Demobilization and reintegration of Ex-combatants: The irish case in international perspective

Social and Legal Studies

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 259-280

  Rolston, Bill ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Demobilization; Ex combatants; Ex prisoners; Northern Ireland; Reintegration

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248351146     PISSN: 09646639     EISSN: 14617390     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0964663907076534     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Alden, Chris (2002) ' Making Old Soldiers Fade Away: Lessons from the Reintegration of Demobilized Soldiers in Mozambique ', Security Dialogue 33 (2). 341 56.
2. Annan, Kofi (1998) The Causes of Conflict in the Promotion of Peace and Sustainable Development in Africa. New York: United Nations.
3. Arroyo, Ricardo (1999) Fase de la Incorporacin inicial de los Miembros de la UNRG a la Vida Civil. Guatemala: Foundacin Guillermo Toriello.
4. Ayalew, Daniel and Stefan Dercon (2000) '" From the Gun to the Plough": The Macro-and Micro-level Impact of Demobilization in Ethiopia', pp. 132-72 in Kees Kingma (ed.) Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts. Houndmills: Macmillan.
5. Baar, Anton (2001) ' Demobilization and Reintegration: Revisiting the Uganda Experience '. Paper presented at the USAID Workshop on Demobilization and Reintegration Programs, Nairobi 201 March.
6. Babiker, Mohammed Hassan and Alpaslan zerdem (2003) ' A Future Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Process in Sudan: Lessons Learned from Ethiopia, Mozambique and Uganda ', Conflict, Security and Development 3 (2). 211 32.
7. Ball, Nicole (1997) ' Demobilizing and Reintegrating Soldiers: Lessons from Africa', pp. 85-105 in Krishna Kumar (ed.) Rebuilding Societies after Civil War. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
8. Belfast Agreement (1998) Belfast: Northern Ireland Office.
9. Bell, Christine (2000) Peace Agreements and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10. Berdal, Mats (1996) Disarmament and Demobilisation after Civil Wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press / Institute for Strategic Studies.
11. Bertrand, Didier and Natalie Pauwels (2000) ' Prospects for the Future, or the Past Revisited? The Cambodia Veterans Assistance Program', pp. 235-57 in Natalie Pauwels (ed.) War Force to Work Force: Global Perspectives on Demobilization and Reintegration. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag sgesellschaft.
12. Böge, Volker (2000) ' Bougainville Blues', pp. 297 - 99 in Kees Kingma (ed.) Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts. Houndmills: Macmillan.
13. Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (1994) An Agenda for Development: Report of the Secretary-General, A/48/935 New York: United Nations.
14. Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (1995) Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations, A/50/60-S/1995/1 New York: United Nations.
15. Brown, Kris and Corinna Hauswedell (2002) Burying the Hatchet: The Decommissioning of Paramilitary Arms in Northern Ireland. Bonn: International Centre for Conversion.
16. Bruchhaus, Eva-Maria and Amanuel Mehreteab (2000) '" Leaving the Warm House": The Impact of Demobilization in Eritrea', pp. 95-131 in Kees Kingma (ed.) Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts. Houndmills: Macmillan.
17. Campbell, Colm, Fionnuala N Aolin and Colin Harvey (2003) ' The Frontiers of Legal Analysis: Re-framing the Transition in Northern Ireland ', Modern Law Review 66: 317 45.
18. CFNI (2003) Taking 'Calculated' Risks for Peace. Belfast: Community Foundation for Northern Ireland
19. Coiste na n-Iarchim (2002) Building the Irish Republic: The Contribution of the Republican Ex-prisoner Community. Belfast: Coiste na n-Iarchim.
20. Coiste na n-Iarchim (2004) Annual Report 20032004. Belfast: Coiste na n-Iarchim.
21. Colletta, Nat J., Markus Kostner and Ingo Wiederhofer (1996) The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia and Uganda. Working Paper No. 331. Washington, DC: World Bank.
22. Colletta, Nat J., Markus Kostner and Ingo Wiederhofer (1997) ' Demilitarization, Demobilization, and the Social and Economic Integration of Ex-combatants: Lessons from the World Bank Africa Experience '. Paper presented at the USAID Conference, Promoting Democracy, Human Rights, and Reintegration in Post-conflict Societies, 301 October.
