Using the personal Stroop to detect children's awareness of social rejection by peers

Cognition and Emotion

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 241-260

  Martin, Joan M ^a   Cole, David A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDE; AWARENESS; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; COLOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; FEMALE; GROUP PSYCHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; READING; REVIEW; SCHOOL CHILD; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL STATUS; WORD RECOGNITION;

EID: 0034084048     PISSN: 02699931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/026999300378950     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Asher, S.R., & Coie, J.D. (Eds.). (1990). Peer rejection in childhood. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2. Asher, S.R., Parkhurst, J.T., Hymel, S., & Williams, G.A. (1990). Peer rejection and loneliness in childhood. In S.R. Asher & J.D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3. Bakan, P., & Alperson, B. (1967). Pronounceability, attensity, and interference in the color-word test. American Journal of Psychology, 80, 416-420.
4. Bellamy, J. (1987). The Doubleday children's thesaurus. New York: Doubleday.
5. Carroll, J.B., Davies, P., & Richman, B. (1971). Word frequency book. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
6. Carey, M.P., Faulstich, M.E., Gresham, F.M., Ruggiero, I., & Enyart, P. (1987). Children's Depression Inventory: Construct and discriminant validity across clinical and nonreferred control populations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 755-761.
7. Cassiday, K.L., McNally, R.J., & Zeitlin, S.B. (1992). Cognitive processing of trauma cues in rape victims with post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 283-295.
8. Cohen, J.D., Dunbar, K., & McClelland, J.L. (1990). On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychological Review, 97, 332-361.
9. Coie, J.D., & Dodge, K.A. (1983). Continuities and changes in children's social status: a five-year longitudinal study. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 29, 261-281.
10. Coie, J.D., & Dodge, K.A. (1988). Multiple sources of data on social behavior and social status in the school: A cross-age comparison. Child Development, 59, 815-829.
11. Coie, J.D., Dodge, K.A., & Coppotelli, H. (1982). Dimensions and types of social status: a cross-age perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 557-570.
12. Cole, D.A. (1990). The relation of social and academic competence to depressive symptoms in childhood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 422-429.
13. Cole, D.A. (1991). Change in self-perceived competence as a function of peer and teacher evaluation. Developmental Psychology, 27, 682-688.
14. Cole, D.A., & Carpentieri, S. (1990). Social status and the comorbidity of child depression and conduct disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 748-757.
15. Cole, D.A., Martin, J.M., & Powers, B. (1997). A competency-based model of child depression: A longitudinal study of peer, parent, teacher, and self-evaluations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 505-514.
16. Cole, D.A., Truglio, R., & Peeke, L. (1997). Relation between symptoms of anxiety and depression in children: A multitrait-multimethod-multigroup assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 110-119.
17. Cole, D.A., & White, K. (1993). Structure of peer impressions of children's competence: Validation of the peer nomination of multiple competencies. Psychological Assessment, 5, 499-458.
18. Cooley, C.G. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner.
19. Crowne, D., & Marlow, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354.
20. Dalgleish, T. (1995). Performance on the emotional Stroop task in groups of anxious, expert and control participants: A comparison of computer and card presentation formats. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 341-362.
21. Davidson, H.H., & Lange, G. (1960). Children's perceptions of their teachers' feelings toward them related to self-perception, school adjustment, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Education, 29, 107-118.
22. Duck, S. (1992). Human relationships. London: Sage.
23. Erwin, P. (1993). Friendship and peer relations in children. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
24. Felson, R.B. (1989). Parents and the reflected appraisal process: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 965-971.
25. Fey, W.F. (1955). Acceptance by others and its relation to acceptance of self and others: A revaluation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 50, 274-276.
26. Foa, E.B., Feske, U., Murdock, T.B., Kozak, M.J., & McCarthy, P.R. (1991). Processing of threat-related information in rape victims. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 156-162.
27. Foa, E.B., Ilai, E., McCarthy, P.R., Shoyer, B., & Murdock, T. (1993). Information processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 173-189.
28. Forgas, J.P. (1995). Mood and judgment - The Affect Infusion Model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39-66.
29. Gotlib, I.H., & Cane, D.B. (1987). Construct accessibility and clinical depression: a longitudinal investigation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 199-204.
30. Gotlib, I.H., & McCann, C.D. (1984). Construct accessibility and depression: an examination of cognitive and affective factors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 427-439.
31. Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53, 87-97.
32. Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the self-perception profile for children. Denver, CO: University of Denver.
33. Harter, S. (1990a). Self and identity development. In S.S. Feldman & G.R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34. Harter, S. (1990b). Developmental differences in the nature of self-representations: Implications for the understanding, assessment, and treatment of maladaptive behavior. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 14, 113-142.
35. Honkanen, M. (1993). Voice Activated Timer "VOX-BOX" [Computer software]. South Bend, IN: Author.
36. Ito, T.A., Larsen, J.T., Smith, N.K., & Cacioppo, J.T. (1998). Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(4), 887-900.
37. Jourard, S.M., & Remy, R.M. (1955). Perceived parental attitudes, the self, and security. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19, 364-366.
38. Kazdin, A.E., French, N.H., & Unis, A.A. (1983). Child, mother, and father evaluations of depression in psychiatric inpatient children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 167-180.
