Constructing conditionality: The bureaucratization of EC development aid

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 263-280

  Dimier, Veronique ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

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EID: 34248041305     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2006020     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Resolution of the Council and of the meeting of Member States in the Human Rights, Democracy and Development Council, 28 November 1991, Bulletin of the European Communities, 11-91, p. 122.
2. G. Cumming, Aid to Africa: French and British policies from the cold war to the new millenium (Ashgate, 2001).
3. K. Arts, 'Development cooperation and human rights: turbulent times for EU policy' in M. Lister (ed.), New perspectives on European Union Development cooperation (Westview Press, 1999), pp. 7-27
4. F. Petiteville, 'La coopération économique de l'UE entre globalisation et politicisation' (2001) 51 RFSP, pp. 431-458
5. K. Smith, 'The Use of Political Conditionality in the EU's Relations with Third Countries: How Effective?' (1997) 3 EFA Rev, p. 267.
6. J.W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and public policy (Little Brown, Boston, 1995).
7. D.C. North, Institutions, institutional change and economic performance (Cambridge University Press, 1990)
8. S. Steinmo and K Thelen (eds), Structuring Politics (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
9. B. Palier and G. Bonoli, 'Phénomènes de Path Dependence et réformes des systèmes de protection sociale' (1999) 49 RFSP, pp. 399-420.
10. V. Dimier, 'Institutionnalisation et bureaucratisation de la Commission Européenne: le cas de la DG DEV' (2003) 11 Politique Européenne, pp. 99-121
11. 'L'institutionnalisation de la Commission Européenne (DG Développement): du rôle des leaders dans la construction d'une administration multinationale, 1958-1975' (2003) 34 Etudes Internationales, pp. 401-428.
12. D. Coombes, Politics and bureaucracy in the European Community (Allen & Unwin, London, 1970), p. 259.
13. European Commission Archives (ECA), 25/1980, box 1035, criteria for appraisal of projects submitted to the EDF, study collection, Overseas Development Series, no. 3, Bruxelles, 1965. Introduction by J. Ferrandi. Some of these criteria were copied from those of FIDES, in annexe.
14. Interview with J. Ferrandi (26 August 1999).
15. V. Dimier, 'The Invention of DG8' in A. Smith (ed.), Politics and the European Commission: Actors, Interdependence, Legitimacy (Routledge, London, 2004), pp. 83-95.
16. See figures regularly reported by Marchés Tropicaux. In 1966, the share of markets financed by the EDF was the following: Belgium 3.49%; Germany 9.14%; France 43.85%; Italy 13.3%; Luxembourg 0.34%; The Netherlands 4.51%; Associated Countries 25.26%; and Third Countries 0.11%, Marchés Tropicaux, 11 March 1967. At the same time, certain countries that were particularly favoured by Ferrandi and the French government benefited from European aid independently of their real needs. For example, Gabon, one of the richer associated countries in terms of GNP per inhabitant, received much more than Burundi. See M. Lister, The European Community and the Developing World: The role of the Lomé Convention (Aldershot, Avebury, 1988), p. 50.
17. Foreign and Commonwealth Office Archives (FCOA), box 852/2104, memorandum by J. W. Vernon (Colonial Office) to L. Pliatzky (Treasury), 28 June 1962.
18. 'L'Institut de développement de l'outre-mer de Londres critique la Convention de Yaoundé: Jacques Ferrandi répond', Le Courrier, no. 25, 1974, pp. 1-3. Reference to the study by David Jones on 'Europe's chosen few', published by the Overseas Development Institute (1974).
19. Archives of the Treasury (AT), box 312/494, letter from J.G. Own (Treasury) to J. Ling (FO), 1 November 1961.
20. Archives Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, France (AMAE), box 1436, services Coopération Economique 1961-1966, minute of the French inter-ministerial committee on the issue of European economic cooperation, (without date).
21. AMAE, box 1436, services Coopération Economique 1961-1966, letter from the Syndicat général de l'industrie du Jute to the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, 4 December 1961.
22. AMAE, box 1437, services Coopération Economique, 1961-1966, minute of the Franco-British meeting, 2 February 1962.
23. AT, box 312/494, note of a meeting in the Chancellor of Exchequer room, 3 July 1963.
24. AT, box 312/1889, draft paper for official committee on approach to EDF, 30 October 1967, Minister of Overseas Development.
25. AT, box 312/1889, letter from P.W.J. Newing (Treasury) to G. Cunningham (Ministry of Overseas Development), 8 November 1967.