23. Conflict Transformation Papers (2003) Ex-prisoners and Conflict Transformation. Belfast: Linc Resource Centre.
24. Crawford, Colin (1999) Defenders or Criminals? Loyalist Prisoners and Criminalisation. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
25. Crawford, Nicole (2003) ' Helping South African Veterans Find Jobs, Heal Anger ', Monitor on Psychology 34 (9). Available at: http://www.apa.org/monitor/ oct03/veterans.html
26. Development Assistance Committee (DAC) (1997) DAC Guidelines on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation. Paris: OECD.
27. Evans, Michael (2005) ' Top Secret Intelligence Unit Will Quit Belfast for New Role in Iraq ', The Times, 18 April: 11.
28. Farr, Vanessa (2002) Gendering Demilitarization as a Peacekeeping Tool. Bonn: Bonn International Centre for Conversion.
29. Gear, Sasha (2002) Wishing Us Away: Challenges Facing Ex-combatants in the 'New' South Africa. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Violence and Transition Series, Volume 8
30. Graham, Brian (2004) ' The Past in the Present: The Shaping of Identity in Loyalist Ulster ', Terrorism and Political Violence 16 (3). 483 500.
31. Hanlon, Joseph (2002) The Land Debate in Mozambique: Will Foreign Investors, the Urban Elite, Advanced Peasants or Family Farmers Drive Rural Development? London: Oxfam.
32. Harvey, Brian (2003) Review of the Peace II Programme. York: Joseph Rowntree.
33. Hayner, Priscilla (2001) Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocity. New York: Routledge.
34. Heinemann-Grder, Andreas and Tobias Pietz (2003) Turning Soldiers into a Work Force: Demobilization and Reintegration in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bonn: International Centre for Conversion.
35. Hillyard, Paddy, Bill Rolston and Mike Tomlinson (2005) Poverty and Conflict in Ireland: An International Perspective. Dublin: Combat Poverty Agency and Institute of Public Administration.
36. Independent Monitoring Commission (2005) Fifth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission. London: The Stationery Office.
37. Jamieson, Ruth and Adrian Grounds (2002) No Sense of an Ending: The Effects of Long-term Imprisonment amongst Republican Prisoners and Their Families. Monaghan: Ex-prisoners Assistance Committee.
38. King, Jeremy (2000) ' Too Little, Too Late: The Demobilization Dilemma in Bosnia-Herzegovina', pp. 329-33 in Natalie Pauwels (ed.) War Force to Work Force: Global Perspectives on Demobilization and Reintegration. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag sgesellschaft.
39. Kingma, Kees (1996) ' The Role of Demobilisation in the Peace and Development Process in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conditions for Success', African Security Review 5(6). Available at: http://www.ecelle.com/Pubs/ASR/5No6/Kingma. html
40. Kingma, Kees (ed.) (2000) Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts. Houndmills: Macmillan.
41. Kingma, Kees (2001) Demobilisation and Reintegration of Ex-combatants in Post-war and Transition Countries. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit.
42. Klingebiel, Stephan, Inge Garke, Corinna Kreidler, Sabine Lobner and Haje Schutte (1995) Promoting the Reintegration of Former Female and Male Combatants in Eritrea: Possible Contributions of Development Co-operation to the Reintegration Programme. Bonn: Deutsches Institut fr Entwicklungspolitik.
43. Knight, Mark and Alpaslan zerdem (2004) ' Guns, Camps and Cash: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion of Former Combatants in Transitions from War to Peace ', Journal of Peace Research 41 (4). 499 516.
44. Koth, Markus (2005) To End a War: Demobilization and Reintegration of Paramilitaries in Colombia. Bonn: International Centre for Conversion.
45. Liebenberg, Ian, Marlene Roefs and Rialize Ferreira (2003) ' Loyal Service and yet Demobbed: Demobilization and the Economic Reintegration of South Africa's Demobilized Military Personnel', Journal of Asian and African Studies 37 (35). 299 317.
46. Lundin, Irâ Baptista, Martinho Chachiua, António Gaspar, Habiba Guebuza and Guilherme Mbilana (2000) '" Reducing Costs through an Expensive Exercise": The Impact of Demobilization in Mozambique', pp. 173-212 in Kees Kingma (ed.) Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts. Houndmills: Macmillan.
47. McAuley, James (2004) ' Just Fighting to Survive: Loyalist Paramilitary Politics and the Progressive Unionist Party ', Terrorism and Political Violence 16 (3). 522 43.
