Collectivism, individualism, and outgroup cooperation in a segmented China

Asia Pacific Journal of Management

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 207-225

  Koch, Bradley J ^a   Koch, Pamela Tremain ^a  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

China; Collectivism; Competition; Cooperation; Group membership; Individualism; Ingroup; Outgroup; Regionalism

Indexed keywords

EID: 34147187220     PISSN: 02174561     EISSN: 15729958     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10490-006-9004-5     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Ali, A. J., Taqi, A. A., & Krishnan, K. 1997. Individualism, collectivism, and decision styles of managers in Kuwait. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137: 629-637.
2. Bond, M. 2002. Reclaiming the individual from Hofstede's ecological analysis-a 20-year Odyssey: Comment on Oyserman et al. Psychological Bulletin, 138: 72-77.
3. Bond, M., Leung, K., & Wan, K. 1982. How does cultural collectivism operate? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13: 186-201.
4. Chan, D. K-S., Triandis, H. C., Carnevale, P. J., Tam, A., & Bond, M. 1997a. A cross-cultural comparison of negotiation: Effects of collectivism, relationship between negotiators, and concession pattern on negotiation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
5. Chan, K., Godby, R., Mestelman, S., & Muller, R. A. 1997b. Equity theory and the voluntary provision of public goods. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 32: 349-364.
6. Chatman, J. A., & Barsade, S. E. 1995. Personality, organizational culture, and cooperation: Evidence from a business simulation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 423-443.
7. Chen, X. P. 2002. Leader behaviors and employee turnover in PRC firms. In A. S. Tsui, & C. M. Lau (Eds.). The management of enterprises in the People's Republic of China. New York: Kluwer, pp. 325-345.
8. Chen, M., & Pan, W. 1993. Understanding the process of doing business in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Lewistown, New York: Edward Mellen.
9. Chen, X. C., & Francesco, A. M. 2000. Employee demography, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions in China: Do cultural differences matter? Human Relations, 53: 869-887.
10. Chen, C. C., Chen, X., & Meindle, J. R. 1998. How can cooperation be fostered? The cultural effects of individualism-collectivism. Academy of Management Review, 23: 285-304.
11. Chen, C. C., Peng, M. W., & Saporito, P. A. 2002. Individualism, collectivism, and opportunism: A cultural perspective on transaction cost economics. Journal of Management, 28: 567-583.
12. China Marketing and Data Statistics. 1998. Chicago: Euromonitor International.
13. Chinese Cultural Connections 1987. Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18: 143-164.
14. Chiu, R. K., & Francesco, A. M. 2003. Dispositional traits and turnover intention: Examining the mediating role of job satisfaction and affective commitment. International Journal of Manpower, 24(3): 284-298.
15. Chiu, R. K., Luk, V., & Tang, T. 2001. Hong Kong and China? The cash mentality revisited. Compensation and Benefits Review, 33(3): 66-72.
16. Conway, L. G., Ryder, A. G., Tweed, R. G., & Sokol, B. W. 2002. Intranational cultural variation: Exploring further implications of collectivism within the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32: 681-697.
17. Cox, T. H., Lobel, S. A., & McLeod, P. L. 1991. Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 827-847.
18. Demurger, S., & Lelong, G. 2002. China's regional development: Prospects and policies. In C. Piggot (Ed.). China in the world economy: The domestic policy challenges. Paris: OECD, pp. 679-711.
19. Diaz-Guerrero, R. 1984. The psychological study of the Mexican. In J. Martinex, & R. Mendoza (Eds.). Chicano psychology (2nd Edition). Orlando: Academic, pp. 251-268.
20. Doney, P. M., Cannon, J. P., & Mullen, M. R. 1998. Understanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23: 601-620.
21. Durkheim, E. 1933. The division of labor in society, (W. D. Hall, translator, 1984). New York: Free.
22. Earley, P. C. 1989. Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People's Republic of China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 565-581.
23. Earley, P. C. 1993. East meets West meets Mideast: Further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 319-348.
24. Earley, P. C., & Gibson, C. 1998. Taking stock in our progress on individualism-collectivism: 100 years of solidarity and community. Journal of Management, 24: 265-304.
25. Falkenheim, V. 1988. The political economy of regional reform: An overview. In B. L. Reynolds (Ed.). Chinese economic policy: Economic reform at Midstream. New York: Paragon House, pp. 285-309.
26. Fiske, A. P. 2002. Using individualism and collectivism to compare cultures-A critique of the validity and measurement of the constructs: Comment on Oyserman et al. Psychological Bulletin, 128: 78-88.
27. Frank, A. G. 1998. ReOrient: Global economy in the Asian age. Berkeley, California: University of California.
28. Gang, F., Perkins, D. H., & Sabin, L. 1997. Peoples' Republic of China: Economic performance and prospects. Asian Development Review, 15(2): 43-85.
29. Goodall, K., & Burgers, W. 1998. Frequent fliers. China Business Review, 25: 50-52.
30. Gustafsson, B., & Li, S. 1998. The structure of Chinese poverty. The Developing Economies, 36(4): 387-406.
31. Guzley, R., Araki, F., & Chalmers, L. 1998. Cross-cultural perspectives of commitment: Individualism and collectivism as a framework for conceptualization. Southern Communication Journal, 64: 1-19.
32. He, W., Chen, C. C., & Zhang, L. 2004. Rewards-allocation preferences of Chinese employees in the new millennium: The effects of ownership reform, collectivism, and goal priority. Organization Science, 15: 221-231.
33. Hofstede, G. 1980. Cultures' consequences: International differences in work-related value. Beverly Hills: Sage.
34. Hofstede, G. 1991. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw Hill.
35. Hofstede, G. 2001. Culture's consequences, comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
36. Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. 1984. Hofstede's cultural dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach's value survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15: 417-433.
37. Hofstede, G., Bond, M. H., & Luk, C. L. 1993. Individual perceptions of organizational cultures: A methodological treatise on levels of analysis. Organization Studies, 14: 483-583.