26. D. Jones, Les élus d'Europe (ODI Publication, 1974), p. 66.
27. AT, box 312/494, question included in a letter from Looke (Treasury) to R.L. Border (Colonial Office), 23 May 1962.
28. AT, box 312/494, Telegram concerning DAC annual aid review, 26 June 1962.
29. FCOA, box 30/653, 1970 DAC Aid Review of EEC, report, Ferrandi's explanation.
30. FCOA, box 852/2104, Minutes of the Common Market Steering Committee, 6 March 1962, note by Sir H. Poynton; memorandum by J.W. Vernon (Colonial Office) to L. Pliatzky (Treasury), 28 June 1962. On these discussions see also: AMAE, Services Coopération Economique 1961-1966, boxes 1436, 1437, especially the minutes of a Franco-British meeting of 2 February 1962.
31. FCOA, box 27/264, 30/653, 59/774 (for instance, letter from Cullimore, Financial Policy and Aid department in the FCO to Mr Marshall, Foreign and Commonwealth Office), 29 November 1972, reference to a meeting with DG8 officials, where the problems of criteria and amount of British contribution were raised. See also, long discussions in: Foreign Office Archives (FOA), box 371/182413, 371/188398. Overseas Development archives (ODA), box 9/385, (especially Report by the Overseas Development Administration/Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 'policy towards developping countries', 1973, which tackled the same problem at length. See also for other reports, charts, figures: ODA, box 9/386, 9/387, 9/388.
32. Mrs Judith Hart, British Minister for Overseas Development, 'l'aide devrait être orientée vers ceux qui en ont le plus besoin', interview, Le Courrier, no. 30, 1975, p. 364.
33. Commission of the European Communities (1974), L'aide au développement, Fresque de l'action communautaire de demain, Communication from the Commission to the Council, COM (1974) 448/266, 5 November 1974. This paper was prepared by Durieux's team.
34. See also: 'L'aide au développement: fresque de l'action communautaire, demain', Le Courrier, no. 29, 1975, p. 6. Cheysson's motto was 'A chacun selon ses besoins selon le jeu de tous nos moyens' (To each according to their needs and according to our means). Cheysson had previously worked in Lagos as secretary general of the Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa (1957-1962). This had exposed him to English elites and ideas.
35. Le Courrier, no. 36, 1976, p. 42.
36. Thus Van Hoeck, a Dutchman who had previously worked at the DAC, joined the team at Cheysson's request, interview 11 April 2002.
37. V. Dimier, 'Administrative reform as political control: lessons from DG8 (1958-1975)' in D. Dimitrakopoulos, The Changing European Commission (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2004).
38. M. Aguirre and F. Rey, 'Development co-operation and humanitarian action in Spanish Forein Policy' in R. Gillespie and R. Youngs (eds), Spain: The European and International Challenges (Frank Cass, London, 2001), pp. 194-195.
39. As Youngs also affirms: R. Youngs, 'Spain, Latin America and Europe: the complex interaction of regionalism and cultural identification' in Gillespie and Youngs, note 29 above, p. 113.
40. From 1990 there was a process of reflection on human rights and democratization. A working group on 'participatory development and good governance' was established to investigate the practices of difference donor countries in this respect; Helmut Führer, A History of the Development Assistance Committee and Development Co-operation Directorate in Dates, Names and Figures (Paris, 1994).
41. C. Cheysson, interview, 21 December 2001.
42. M. Marín, interview with Professor Pilar Folguera, website of the European University Institute (EUI) under .
43. R. Youngs, 'EU Democracy Promotion Policies: Ten Years On' (2001) 6 EFA Rev, pp. 355-373
44. European Parliament, Report on the Communication of the Commission to the Parliament and Council: 'The European Union and external aspects of human rights policy: from Rome to Maastricht and beyond', COM (95)0567-C4-0568/95. cf European Parliament, debates, 21 November 1991, p. 343: specific debates on Human Rights and Development.
45. D. Frisch, an economist, was from 1964 to 1970 assistant of Director General H. Hendus. He joined Durieux's Directorate from 1970 until 1977.
46. D. Frisch, interview, 21 February 2001. Later on, however, once the battle with Marín was over and he left the DG, he became one of the main proponents of political conditionality.
47. Report by Pierre Calame, Mettre la coopération européenne au service des acteurs et des processus: un processus collectif de diagnostic et de propositions (Ed. C. L. Mayer, working document no. 111, 1999).
48. 'L'Institut de développement de l'outre-mer de Londres critique la Convention de Yaoundé: Jacques Ferrandi répond', Le Courrier, no. 25, 1974, pp. 1-3.