48. McEvoy, Kieran (2001) Paramilitary Imprisonment in Northern Ireland: Resistance, Management and Release. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49. McEvoy, Kieran, D. O'Mahony, C. Horner and O. Lyner (1999) ' The Home Front: The Families of Politically Motivated Prisoners in Northern Ireland ', British Journal of Criminology 39 (2). 175 97.
50. MacGinty, Roger (1999) ' Biting the Bullet: Decommissioning in the Transition from War to Peace in Ireland', Irish Studies in International Affairs 10: 237 47.
51. McHugh, Michael (2006) ' Army Towers Removal Making Progress ', Belfast Telegraph, 16 January: 1.
52. McKeown, Lawrence (2001) Out of Time: Irish Republican Prisoners Long Kesh 19722000. Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications.
53. Moore, David (2000) ' Levelling the Playing Fields and Embedding Illusions: Postconflict Discourse and Neo-liberal Development in War-torn Africa ', Review of African Political Economy 83: 11 28.
54. NIO/HM Treasury (2003) Northern Ireland Office 2003 Departmental Report. Belfast: Northern Ireland Office/HM Treasury, Cm. 5929.
55. NIVT (2001) A Level Playing Field: The Final Evaluation Report of the Work of Politically-motivated Ex-prisoner Self-help Projects Funded by the Peace Programme. Belfast: Northern Ireland Voluntary Trust.
56. O'Clery, Conor (1996) The Greening of the White House: The Inside Story of How America Tried to Bring Peace to Ireland. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan.
57. hdhmaill, Feilim (2001) Equal Citizenship for a New Society? An Analysis of Training and Employment Opportunities for Republican Ex-Prisoners in Belfast. Belfast: Coiste na n-Iarchim.
58. Oliver, Johanna (2000) ' Seeking a Return to Normalcy for Central America's Ex-combatants', pp. 260-94 in Natalie Pauwels (ed.) War Force to Work Force: Global Perspectives on Demobilization and Reintegration. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag sgesellschaft.
59. Oversight Commissioner (2005) Overseeing the Proposed Revisions for the Policing Services of NI, Report 13 Belfast: Office of the Oversight Commissioner.
60. Oxfam (2005) Poverty in the Midst of Wealth: The Democratic Republic of Congo. London: Oxfam.
61. zerdem, Alpaslan (2002) ' Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Afghanistan: Lessons Learned from a Cross-cultural Perspective ', Third World Quarterly 23 (5). 961 75.
62. Paes, Wolf-Christian (2005) ' The Challenges of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in Liberia ', International Peacekeeping 12 (2). 253 61.
63. Pankhurst, Helen (n.d.) Gender and Conflict: Case Study on Eritrean Ex-fighters. Available at: http://www.acord.org.uk/gender_conflict_paper.doc
64. Ritchie, Mike (2002) ' Processes of Nation Building', Coiste.comm 4(2). 3.
65. Rolston, Bill (2006 a) ' An Effective Mask for Terror: Democracy, Death Squads and Northern Ireland ', Crime, Law and Social Justice 44: 181 203.
66. Rolston, Bill (2006 b) ' Dealing with the Past: Pro-state Paramilitaries, Truth and Transition in Northern Ireland ', Human Rights Quarterly 28 (3). 652 75.
67. Schafer, Jessica (1998) ' A Baby Who Does Not Cry Will Not Be Suckled: AMODEG and the Reintegration of Demobilised Soldiers ', Journal of Southern African Studies 24 (1). 207 22.
68. Schultze, Kirstin and M. Smith (2000) ' Decommissioning and Paramilitary Strategy in Northern Ireland: A Problem Compared', The Journal of Strategic Studies 23 (4). 93 7.
69. Shirlow, Pete, Brian Graham, Feilim hdhmaill and Dawn Purvis (2005) Politically Motivated Former Prisoner Groups: Community Activism and Conflict Transformation. Belfast: University of Ulster.
70. Specht, Irma (2000) Jobs for Demobilised Rebels and Soldiers: Early Preparedness and Sustaining Capacities. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
71. Special Commission for Incorporation (1998) Incorporation: Accord on the Basis for the Legal Incorporation of the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca. Guatemala City: Special Commission for Incorporation.
72. Thornton, Chris (2006) ' No 10 Still Dodging Questions on MI5 ', Belfast Telegraph, 14 March: 1.
73. Walter, Barbara (1999) ' Designing Transitions from Civil War: Demobilization, Democratization and Commitments to Peace ', International Security 24 (1). 127 55.
74. World Bank (1998) Post-conflict Reconstruction: The Role of the World Bank. Washington, DC: World Bank.