Mouse Mammary Tumor Biology: A Short History

Advances in Cancer Research

Volumn 98, Issue , 2007, Pages 53-116

  Cardiff, Robert D ^a   Kenney, Nicholas ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b HAMPTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN; EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA; HORMONE;

BIOASSAY; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOTECHNOLOGY; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; BREAST CELL; BREAST TUMOR; CANCER GRAFT; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RESEARCH; CLONAL VARIATION; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ENDOCRINOLOGY; EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; GENETIC ENGINEERING; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HISTORY; INBRED STRAIN; MAMMALIAN GENETICS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOUSE; MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR ONCOVIRUS; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; ONCOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TRANSPLANTATION; TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY; TUMOR VIRUS; VALIDATION PROCESS; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS INFECTIVITY;

ANIMALS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL; MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS, MOUSE; MICE; PORTRAITS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS;

EID: 34147113395     PISSN: 0065230X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-230X(06)98003-8     Document Type: Review

References (329)

1. Acha-Orbea H., Finke D., Attinger A., Schmid S., Wehrli N., Vacheron S., Xenarios I., Scarpellino L., Toellner K.M., MacLennan I.C., and Luther S.A. Interplays between mouse mammary tumor virus and the cellular and humoral immune response. Immunol. Rev. 168 (1999) 287-303
2. Alexander P. Do cancers arise from a single transformed cell or is monoclonality of tumours a late event in carcinogenesis?. Br. J. Cancer 51 (1985) 453-457
3. Altrock B.W., Cardiff R.D., Puma J.P., and Lund J.K. Detection of acquired provirus sequences in mammary tumors from low-expressor, low-risk mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 68 (1982) 1037-1041
4. Andervont H.B. The milk influenece in the genesis of mammary tumors. "Symposium on Mammary Tumors in Mice," (1945), Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Washington D.C 123-139
5. Andervont H.B. Subcellular particles in the neoplastic process; general summary. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 68 (1957) 649-655
6. Andervont H.B., and Bryan W.R. Properties of the mouse mammary-tumor agent. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 5 (1944) 143-149
7. Apolant H. Die epithelialen Geschwülste der Maus. Arbeiten a.d. Koniglchn Inst. F. Expt. Ther. zu Frankfurt a.M. 1 (1906) 7-68
8. Arechaga J. On the boundary between development and neoplasia: An interview with Professor G. Barry Pierce. Int. J. Dev. 37 (1993) 5-16
9. Balmain A. Cancer genetics: From Boveri and Mendel to microarrays. Nat. Rev. Cancer 1 (2001) 77-82
10. Baltimore D. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of RNA tumour viruses. Nature 226 (1970) 1209-1211
11. Baltimore D. Discovery of the reverse transcriptase. FASEB J. 9 (1995) 1660-1663
12. Barcellos-Hoff M.H., and Medina D. New highlights on stroma-epithelial interactions in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 7 (2005) 33-36
13. Bashford E.F. The behaviour of tumor cells during propagation. Imperial Cancer Research Fund (Great Britain). Fourth Scientific Report (1911) 131-214
14. Bashford E.F. The behaviour of tumor cells during propagation. In: Bashford E.F. (Ed). "Fourth Scientific Report on the Investigations of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund" (1911), Taylor and Francis, London vii-xxi
15. Beatson G.T. On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: Suggestions for a new method of treatment, with illustrated cases. Lancet 2 (1896) 104-107 and 162-165
16. Bentvelzen P., and Daams J.H. Hereditary infections with mammary tumor viruses in mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 43 (1969) 1025-1035
17. Berenblum I., and Shubik P. A new, quantitative approach to the study of the stages of chemical carcinogenesis in the mouse's skin. Br. J. Cancer 8 (1954) 1-12
18. Bern H.A., and Nandi S. Recent studies of the hormonal influence in mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 2 (1961) 90-144
19. Bernhard W. Electron microscopy of tumor cells and tumor viruses: A review. Cancer Res. 18 (1958) 491-509
