Hypertension, cognitive decline, and dementia: An epidemiological perspective

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 61-70

  Tzourio, Christophe ^a,b,c  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b HÔPITAL LARIBOISIÈRE   (France)

^c PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Cognition; Dementia; Elderly; Hypertension; Magnetic resonance imaging; Stroke; Trial; White matter lesion

Indexed keywords

ENALAPRIL; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; INDAPAMIDE; NITRENDIPINE; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DEMENTIA; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; STROKE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BRAIN; CEREBRAL ARTERIES; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; DEMENTIA; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; PREVALENCE;

EID: 34247273041     PISSN: 12948322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005;366:2112-2117.
2. Ritchie K, Kildea D. Is senile dementia "age-related" or "ageing-related"? Evidence from meta-analysis of dementia prevalence in the oldest old. Lancet. 1995;346:931-934.
3. Tatemichi TK, Paik M, Bagiella E, et al. Risk of dementia after stroke in a hospitalized cohort: results of a longitudinal study. Neurology. 1994;44:1885-1891.
4. Zhu L, Fratiglioni L, Guo ZC, et al. Incidence of dementia in relation to stroke and the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele in the very old: findings from a population-based longitudinal study. Stroke. 2000;31:53-60.
5. Kokmen E, Whisnant JP, O'Fallon WM, Chu CP, Beard CM. Dementia after ischemic stroke: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960-1984). Neurology. 1996;46:154-159.
6. Censori B, Manara O, Agostini C, et al. Dementia after first stroke. Stroke. 1996;27:1205-1210.
7. Pohjasvaara T, Erkinjuntti T, Vataja R, Kaste M. Dementia three months after stroke: baseline frequency and effect of different definitions of dementia in the Helsinki stroke aging memory study (SAM) cohort. Stroke. 1997;28:785-792.
8. Ivan CS, Seshadri S, Beiser A, et al. Dementia after stroke - the Framingham Study. Stroke. 2004;35:1264-1268.
9. Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Paik M, et al. Clinical determinants of dementia related to stroke. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:568-575.
10. Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Mayeux R, et al. Dementia after stroke: baseline frequency, risks, and clinical features in a hospitalized cohort. Neurology. 1992;1185-1193.
11. Desmond DW, Moroney JT, Paik MC, et al. Frequency and clinical determinants of dementia after ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2000;54:1124-1131.
12. Prencipe M, Ferretti C, Casini AR, Santini M, Giubilei F, Culasso F. Stroke, disability, and dementia: results of a population survey. Stroke. 1997;28:531-536.
13. Linden T, Skoog I, Fagerberg B, Steen B, Blomstrand C. Cognitive impairment and dementia 20 months after stroke. Neuroepidemiology. 2004;23:45-52.
14. Korf ESC, White LR, Scheltens P, Launer LJ. Midlife blood pressure and the risk of hippocampal atrophy - the Honolulu Asia Aging Study. Hypertension. 2004;44:29-34.
15. Henon H, Durieu I, Guerouaou D, Lebert F, Pasquier F, Leys D. Poststroke dementia: incidence and relationship to prestroke cognitive decline. Neurology. 2001;57:1216-1222.
16. Henon H, Pasquier F, Durieu I, et al. Preexisting dementia in stroke patients: baseline frequency, associated factors, and outcome. Stroke. 1997;28:2429-2436.
17. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease :the Nun study. JAMA. 1997;277:813-817.
18. Elias MF, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Cobb J, White LR. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: the Framingham study. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:353-364.
19. Launer LJ, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Foley D, Havlik RJ. The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia aging study. JAMA. 1995;274:1846-1851.
20. Tzourio C, Dufouil C, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A. Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: a longitudinal study in the elderly. Neurology. 1999;53:1948-1952.
21. Glynn RJ, Beckett LA, Hebert LE, Morris MC, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Current and remote blood pressure and cognitive decline. JAMA. 1999;281:438-445.
