francisco: United Way of the Bay Area.
176. _. 2000. Communications Platform. San Francisco: United Way of the Bay Area.
177. _. 2001a. Annual Report. San Francisco: United Way of the Bay Area.
178. _. 2001b. CEO Thank You Card. San Francisco: United Way of the Bay Area. UWCM (United Way/Crusade of Mercy). 1998. "Civic Committee Report." Unpublished document. Chicago.
179. _. 1999. United Way/Crusade of Mercy Pledge Card. Chicago: United Way/ Crusade of Mercy.
180. _. 2001. United Way/Crusade of Mercy Annual Report. Chicago: United Way/Crusade of Mercy.
181. Useem, Michael. 1988. "Market and Institutional Factors in Corporate Contributions." California Management Review 30:77-88.
182. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlossman, and Henry Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
183. Walter, Kate. 1997. "Nurturing Charitable Causes through Fundraising Campaigns." HRMagazine. October.
184. Warren, Roland L. 1967. "The Interorganizational Field as a Focus of Investigation." Administrative Science Quarterly 12:143-44.
185. White, Arthur H. 1989. "Patterns of Giving." Pp. 65-71 in Philanthropic Giving: Studies in Varieties and Goals, edited by Richard Magat. London: Oxford University Press.
186. Who's Who in America. 1998. Chicago: A.N. Marquis.
187. Williams, Roger M. 1990. "Pluralism at Work." Foundation News (May/June), pp. 60-67.
188. Wilson, John. 2000. "Volunteering." Annual Review of Sociology 26:215-40.
189. Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1999. "The Effects of Volunteering on the Volunteer." Law and Contemporary Problems 62 (4): 141-68.
190. Witty, Cathie J. 1989. "Workplace Giving: Employee Attitudes, Perceptions, and Behavior." Working Paper no. 9. University of San Francisco.
191. Wolfe, Alan. 1998. "What Is Altruism?" Pp. 36-46 in Private Action and Public Good, edited by Walter W. Powell and Elisabeth S. Clemens. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
192. Wolpert, Julian. 1993. Patterns of Generosity in America. New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press.
193. Wuthnow, Robert. 1988. The Restructuring of American Religion. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
194. _. 1991a. Acts of Compassion. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
195. _, ed. 19916. Between States and Markets: The Voluntary Sector in Comparative Perspective. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
196. _. 1998. Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
197. Wuthnow, Robert, Virginia A. Hodgkinson, and Associates. 1990. Faith and Philanthropy in America. Washington, D.C.: Independent Sector.
198. Young, Dennis, and Lester Salamon. 2002. "Commercialization, Social Ventures, and For-Profit Competition." Pp. 423-46 in The State of Nonprofit America, edited by Lester Salamon. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.