20. Bernhard W., Bauer A., Guerin M., and Oberling C. [Electron microscopy of virus-like inclusions in mouse mammary epitheliomas]. Bull. Assoc. Fr Etud. Cancer 42 (1955) 163-178
21. Bernier G.M., and Putnam F.W. Myeloma proteins and macroglobulins: Hallmarks of disease and models of antibodies. Prog. Hematol. 27 (1964) 160-186
22. Beuving L.J., Faulkin Jr. L.J., De Ome K.B., and Bergs V.V. Hyperplastic lesions in the mammary glands of Sprague-Dawley rats after 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene treatment. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 39 (1967) 423-429
23. Bishop J.M. In: Linsten J. (Ed). "Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1981-1990" (1993), World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore 530-548
24. Bittner J.J. Some possible effects of nursing on the mammary gland tumor incidence in mice. Science 84 (1936) 162
25. Bittner J.J. The milk-influence of breast tumors in mice. Science 95 (1942) 462-463
26. Black M.M., Zachrau R.E., and Shore B. MuMTV-like characteristics of human breast carcinoma immunogens. Bibl. Haematol. 43 (1975) 559-564
27. Black M.M., Zachrau R.E., Dion A.S., Shore B., Fine D.L., Leis Jr. H.P., and Williams C.J. Cellular hypersensitivity of gp55 of RIII-murine mammary tumor virus and gp55-like protein of human breast cancers. Cancer Res. 36 (1976) 4137-4142
28. Blair P.B. The mammary tumor virus (MTV). Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 45 (1968) 1-69
29. Blakely C.M., Sintasath L., D'Cruz C.M., Hahn K.T., Dugan K.D., Belka G.K., and Chodosh L.A. Developmental stage determines the effects of MYC in the mammary epithelium. Development 132 (2005) 1147-1160
30. Bonser G.M., Dossett J.A., and Jull J.W. "Human and Experimental Breast Cancer." (1961), Pitman, London
31. Borrel A. Epithelioses infecticuses of epitheliomas. Ann. de L'Inst. Pasteur 17 (1903) 81-118
32. Borrel A. Parasitisme et tumours. Ann. de L'Inst. Pasteur 24 (1910) 778
33. Bowen J.M., Dmochowski L., Miller M.F., Priori E.S., Seman G., Dodson M.L., and Maruyama K. Implications of humoral antibody in mice and humans to breast tumor and mouse mammary tumor virus-associated antigens. Cancer Res. 36 (1976) 759-764
34. Burstein H.J., Polyak K., Wong J.S., Lester S.C., and Kaelin C.M. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (2004) 1430-1441
35. Burton E.F., Hillier J., and Prebus A. Report on the development of the electron supermicroscope at Toronto. Phys. Rev. 56 (1939) 1171-1172
36. Burton E.F., Hillier J., and Prebus A. The contribution of the electron microscope to medicine. 1. The electron microscope described. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 42 (1940) 116-119
37. Calabresi P., Dexter D.L., and Heppner G.H. Clinical and pharmacological implications of cancer cell differentiation and heterogeneity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 28 (1979) 1933-1941
38. Callahan R., Drohan W., Tronick S., and Schlom J. Detection and cloning of human DNA sequences related to the mouse mammary tumor virus genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 (1982) 5503-5507
39. Cameron A.M., and Faulkin Jr. L.J. Hyperplastic and inflammatory nodules in the canine mammary gland. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 47 (1971) 1277-1287
40. Cardiff R.D. Quantitation of mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV) virions by radioimmunoassay. J. Immunol. 111 (1973) 1722-1729
41. Cardiff R.D. Protoneoplasia: The molecular biology of murine mammary hyperplasia. Adv. Cancer Res. 42 (1984) 167-190
42. Cardiff R.D. Validity of mouse mammary tumour models for human breast cancer: Comparative pathology. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52 (2001) 224-230
43. Cardiff R.D., and Gardner M.B. The MuMTV-human interrelationship: Does it really matter? (Review). In: Hager J.C., Furmanski P., and Rich M.A. (Eds). "Understanding Breast Cancer: Clinical and Laboratory Concepts" (1983), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 317-333
44. Cardiff R.D., and Wellings S.R. The comparative pathology of human and mouse mammary glands. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 4 (1999) 105-122
45. Cardiff R.D., Blair P.B., and Nakayama P. In vitro cultivation of mouse mammary tumor virus: Detection of MTV production by radioisotope labeling and identification by immune precipitation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 59 (1968) 895-902
46. Cardiff R.D., Fanning T.G., Morris D.W., Ashley R.L., and Faulkin L.J. Restriction endonuclease studies of hyperplastic outgrowth lines from BALB/cfC3H mouse hyperplastic mammary nodules. Cancer Res. 41 (1981) 3024-3029