22. Farmer ME, Kittner SJ, Abbott RD, Wolz MM, Wolf PA, White LR. Longitudinally measured blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, and cognitive performance: the Framingham Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43:475-480.
23. Farmer ME, White LR, Abbott RD, et al. Blood pressure and cognitive performance: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126:1103-1114.
24. Scherr PA, Hebert LE, Smith LA, Evans DA. Relation of blood pressure to cognitive function in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:1303-1315.
25. Zhu L, Viitanen M, Guo ZC, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Blood pressure reduction, cardiovascular diseases, and cognitive decline in the mini-mental state examination in a community population of normal very old people: a three-year follow-up. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:385-391.
26. van Boxtel MPJ, Gaillard C, Houx PJ, Buntinx F, de Leeuw PW, Jolles J. Can the blood pressure predict cognitive task performance in a healthy population sample? J Hypertens. 1997;15:1069-1076.
27. Qiu CX, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:487-499.
28. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study. BMJ. 2001;322:1447-1451.
29. Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S, et al. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet. 1996;347:1141-1145.
30. Launer LJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, et al. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging. 2000;21:49-55.
31. Whitmer RA, Sidney S, Selby J, Johnston SC, Yaffe K. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life. Neurology. 2005;64:277-281.
32. Morris MC, Scherr PA, Hebert LE, Glynn PJ, Bennett DA, Evans DA. Association of incident Alzheimer disease and blood pressure measured from 13 years before to 2 years after diagnosis in a large community study. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:1640-1646.
33. Verghese J, Lipton RB, Hall CB, Kuslansky G, Katz MJ. Low blood pressure and the risk of dementia in very old individuals. Neurology. 2003;61:1667-1672.
34. Guo ZC, Fratiglioni L, Zhu L, Fastbom J, Winbald B, Viitanen M. Occurrence and progression of dementia in a community population aged 75 years and older - relationship of antihypertensive medication use. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:991-996.
35. Tzourio C, Anderson C Chapman N, et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering with perindopril and indapamide therapy on dementia and cognitive decline in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Arch Int Med. 2003;163:1069-1075.
36. PROGRESS Management Committee. PROGRESS - Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study: characteristics of the study population at baseline. J Hypertens. 1999;17:1647-1655.
37. PROGRESS Management Committee. Blood pressure lowering for the secondary prevention of stroke: rationale and design for PROGRESS. J Hypertens. 1996;14(suppl 2):S41-S46.
38. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001;358:1033-1041.
39. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA. 1991;265:3255-3264.
40. Prince MJ, Bird AS, Blizard RA, Mann AH. Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's trial of hypertension in older adults. BMJ. 1996;312:801-805.
41. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet. 1998;352:1347-1351.
42. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al. The Study on cognition and prognosis in the elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens. 2003;21:875-886.
43. Di Bari M, Pahor M, Franse LV, et al. Dementia and disability outcomes in large hypertension trials: lessons learned from the systolic hypertension in the elderly program (SHEP) trial. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153:72-78.
44. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet. 1997;350:757-764.
45. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE); outcomes in patients not receiving add-on therapy after randomization. J Hypertens. 2004;22:1605-1612.
46. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, et al. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Study. Arch Int Med. 2002;162:2046-2052.
47. Breteler M, van Swieten JC, Bots ML, et al. Cerebral white matter lesions, vascular risk factors and cognitive function in a population-based study: the Rotterdam study. Neurology. 1994;44:1246-1252.
48. Fazekas F, Niederkorn K, Schmidt R, et al. White matter signal abnormalities in normal individuals correlation with carotid ultrasonography, cerebral blood flow measurements, and cerebrovascular risk factors. Stroke. 1988;19:1285-1288.
49. Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging. Am J Neuroradiol. 1987;8:421-246.
50. Kozachuk WE, Decerli C, Schapiro MB, Wagner EE, Rapoport SI, Horwitz B. White matter hyperintensities in dementia of Alzheimer's type and in healthy subjects without cerebrovascular risk factors. A magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:1306-1310.
