Are poorer developing countries the targets of U.S. protectionist actions?

Economic Development and Cultural Change

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 193-207

  Clark, Don P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

GATT; International trade; Trade policy; United States; Uruguay Round

Indexed keywords

GATT; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; TRADE POLICY; URUGUAY ROUND;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0032460695     PISSN: 00130079     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/452392     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Bela Balassa, "The Impact of the Industrial Countries Tariff Structure on Their Imports of Manufactures from Less Developed Areas," Economica 34 (1967): 372-83, and "Tariff Protection in Industrial Nations and Its Effects on the Exports of Processed Goods from Developing Countries," Canadian Journal of Economics 1 (1968): 583-94; J. M. Finger and A. J. Yeats, "Effective Protection by Transportation Costs and Tariffs: A Comparison of Magnitudes," Quarterly Journal of Economics 90 (1976): 169-76; Don P. Clark, "Protection by International Transport Charges: Analysis by Stage of Fabrication," Journal of Development Economics 8 (1981): 339-45.
2. Bela Balassa, "The Impact of the Industrial Countries Tariff Structure on Their Imports of Manufactures from Less Developed Areas," Economica 34 (1967): 372-83, and "Tariff Protection in Industrial Nations and Its Effects on the Exports of Processed Goods from Developing Countries," Canadian Journal of Economics 1 (1968): 583-94; J. M. Finger and A. J. Yeats, "Effective Protection by Transportation Costs and Tariffs: A Comparison of Magnitudes," Quarterly Journal of Economics 90 (1976): 169-76; Don P. Clark, "Protection by International Transport Charges: Analysis by Stage of Fabrication," Journal of Development Economics 8 (1981): 339-45.
3. Bela Balassa, "The Impact of the Industrial Countries Tariff Structure on Their Imports of Manufactures from Less Developed Areas," Economica 34 (1967): 372-83, and "Tariff Protection in Industrial Nations and Its Effects on the Exports of Processed Goods from Developing Countries," Canadian Journal of Economics 1 (1968): 583-94; J. M. Finger and A. J. Yeats, "Effective Protection by Transportation Costs and Tariffs: A Comparison of Magnitudes," Quarterly Journal of Economics 90 (1976): 169-76; Don P. Clark, "Protection by International Transport Charges: Analysis by Stage of Fabrication," Journal of Development Economics 8 (1981): 339-45.
4. Bela Balassa, "The Impact of the Industrial Countries Tariff Structure on Their Imports of Manufactures from Less Developed Areas," Economica 34 (1967): 372-83, and "Tariff Protection in Industrial Nations and Its Effects on the Exports of Processed Goods from Developing Countries," Canadian Journal of Economics 1 (1968): 583-94; J. M. Finger and A. J. Yeats, "Effective Protection by Transportation Costs and Tariffs: A Comparison of Magnitudes," Quarterly Journal of Economics 90 (1976): 169-76; Don P. Clark, "Protection by International Transport Charges: Analysis by Stage of Fabrication," Journal of Development Economics 8 (1981): 339-45.
5. Ingo Walter, "Nontariff Barriers and the Export Performance of Developing Economies," American Economic Review 61 (1971): 195-205; Julio Nogues, Andrzej Olechowski, and L. Alan Winters, "The Extent of Nontariff Barriers on Industrial Countries' Imports," World Bank Economic Review 1 (1986): 181-99; Gary P. Sampson, "Non-Tariff Barriers Facing Developing Country Exports," in Developing Countries and the Global Trading System, vol. 1, ed. John Whally (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); Don P. Clark and Simonetta Zarrilli, "Non-Tariff Measures and Industrial Nation Imports of GSP-Covered Products," Southern Economic Journal 59 (1992): 284-93; Don P. Clark, "Nontariff Measures and Developing Country Exports," Journal of Developing Areas 27 (1993): 163-72.
6. Ingo Walter, "Nontariff Barriers and the Export Performance of Developing Economies," American Economic Review 61 (1971): 195-205; Julio Nogues, Andrzej Olechowski, and L. Alan Winters, "The Extent of Nontariff Barriers on Industrial Countries' Imports," World Bank Economic Review 1 (1986): 181-99; Gary P. Sampson, "Non-Tariff Barriers Facing Developing Country Exports," in Developing Countries and the Global Trading System, vol. 1, ed. John Whally (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); Don P. Clark and Simonetta Zarrilli, "Non-Tariff Measures and Industrial Nation Imports of GSP-Covered Products," Southern Economic Journal 59 (1992): 284-93; Don P. Clark, "Nontariff Measures and Developing Country Exports," Journal of Developing Areas 27 (1993): 163-72.
7. Ingo Walter, "Nontariff Barriers and the Export Performance of Developing Economies," American Economic Review 61 (1971): 195-205; Julio Nogues, Andrzej Olechowski, and L. Alan Winters, "The Extent of Nontariff Barriers on Industrial Countries' Imports," World Bank Economic Review 1 (1986): 181-99; Gary P. Sampson, "Non-Tariff Barriers Facing Developing Country Exports," in Developing Countries and the Global Trading System, vol. 1, ed. John Whally (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); Don P. Clark and Simonetta Zarrilli, "Non-Tariff Measures and Industrial Nation Imports of GSP-Covered Products," Southern Economic Journal 59 (1992): 284-93; Don P. Clark, "Nontariff Measures and Developing Country Exports," Journal of Developing Areas 27 (1993): 163-72.