47. Cardiff R.D., Morris D.W., and Young L.J. Alterations of acquired mouse mammary tumor virus DNA during mammary tumorigenesis in BALB/cfC3H mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 71 (1983) 1011-1019
48. Cardiff R.D., Sinn E., Muller W., and Leder P. Transgenic oncogene mice. Tumor phenotype predicts genotype. Am. J. Pathol. 139 (1991) 495-501
49. Cardiff R.D., Anver M.R., Gusterson B.A., Hennighausen L., Jensen R.A., Merino M.J., Rehm S., Russo J., Tavassoli F.A., Wakefield L.M., Ward J.M., and Green J.E. The mammary pathology of genetically engineered mice: The consensus report and recommendations from the Annapolis meeting. Oncogene 19 (2000) 968-988
50. Cardiff R.D., Moghanaki D., and Jensen R.A. Genetically engineered mouse models of mammary intraepithelial neoplasia. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 5 (2000) 421-437
51. Cardiff R.D., Bern H.A., Faulkin L.J., Daniel C.W., Smith G.H., Young L.J., Medina D., Gardner M.B., Wellings S.R., Shyamala G., Guzman R.C., Rajkumar L., et al. Contributions of mouse biology to breast cancer research. Comp. Med. 52 (2002) 12-31
52. Cardiff R.D., Rosner A., Hogarth M.A., Galvez J.J., Borowsky A.D., and Gregg J.P. Validation: The new challenge for pathology. Toxicol. Pathol. 32 Suppl. 1 (2004) 31-39
53. Cheatle G.L. Schimmelbusch's disease of the breast and Dr. A. Lacassagne's experiments on mice. Br. J. Surg. 22 (1934-1935) 710-715
54. Check E. Canada stops Harvard's oncomouse in its tracks. Nature 420 (2002) 593
55. Crick F. Central dogma of molecular biology. Nature 227 (1970) 561-563
56. Crisp. Malignant tumor on the pectoral muscle of a mouse (M. musculus). Trans Pathol. Soc. London 5 (1854) 348
57. Crow J.F. C. C. Little, cancer and inbred mice. Genetics 161 (2002) 1357-1361
58. Culliton B.J. Cancer: Select committee calls virus program a closed shop. Science 182 (1973) 1110-1112
59. Culliton B.J. Virus cancer program: Review panel stands by criticism. Science 184 (1974) 143-145
60. Cunha G.R., Wang Y.Z., Hayward S.W., and Risbridger G.P. Estrogenic effects on prostatic differentiation and carcinogenesis. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 13 (2001) 285-296
61. Cunha G.R., Young P., Hom Y.K., Cooke P.S., Taylor J.A., and Lubahn D.B. Elucidation of a role for stromal steroid hormone receptors in mammary gland growth and development using tissue recombinants. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 2 (1997) 393-402
62. Currier N., Solomon S.E., Demicco E.G., Chang D.L., Farago M., Ying H., Dominguez I., Sonenshein G.E., Cardiff R.D., Xiao Z.X., Sherr D.H., and Seldin D.C. Oncogenic signaling pathways activated in DMBA-induced mouse mammary tumors. Toxicol. Pathol. 33 (2005) 726-737
63. Dandekar S., Sukumar S., Zarbl H., Young L.J., and Cardiff R.D. Specific activation of the cellular Harvey-ras oncogene in dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mouse mammary tumors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (1986) 4104-4108
64. Daniel C.W., De Ome K.B., Young L., Blair P.B., and Faulkin L.J. The in vivo life span of normal and preneoplastic mouse mammary glands: A werial transplantation study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 61 (1968) 53-60
65. Davis R.H. Strong inference: Rationale or inspiration?. Perspect. Biol. Med. 49 (2006) 238-250
66. De Ome K.B., Faulkin L.J., Bern H.A., and Blair P.B. Development of mammary tumors form hyperplastic alveolar nodules transplanted into gland-free mammary fat pads of female C3H mice. Cancer 24 (1959) 1255-1258
67. De Ome K.B., and Young L. Hyperplastic lesions of the mouse and rat mammary glands. "Experimental Cancer Therapy. Proceedings of the Tenth International Cancer Research Congress," (1970) 474-483
68. De Ome K.B., Blair P.B., and Faulkin Jr. L.J. Some characteristics of the preneoplastic hyperplastic alveolar nodules of C3H/Crgl mice. Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 17 (1961) 973-982
69. Desai K.V., Xiao N., Wang W., Gangi L., Greene J., Powell J.I., Dickson R., Furth P., Hunter K., Kucherlapati R., Simon R., Liu E.T., et al. Initiating oncogenic event determines gene-expression patterns of human breast cancer models. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 6967-6972
70. Dexter D.L., Kowalski H.M., Blazar B.A., Fligiel Z., Vogel R., and Heppner G.H. Heterogeneity of tumor cells from a single mouse mammary tumor. Cancer Res. 38 (1978) 3174-3181
71. Dickson C., and Peters G. Protein-coding potential of mouse mammary tumor virus genome RNA as examined by in vitro translation. J. Virol. 37 (1981) 36-47