38. Hui, C. H. 1988. Measurement of individualism-collectivism. Journal of Research in Personality, 22: 17-36.
39. Hui, H. C. 1990. Work attitudes, leadership styles, and managerial behaviors in different cultures. In R. W. Brislin (Ed.). Applied cross-cultural psychology. Newbury Park, California: Sage, pp. 186-208.
40. Hui, C. H., & Tan, C. K. 1996. Employee motivation and attitudes in the Chinese workforce. In M. H. Bond (Ed.). Handbook of Chinese psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, pp. 364-378.
41. Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. 1985. Individualism-collectivism: A study of cross-cultural researchers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17: 225-248.
42. Hui, C. H., Triandis, H. C., & Yee, C. 1991. Cultural differences in reward allocation: Is collectivism the explanation? British Journal of Social Psychology, 30: 145-157.
43. Hui, C., Lee, C., & Rousseau, D. M. 2004. Employment relationships in China: Do workers relate to the organization or to people? Organization Science, 15: 232-240.
44. Isaac, M., Walker, J., & Thomas, S. 1984. Divergent evidence on free riding: An experimental examination of possible explanations. Public Choice, 43: 113-149.
45. Jackson, J., & Harkins, S. 1985. Equity in effort: An explanation of social loafing effect. The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49: 1199-1206.
46. Kagitcibasi, C. 1987. Individual and group loyalties: Are they compatible? In C. Kagitcibasi (Ed.). Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology. Berwyn, Pennsylvania: Swets North America, pp. 99-103.
47. Kashima, Y., & Callan, V. 1994. The Japanese work group. In H. C. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.). Handbook of industrial/organizational psychology. Consulting Psychologists, 4:610-646.
48. Kim, K. I., Park, H. J., & Suzuki, N. 1990. Reward allocation in the United States, Japan, and Korea: A comparison of individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 188-198.
49. Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. 2001. The impact of team members' cultural values on productivity, cooperation, and empowerment in self-managing work teams. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32: 597-617.
50. Leung, K. 1988. Theoretical advances in justice behavior: Some cross-cultural inputs. In M. H. Bond (Ed.). The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology. Newbury Park, California: Sage, pp. 218-229.
51. McGregor, J. 2005. One billion customers: Lessons from the front lines of doing business in China. New York: Free.
52. Menches, J. 2004. The value of commitment: Companies must look beyond salaries to motivate and retain staff. South China Morning Post, 19 June, p.4.
53. Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. 2003. Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
54. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. 2002. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128: 3-72.
55. Peng, Y. 2004. Kinship networks and entrepreneurs in China's transitional economy. American Journal of Sociology, 109(5): 1045-1074.
56. Probst, T. M., Carnevale, P. J., & Triandis, H. C. 1999. Cultural values in intergroup and singlegroup social dilemmas. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77: 171-191.
57. Reading, S. G. 1990. The spirit of Chinese capitalism. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
58. Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., & Lee, H. K. 1996. Variations in collectivism and individualism by ingroup and culture: Confirmatory factor analyses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71: 1037-1054.
59. Schwartz, S. H. 1992a. Toward a psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53: 878-891.
60. Schwartz, S. H. 1992b. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.). Advances in experimental psychology. San Diego, California: Academic.
61. Schwartz, S. H. 1994. Cultural dimensions of values: Towards an understanding of national differences. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.). Individualism and collectivism: Theoretical and methodological issues. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, pp. 85-119.
62. Shirk, S. 1989. The political economy of Chinese industrial reform. In V. Nee, & D. Stark (Eds.). Remaking the economic institutions of socialism: China and Eastern Europe. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, pp. 264-328.
63. Singelis, T. M. 1994. The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20: 580-591.
64. Sklair, L. 1995. Sociology of the global system. New York: Prentice Hall.
65. Smith, P. B., & Bond, M. 1993. Social psychology across cultures. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
66. Smith, P. B., & Dugan, S. 1996. National culture and the values of organizational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27: 231-255.
67. Smith, P. B., Dugan, S., Peterson, M. F., & Leung, K. 1998. Individualism: Collectivism and the handling of disagreement. A 23 Country Study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22: 351-367.
68. Thompson, E. R., & Phua, F. T. 2005. Are national cultural traits applicable to senior firm managers? British Journal of Management, 16: 59-68.
69. Tonnies, F. 1957. Community and society. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press (1967 printing).
70. Triandis, H. C. 1995. Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, Colorado: Westview.
71. Triandis, H., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. 1988. Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54: 323-338.
72. Wagner, J. 1995. Studies in individualism and collectivism: Effects on cooperation in groups. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 152-172.
73. Wagner, J., & Moch, M. 1986. Individualism-collectivism: Concept and measure. Group and Organization Studies, 11: 280-304.
74. Wank, D. L. 1999. Commodifying communism: Business, trust, and politics in a Chinese city. New York: Cambridge University Press.
75. White, G. 1993. Riding the tiger: The politics of economic reform in post-Mao China. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
76. Wong, Y. T., Ngo, H. T., & Wong, C. S. 2002. Affective organizational commitment of workers in Chinese joint ventures. Journal of Management Psychology, 17: 580-598.
77. World Economic Handbook. 1997. Chicago: Euromonitor International.
78. Xie, H. 2004. Chinese embrace job-hop lifestyle: No more 'iron rice bowls' as Beijing drops job assignments and workers become more mobile and ambitious. The Straits Times, 16 August.