39. Kazdin, A.E., French, N.H., Unis, A.A., & Esveldt-Dawson, K. (1983). Assessment of childhood depression: Correspondence of child and parent ratings. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22, 157-164.
40. Kaspi, S.P., McNally, R.J., & Amir, N. (1995). Cognitive processing of emotional information in posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 319-330.
41. Klein, G.S. (1964). Semantic power measured through the interference of words with color-naming. American Journal of Psychology, 77, 576-588.
42. Kovacs, M. (1981). Rating scales to assess depression in school aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 46, 305-315.
43. Kovacs, M. (1982). The Children's Depression Inventory: A self-rating depression scale for school-aged youngsters. Unpublished manuscript. University of Pittsburgh.
44. Kovacs, M. (1985). The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Psychoparmacology Bulletin, 21, 995-998.
45. Ladd, G.W. (1990). Having friends, keeping friends, making friends, and being liked by peers in the classroom: predictors of children's early school adjustment? Child Development, 61, 1081-1100.
46. Lane, J.D., & Wegner, D.M. (1995). The cognitive consequences of secrecy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(2), 237-253.
47. Lavy, E.H., Oppen, P. van, & Hout, M. van den (1994). Selective processing of emotional information in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 243-246.
48. Lobovits, D.A., & Handal, P.J. (1985). Childhood depression: Prevalence among DSM-III criteria and validity of parent and depression scales. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 10, 45-54.
49. MacLeod, C.M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
50. MacLeod, C., & Hagan, R. (1992). Individual differences in the selective processing of threatening information and emotional responses to a stressful life event. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 151-161.
51. MacLeod, C., & Rutherford, E.M. (1992). Anxiety and the selective processing of emotional information: Mediating roles of awareness, trait and state variables, and personal relevance of stimulus materials. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 479-491.
52. Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954-969.
53. Marsh, H.W., Barnes, J., & Hocevar, D. (1985). Self-other agreement on multidimensional self-concept ratings: Factor analysis and multitrait-multimethod analyses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1360-1377.
54. Martin, M., Horder, P., & Jones, G.V. (1992). Integral bias in naming of phobia-related words. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 479-486.
55. Mathews, A., Mogg, K., Kentish, J., & Eysenck, M. (1995). Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 293-303.
56. Mathews, A.M., & Sebastion, S. (1993). Suppression of emotional Stroop effects by fear arousal. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 517-530.
57. Mattison, R.E., Handford, H.A., Kales, H.C., Goodman, A.L., & McLaughlin, R.E. (1990). Four-year predictive value of the Children's Depression Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21, 169-174.
58. McNally, R.J., Amir, N., Louro, C.E., Lukach, B.M., Riemann, B.C., & Calamari, J.E. (1994). Cognitive processing of ideographic emotional information in panic disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 32, 119-122.
59. McNally, R.J., Riemann, B.C., Louro, C.E., Lukach, B.M., & Kim, E. (1992). Cognitive processing of emotional information in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 143-149.
60. Mead, G.H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
61. Mogg, K., Bradley, B.P., Williams, R., & Mathews, A.M. (1993). Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 304-311.
62. Mogg, K., Mathews, A.M., Bird, C., & MacGregor-Morris, R. (1990). Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1230-1237.
63. Newcomb, A.F., & Bukowski, W.M. (1984). A longitudinal study of the utility of social preference and social impact of sociometric classification schemes. Child Development, 55, 1434-1447.
64. Orpen, C., & Bush, R. (1974). The lack of congruence between self-concept and public image. Journal of Social Psychology, 93, 145-146.
65. Pratto, F., & John, O.P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 380-391.
66. Prieto, S.L., Cole, D.A., & Tageson, C.W. (1992). Depressive self-schemas in clinic and nonclinic children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 1-14.
67. Power, M., & Dalgleish, T. (1997). Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
68. Riemann, B., & McNally, R.J. (1995). Cognitive processing of personally relevant information. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 325-340.
69. Rubin, K. H., & Daniels-Bierness, T. (1983). Concurrent and predictive correlates of sociometric status in kindergarten and grade one children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 337-352.
70. Rubin, K.H., & Mills, R.S.L. (1988). The many faces of social isolation in childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 916-924.
71. Saylor, C.F., Finch, A.J., Spirito, A., & Bennett, B. (1984). The Children's Depression Inventory: A systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 955-967.
72. Segal, Z.V., Gemar, M., Truchon, C., Guirguis, M., & Horrowitz, L.M. (1995). A priming methodology for studying self-representation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 205-213.
73. Shrauger, J.S., & Schoeneman, T.J. (1979). Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 549-573.
74. Smucker, M.R., Craighead, W.E., Craighead, L.W., & Green, B.J. (1986). Normative reliability data for the children's depression inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 25-39.
75. Stroop, J.R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
76. Taylor, S.E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67-85.
77. Teasdale, J.D., & Barnard, P.J. (1993). Affect, cognition, and change: remodelling depressive thought. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
78. Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Trans. & Eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
79. Walhood, D.S., & Klopfer, W.G. (1971). Congruence between self-concept and public image. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 37, 148-150.
80. Williams, J.M.G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 3-24.
81. Worchel, F. (1990). Evaluation of subclinical depression in children using self- peer- and teacher-report measures. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 96, 58-63.