51. Manolio TA, Kronmal RA, Burke GL, et al. Magnetic resonance abnormalities and cardiovascular disease in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke. 1994;25:318-327.
52. van Swieten JC, Geyskes GG, Derix MMA. Hypertension in the elderly is associated with white matter lesions and cognitive decline. Ann Neurol. 1991;30:825-830.
53. Longstreth WT, Manolio TA, Arnold A, et al. Clinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people: the cardiovascular health study. Stroke. 1996;27:1274-1282.
54. Jeerakathil T, Wolf PA, Beiser A, et al. Stroke risk profile predicts white matter hyperintensity volume: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 2004;35:1857-1861.
55. Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, et al. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation. 2003;107:1401-1406.
56. de Leeuw FE, deGroot JC, Oudkerk M, et al. Hypertension and cerebral white matter lesions in a prospective cohort study. Brain. 2002;125.765-772.
57. Dufouil C, deKersaintGilly A, Besancon V, et al. Longitudinal study of blood pressure and white matter hyperintensities - the EVA MRI cohort. Neurology. 2001;56:921-926.
58. Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Hayn M, et al. Risk factors for microangiopathy-related cerebral damage in the Austrian stroke prevention study. J Neurol Sci. 1997;152:15-21.
59. Liao DP, Cooper L, Cai JW, et al. Presence and severity of cerebral white matter lesions and hypertension, its treatment, and its control: the ARIC study. Stroke. 1996;27:2262-2270.
60. Awad IA, Johnson PC, Spetzler RF, Hodak JA. Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. II. Postmortem pathological correlations. Stroke. 1986;17:1090-1097.
61. Braffman BH, Zimmerman RA, Trojanowski JQ, Gonatas NK, Hickey WF, Schlaepfer WW. Brain MR: pathologic correlation with gross and histopathology. II: hyperintense white-matter foci in the elderly. Am J Neuroradiol. 1988;9:629-936.
62. van Swieten JC, van den Hout JHW, Van Ketel BA, Hijdra A, Wokke JH, van Gijn J. Periventricular lesions in the white matter on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. A morphometric correlation with arteriolosclerosis and dilated perivascular spaces. Brain. 1991;114:761-774.
63. Marstrand JR, Garde E, Rostrup E, et al. Cerebral perfusion and cerebrovascular reactivity are reduced in white matter hyperintensities. Stroke. 2002;33:972-976.
64. O'Sullivan M, Lythgoe DJ, Pereira AC, et al. Patterns of cerebral blood flow reduction in patients with ischemic leukoaraiosis. Neurology. 2002;59:321-326.
65. Hatazawa J, Shimosegawa E, Satoh T, Toyoshima H, Okudera T. Subcortical hypoperfusion associated with asymptomatic white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke. 1997;28:1944-1947.
66. Tzourio C, Levy C, Dufouil C, Touboul PJ, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A. Low cerebral blood flow velocity and risk of white matter hyperintensities. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:411-414.
67. Roman GC. From UBOs to Binswanger's disease: impact of magnetic resonance imaging on vascular dementia research. Stroke. 1996;27:1269-1273.
68. Pantoni L, Garcia JH. Pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis; a review. Stroke. 1997;28:652-659.
69. Nobili F, Rodriguez G, Marenco S, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in chronic hypertension. A correlative study. Stroke. 1993;24:1148-1153.
70. Harrell LE, Duvall E, Folks DG. The relationship of high-intensity signals on magnetic resonance images to cognitive and psychiatric state in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol. 1991;48:1136-1140.
71. Junqué C, Pujol J, Vendrell P, et al. Leuko-araiosis on magnetic resonance imaging and speed of mental processing. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:151-156.
72. Steingart A, Hachinski V, Lau C, et al. Cognitive and neurologic findings in subjects with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographic scan (leuko-araiosis). Arch Neurol. 1987;44:32-35.
73. Prins ND, van Dijk EJ, denHeijer T, et al. Cerebral white matter lesions and the risk of dementia. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1531-1534.
74. Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Newman A, et al. Risk factors for dementia in the cardiovascular health cognition study. Neuroepidemiology. 2003;22:13-22.
75. Vermeer SE, Prins ND, denHeijer T, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler M. Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1215-1222.
76. den Heijer T, Launer LJ, Prins ND, et al. Association between blood pressure, white matter lesions, and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. Neurology. 2005;64:263-267.
77. Capizzano AA, Acion L, Bekinschtein T, et al. White matter hyperintensities are significantly associated with cortical atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:822-827.
78. de Leeuw FE, Barkhof F, Scheltens P. White matter lesions and hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 2004;62:310-312.
79. Onen F, Feugeas MCH, Baron G, et al. Leukoaraiosis and mobility decline: a high resolution magnetic resonance imaging study in older people with mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett. 2004;355:185-188.
80. Starr JM, Leaper SA, Murray AD, et al. Brain white matter lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging are associated with balance and gait speed. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:94-98.
81. Benson RR, Guttmann CRG, Wei X, et al. Older people with impaired mobility have specific loci of periventricular abnormality on MRI. Neurology. 2002;58:48-55.
82. Whitman GT, Tang T, Lin A, Baloh RW. A prospective study of cerebral white matter abnormalities in older people with gait dysfunction. Neurology. 2001;57:990-994.
83. Tell GS, Lefkowitz DS, Diehr P, Elster AD. Relationship between balance and abnormalities in cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in older adults. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:73-79.
84. Jellinger KA. Parkinsonism due to Binswanger's subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy. Mov Disord. 1996;11:461-462.
85. van Zagten M, Lodder J, Kessels F. Gait disorder and parkinsonian signs in patients with stroke related to small deep infarcts and white matter lesions. Mov Disord. 1998;13:89-95.
86. Yamanouchi H, Nagura H. Neurological signs and frontal white matter lesions in vascular parkinsonism: a clinicopathologic study. Stroke. 1997;28:965-969.
87. Fu JH, Lu CZ, Hong Z, Dong Q, Luo Y, Wong KS. Extent of white matter lesions is related to acute subcortical infarcts and predicts further stroke risk in patients with first ever ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:793-796.
88. Kuller LH, Longstreth WT, Jr., Arnold AM, et al. White matter hyperintensity on cranial magnetic resonance imaging: a predictor of stroke. Stroke. 2004;35:1821-1825.
89. Steffens DC, Trost WT, Payne ME, Hybels CF, MacFall JR. Apolipoprotein E genotype and subcortical vascular lesions in older depressed patients and control subjects. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:674-681.
90. Taylor WD, MacFall JR, Steffens DC, Payne ME, Provenzale JM, Krishnan KRR. Localization of age-associated white matter hyperintensities in late-life depression. Prog Neuro Psych Biol Psych. 2003;27:539-544.
91. Thomas AJ, O'Brien JT, Barber R, McMeekin W, Perry R. A neuropathological study of periventricular white matter hyperintensities in major depression. J Affect Disord. 2003;76:49-54.
92. Nebes RD, Vora IJ, Meltzer CC, et al. Relationship of deep white matter hyperintensities and apolipoprotein E genotype to depressive symptoms in older adults without clinical depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:878-884.
93. O'Brien J, Ames D, Chiu E, Schweitzer I, Desmond P, Tress B. Severe deep white matter lesions and outcome in elderly patients with major depressive disorder: follow up study. BMJ. 1998;317:982-984.
94. Dufouil C, Chalmers J, Oguzhan Coskun O, for the PROGRESS MRI Substudy Investigators. Effects of blood pressure lowering on cerebral white matter hyperintensities in patients with stroke: The PROGRESS (Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Substudy. Circulation. 2005;112:1644-1650.
95. Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C. Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am J Publ Health. 1998;88:1337-1342.
96. Angeli F, Verdecchia P, Reboldi GP, et al. Calcium channel blockade to prevent stroke in hypertension: a meta-analysis of 13 studies with 103,793 subjects. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:817-822.