Models of International Economic Justice

Ethics and International Affairs

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 79-92

  Kapstein, Ethan B ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 34248047643     PISSN: 08926794     EISSN: 17477093     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7093.2004.tb00469.x     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. A notable exception where empirical evidence looms large is Thomas W. Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights (Oxford: Polity Press, 2002).
2. A nice model is provided by Sanjay G. Reddy and Thomas W. Pogge, “How Not to Count the Poor”; available at www.columbia.edu/~sr793/count.pdf.
3. For a useful review of approaches to international distributive justice that employs different typologies, see Charles Beitz, “International Liberalism and Distributive Justice: A Survey of Recent Thought,” World Politics 51, no. 1 (January 1999), pp. 269–296.
4. Edmund S. Phelps, ed., Economic Justice (Baltimore, Md.: Penguin, 1973).
5. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).
6. For some relevant statistics, see United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2004 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), ch. 2.
7. John Ruggie, “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order,” in Stephen D. Krasner, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983).
8. See, e.g., William Cline, Trade and Income Distribution (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1997).
9. Trade and Income Distribution, p. 275.
10. Geoffrey Bannister and Kamau Thugge,“International Trade and Poverty Alleviation,” IMF Working Paper no. 01/54 (May 2001), p. 8.
11. For a skeptical view regarding the spread of international law, see Eric A. Posner, “Do States Have a Moral Obligation to Obey International Law?” Stanford Law Review 55, issue 5 (May 2003), pp. 1901–1919.
12. Dani Rodrik,“Feasible Globalizations,” NBER Working Paper no. W9129 (August 2002), p. 24.
13. See Charles Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979).
14. Political Theory and International Relations, p. 142.
15. Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew Warner, “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1 (1995), p. 3.
16. It should be emphasized that most economists believe strongly in a positive relationship between openness and sustained growth, even if modeling and testing that relationship has proved difficult. For a critique of methodology, see Francisco Rodriguez and Dani Rodrik, “Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic's Guide to Cross-National Evidence,” NBER Working Paper no. 7081 (1999); available at www.nber.org/ papers/w7081.pdf.
17. Thomas W. Pogge, “Moral Universalism and Global Economic Justice,” Politics, Philosophy and Economics 1 (February 2002), p. 43.
18. Christian Barry,“Global Justice: Aims, Arrangements, and Responsibilities,” in Toni Erskine, ed., Can Institutions Have Duties? (London: Palgrave, 2003), p. 226.
19. Dan Clark, “Are Poorer Developing Countries the Targets of U.S. Protectionist Actions?” Economic Development and Cultural Change 47 (October 1998), p. 193.
20. The Staffs of the IMF and World Bank, “Market Access for Developing Countries' Exports” (April 27, 2001), p. 5; available at www.imf.org/ external/np/madc/eng/042701.pdf.
21. “Market Access for Developing Countries' Exports”, p. 23.
22. “Market Access for Developing Countries' Exports”.
23. Indeed, such views often emphasize the ways in which the present global economic order helps national elites to further entrench their advantages. See Pogge, “Moral Universalism and Global Economic Justice.”
24. World Bank, World Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
25. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 2002), p. 3.
26. World Economic Outlook, p. 4. While it is not possible to provide an intellectual history of this “shift” toward a more “pro-poor” policy stance within the multilateral institutions (as against, say, a narrower emphasis on economic growth alone), civil society organizations appear to have played a seminal role. The Catholic Church and a highly energized group of civil society organizations made it impossible for international financial organizations to ignore the problem of developing world debt during the Jubilee 2000 campaign. And organizations such as Oxfam have intensified long-standing demands that the trade regime be reformed in a way that is more favorable to the poor.
27. World Economic Outlook, p. 7.
28. World Economic Outlook, p. 8.
29. John Rawls, The Law of Peoples (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).