8. Ingo Walter, "Nontariff Barriers and the Export Performance of Developing Economies," American Economic Review 61 (1971): 195-205; Julio Nogues, Andrzej Olechowski, and L. Alan Winters, "The Extent of Nontariff Barriers on Industrial Countries' Imports," World Bank Economic Review 1 (1986): 181-99; Gary P. Sampson, "Non-Tariff Barriers Facing Developing Country Exports," in Developing Countries and the Global Trading System, vol. 1, ed. John Whally (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); Don P. Clark and Simonetta Zarrilli, "Non-Tariff Measures and Industrial Nation Imports of GSP-Covered Products," Southern Economic Journal 59 (1992): 284-93; Don P. Clark, "Nontariff Measures and Developing Country Exports," Journal of Developing Areas 27 (1993): 163-72.
9. Ingo Walter, "Nontariff Barriers and the Export Performance of Developing Economies," American Economic Review 61 (1971): 195-205; Julio Nogues, Andrzej Olechowski, and L. Alan Winters, "The Extent of Nontariff Barriers on Industrial Countries' Imports," World Bank Economic Review 1 (1986): 181-99; Gary P. Sampson, "Non-Tariff Barriers Facing Developing Country Exports," in Developing Countries and the Global Trading System, vol. 1, ed. John Whally (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); Don P. Clark and Simonetta Zarrilli, "Non-Tariff Measures and Industrial Nation Imports of GSP-Covered Products," Southern Economic Journal 59 (1992): 284-93; Don P. Clark, "Nontariff Measures and Developing Country Exports," Journal of Developing Areas 27 (1993): 163-72.
10. Robert E. Baldwin, Nontariff Distortions of International Trade (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1970)
11. Mark G. Herander and Brad Schwartz, "An Empirical Test of the Impact of the Threat of U.S. Trade Policy: The Case of Antidumping Duties," Southern Economic Journal 51 (1984): 59-79; Patrick A. Messerlin, "The EC Antidumping Regulations: A First Economic Appraisal, 1980-85," Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 125 (1989): 563-87.
12. Mark G. Herander and Brad Schwartz, "An Empirical Test of the Impact of the Threat of U.S. Trade Policy: The Case of Antidumping Duties," Southern Economic Journal 51 (1984): 59-79; Patrick A. Messerlin, "The EC Antidumping Regulations: A First Economic Appraisal, 1980-85," Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 125 (1989): 563-87.
13. The data set includes 24 developed market-economy countries (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom), nine major exporters of manufactures (Brazil, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mexico, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey), and 123 other developing countries for which data are available.
14. Sam Laird and Alexander Yeats, "Trends in Nontariff Barriers of Developed Countries, 1966-1986," Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 126 (1990): 299-325, and Quantitative Methods for Trade Barrier Analysis (New York: New York University Press, 1990).
15. Sam Laird and Alexander Yeats, "Trends in Nontariff Barriers of Developed Countries, 1966-1986," Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 126 (1990): 299-325, and Quantitative Methods for Trade Barrier Analysis (New York: New York University Press, 1990).
16. Mathematical properties of this index and its shortcomings are discussed in Daniel B. Suits, "Measuring Tax Progressivity," American Economic Review 67 (1977): 747-53. Suits's index measures the average degree of concentration across the entire income scale and is subject to shortcomings inherent in all averages.
17. This can be compared with the traditional Lorenz curve, which would express the accumulated percentage of trade covered by NTMs against the accumulated percentage of countries, plotted horizontally. This Lorenz curve would be restricted to lie on one side of the diagonal and the Gini ratio would range between zero and one.
18. The UNCTAD database does not report the separate incidence of antidumping and countervailing duty actions.
19. Trade coverage ratios express the percentage of trade, by value, covered by a NTM. Trade coverage ratios for individual NTMs may not sum to corresponding group totals shown in the tables, due to rounding. Overall average ratios obscure the importance of NTMs for individual countries, where trade coverage ratios can range up to 80%. See Clark and Zarrilli.
20. The index value S for a category of NTMs is a weighted average of S values for individual NTMs, the weights being the percentages of aggregate trade covered by individual NTMs. 12. Eighty percent of trade in textiles and apparel is scheduled to benefit from the phaseout of the Multifiber Arrangement. Non-World Trade Organization (WTO) members China and Taiwan account for three-fourths of the remaining trade and are not currently entitled to liberalization benefits under the Uruguay Round agreements. Since these countries could become eligible for WTO membership in the near future, calculations are performed by subtracting trade subject to all textile and apparel quotas from the broad-NTM measure.