A comparison of selective attention and facial processing biases in typically developing children who are high and low in self-reported trait anxiety

Development and Psychopathology

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 481-495

  Richards, Anne ^a   French, Christhoper C ^a   Nash, Gilly ^a   Hadwin, Julie A ^b   Donnelly, Nick ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTIONALITY; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL TASK; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; SELF REPORT; STATE TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY; TASK PERFORMANCE;

ANGER; ANXIETY; ATTENTION; CHILD; COLOR PERCEPTION; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; EMOTIONS; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS;

EID: 34247558660     PISSN: 09545794     EISSN: 14692198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S095457940707023X     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
2. Barrera, M. E., & Maurer, D. (1981). Discrimination of strangers by the 3-month-old. Child Development, 52, 558-563.
3. Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., Dadds, M. M., & Ryan, S. M. (1996). Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 187-203.
4. Bedell, J. R., & Roitzsch, J. (1976). The effects of stress on state and trait anxiety in emotionally disturbed, normal, and delinquent children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 173-177.
5. Biscoe, M., Bradshaw, C., Clarke, S., Halliwell, M., Morgan, D., Nunn, T., et al. (1985). The London Reading Test. London: NFER-Nelson Publishing Co., Ltd.
6. Bradley, B. P, Mogg, K., & Millar, N. H. (2000). Covert and overt orienting of attention to emotional faces in anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 789-808.
7. Bruce, V., Campbell, R. N., Doherty-Sneddon, G., Import, A., Langton, S., McAuley, S., et al. (2000). Testing face processing skills in children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18, 319-333.
8. Butler, G., & Mathews, A. (1983). Cognitive processes in anxiety. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 51-62.
9. Byrne, A., & Eysenck, M. W. (1995). Trait anxiety, anxious mood, and threat detection. Cognition & Emotion, 9, 549-562.
10. Calvo, M. G., & Castillo, M. D. (1997). Mood-congruent bias in interpretation of ambiguity: Strategic processes and temporary activation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 50, 163-182.
11. Calvo, M. G., & Castillo, M. D. (2001). Bias in predictive inferences during reading. Discourse Processes, 32, 43-71.
12. Calvo, M. G., Eysenck, M. W., & Castillo, M. D. (1997). Interpretation bias in test anxiety: The time course of predictive inferences. Cognition & Emotion, 11, 43-63.
13. Calvo, M. G., Eysenck, M. W., & Estevez, A. (1994). Ego-threat interpretive bias in test anxiety: On-line inferences, Cognition & Emotion, 8, 127-146.
14. Chorpita, B. F., Albano, A. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Child anxiety sensitivity index: Considerations for children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 77-82.
15. Dalgleish, T., Taghavi, R., Neshat-Doost, H., Moradi, A., Canterbury, R., & Yule, W. (2003). Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 10-21.
16. Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107-117.
17. Dineen, K., & Hadwin, J. A. (in press). Anxious and depressive symptoms and children's judgements of their own and others' interpretation of ambiguous social scenarios. Journal of Anxiety Disorders.
18. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
19. Eysenck, M. W. (1997). Anxiety and cognition. Hove: Psychology Press.
20. Eysenck, M. W., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1987). Cognitive functioning and anxiety. Psychological Research, 49, 189-195.
21. Eysenck, M. W., Mogg, K., May, J., Richards, A., & Mathews, A., (1991). Bias in interpretation of ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 144-150.
22. Farah, M. J., Rabinowitz, C., Quinn, G. E., & Lui, G. T. (2000). Early commitment of neural substrates for face recognition. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 117-123.
23. Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., et al. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861-863.
24. Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Foa, E. B., & Amir, N. (1999). Attentional biases for facial expressions in social phobia: The face-in-the-crowd paradigm. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 305-318.
25. Gilchrist, A., & McKone, E. (2003). Early maturity of face processing in children: Local and relational distinctiveness effects in 7-year-olds. Visual Cognition, 10, 769-793.
26. Hadwin, J. A., Donnelly, N., French, C. C., Richards, A., Watts, A., & Daley, D. (2003). The influence of children's self-report trait anxiety and depression on visual search for emotional faces. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 432-444.
27. Hadwin, J., Frost, S., French, C. C., & Richards, A. (1997). Cognitive processing and anxiety in mainstream children: Trait anxiety and interpretation bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 486-490.
28. Holdnack, J. A. (1999). Behavioral and cognitive correlates of face processing in children. Archives in Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 684-685.
29. Horley, K., Williams, L. M., Gonsalvez, C., & Gordon, E. (2003). Social phobics do not see eye to eye: A visual scanpath study of emotional expression processing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 33-44.
30. Howell, D. C. (1997). Fundamental statistics for the behavioral sciences (4th ed.). Boston: PWS-Kent.
31. Jones, G. V. (1994). Fragment and schema models of recall. Memory and Cognition, 12, 250-263.
32. Jones, G. V. (1987). Independence and exclusivity among psychological processes: Implications for the structure of recall. Psychological Review, 94, 229-235.
33. Kindt, M., Bierman, D., & Brosschott, J. F. (1997). Cognitive bias in spider fear and control children: Assessment of emotional interference by a card format and a single-trial format of the Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 66, 163-179.
34. Kindt, M., & Van den Hout, M. (2001). Selective attention and anxiety: A perspective on developmental issues and the causal status. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment, 23, 193-202.
35. MacLeod, C., & Cohen, I. L. (1993). Anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguity: A text comprehension study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 238-247.
36. MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L. (2002). Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 107-123.
37. Martin, J. M., & Cole, D. A. (2000). Using the personal stroop to detect children's awareness of social rejection by peers. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 241-260.
38. Martin, M., Horder, P., & Jones, G. V. (1992). Integral bias in naming of phobia-related words. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 479-486.
39. Martin, M., & Jones, G. V. (1995). Integral bias in the cognitive processing of emotionally linked pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 419-435.
40. Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1995). Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 563-569.
41. Mathews, A., Richards, A., & Eysenck, M. W. (1989). The interpretation of homophones related to threat in anxiety states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 31-34.
42. Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1998). A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 809-848.
43. Mondloch, C. J., Le Grand, R., & Maurer, D. (2002). Configural face processing develops more slowly than featural face processing, Perception, 31, 553-566.
44. Moradi, A. R., Taghavi, M. R., Neshat-Doost, H. T., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (1999). Performance of children and adolescents with PTSD on the Stroop colour-naming task. Psychological Medicine, 29, 415-419.
45. Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1998). Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature, 393, 467-470.
46. Morton, J., & Johnson, M. H. (1991). CONSPEC and CONLEARN: A two-process theory of infant face recognition. Psychological Review, 98, 164-181.
47. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Damsma, E. (2000). Threat perception bias in non-referred socially anxious children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 348-359.
48. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Ollendick, T., King, N., & Bogie, N. (2002). Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: Their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 753-772.
49. Power, M., & Dalgleish, T. (1997). Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder. Hove: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis.
50. Rapee, R. M. (2000). Group treatment of children with anxiety disorders: Outcome and predictors of treatment response. Australian Journal of Psychology, 52, 125-129.
51. Richards, A. (2004). Anxiety and the resolution of ambiguity. In J. Yiend (Ed.), Cognition, emotion and psychopathology: Theoretical, empirical and clinical directions (pp. 130-148). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. Richards, A., & French, C. C. (1992). An anxiety-related bias in semantic activation when processing threat/neutral homographs. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45, 503-525.
53. Richards, A., French, C. C., Calder, A. J., Webb, B., Fox, R., & Young, A. W. (2002). Anxiety-related bias in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. Emotion, 2, 273-287.
54. Richards, A., French, C. C., & Reynolds, A. (1993). Anxiety and the spelling and use in sentences of threat/neutral homophones. Current Psychology Research and Reviews, 12, 18-25
55. Richards, A., French, C. C., Zanelli, J., Calder, A., & Young, A. (2003). Enhanced sensitivity to anger in anxious individuals. Manuscript submitted for publication.
56. Richards, A., Richards, L. C., & McGeeney, A. (2000). Anxiety-related Stroop interference in adolescents. Journal of General Psychology, 127, 327-333.
57. Schwartz, C. E., Snidman, N., & Kagan, J. (1996). Early temperamental predictors of Stroop interference to threatening information at adolescence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 89-96.
58. Snodgrass, J. G., & Corwin, J. (1988). Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 34-50.
59. Spielberger, C. (1973). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
60. Taghavi, M. R., Moradi, A. R., Neshat-Doost, H. T., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2000). Interpretation of ambiguous emotional information in clinically anxious children and adolescents. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 809-822.
61. Vasey, M. W., Daleiden, E. L., Williams, L. L., & Brown, L. M. (1995). Biased attention in childhood anxiety disorders: A preliminary study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 267-279.
62. Vasey, M. W., Dalgleish, T., & Silverman, W. K. (2003). Research on information processing factors in child and adolescent psychopathology: A critical commentary. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 81-93.
63. Vasey, M. W., & MacLeod, C. (2001). Information processing factors in childhood anxiety: A review and developmental perspective. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 253-277). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
64. Warren, S. L., Enide, R. N., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Internal representations: Predicting anxiety from children's play narratives. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 100-107.
65. Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove: Erlbaum.
66. Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
67. Young, A. W., Perrett, D. I., Calder, A. J., Sprengelmeyer, R., & Ekman, P. (2002). Facial expressions of emotion: Stimuli and tests (FEEST) Bury St. Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Company.
68. Young, A. W., Rowland, D., Calder, A. J., Etcoff, N. L., Seth, A., & Perrett, D. I. (1997). Facial expression megamix: Tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition. Cognition, 63, 271-313.
69. Young-Browne, G., Rosenfeld, H. M., & Horowitz, F. D. (1977). Infant discrimination of facial expressions. Child Development, 48, 555-562.