72. Dickson C., Smith R., and Peters G. In vitro synthesis of polypeptides encoded by the long terminal repeat region of mouse mammary tumour virus DNA. Nature 291 (1981) 511-513
73. Dickson C., Smith R., Brookes S., and Peters G. Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: Proviral activation of a cellular gene in the common integration region int-2. Cell 37 (1984) 529-536
74. Dickson C., Acland P., Smith R., Dixon M., Deed R., MacAllan D., Walther W., Fuller-Pace F., Kiefer P., and Peters G. Characterization of int-2: A member of the fibroblast growth factor family. J. Cell Sci. 13 Suppl. (1990) 87-96
75. Dmochowski L., Haagensen C.D., and Moore D.H. Studies of sections of normal and malignant cells of high- and low-cancer-strain mice by means of electron microscope. Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 11 (1955) 640-645
76. Dofuku R., and Matsuzawa A. A possible endomitotic origin of trisomy of chromosome 13: Karyological implications for murine mammary tumorigenesis. Anticancer Res. 3 (1983) 17-34
77. Dofuku R., Utakoji T., and Matsuzawa A. Trisomy of chromosome No. 13 in spontaneous mammary tumors of GR, C3H, and noninbred Swiss mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63 (1979) 651-656
78. Duesberg P.H., and Blair P.B. Isolation of the nucleic acid of mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 55 (1966) 1490-1497
79. Duesberg P.H., and Cardiff R.D. Structural relationships between the RNA of mammary tumor virus and those of other RNA tumor viruses. Virology 36 (1968) 696-700
80. Duesberg P.H., and Vogt P.K. Differences between the ribonucleic acids of transforming and nontransforming avian tumor viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 67 (1970) 1673-1680
81. Dunham L.J., and Stewart H.L. A survey of transplantable and transmissible animal tumors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 13 (1953) 1299-1377
82. Dunn T.B. Morphology and histogenesis of mammary tumors. In: Moulton F.R. (Ed). "Symposium on Mammary Tumors in Mice" (1945), Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Washington D.C 13-38
83. Dunn T.B. Morphology of mammary tumors in mice. In: Homburger F. (Ed). "The Physiopathology of Cancer" (1958), Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., New York 38-84
84. Dux A., and Muhlbock O. Decreased susceptibility to the mammary tumour agent in mice with advancing age. Int. J. Cancer 1 (1966) 409-417
85. Dux A., and Muhlbock O. Enhancement by hypophyseal hormones on the malignant transformation of transplanted hyperplastic nodules of the mouse mammary gland. Eur. J. Cancer 5 (1969) 191-194
86. Dux A., and Muhlbock O. Mouse mammary carcinoma induced by pituitary isografts in mammary fat pads. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 130 (1969) 355-359
87. Eberth C.J., and Spude. Familiare endotheliome. Arch. f. Path. Anat. 153 (1898) 60
88. Ellerman V., and Bang O. Experimentelle Leukame bei Huhnern. Centralbl. f. Bakt. 46 (1908) 595-609
89. Ellisen L.W., and Haber D.A. Hereditary breast cancer. Annu. Rev. Med. 49 (1998) 425-436
90. Ewing J. Precancerous diseases and precancerous lesions, especially in the breast. Med. Rec. 86 (1914) 951-958
91. Ewing J. "Neoplastic Diseases: A Text-Book on Tumors." (1919), WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London
92. Fanning T.G., Vassos A.B., and Cardiff R.D. Methylation and amplification of mouse mammary tumor virus DNA in normal, premalignant, and malignant cells of GR/A mice. J. Virol. 41 (1982) 1007-1013
93. Fanning T.G., Hu W.S., and Cardiff R.D. Analysis of tissue-specific methylation patterns of mouse mammary tumor virus DNA by two-dimensional Southern blotting. J. Virol. 54 (1985) 726-730
94. Fargiano A.A., Desai K.V., and Green J.E. Interrogating mouse mammary cancer models: Insights from gene expression profiling. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 8 (2003) 321-334
95. Faulkin L.J., and De Ome K.B. The effect of estroadiol and coritisol on the transplantability and subsequent fare of normal, hyperplastic and tumorous mammary tissue of C3H mice. Cancer Res. 18 (1958) 51-56
96. Faulkin L.J., Mitchell D.J., Young L.J., Morris D.W., Malone R.W., Cardiff R.D., and Gardner M.B. Hyperplastic and neoplastic changes in the mammary glands of feral mice free of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus provirus. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 73 (1984) 971-982
97. Fearon E.R., and Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61 (1990) 759-767
98. Fekete E. A comparative morphological study of the mammary gland in a high and a low tumor strain of mice. Am. J. Pathol. 14 (1938) 557-578
99. Feller W.F. Possible viral etiology of human cancer. Surg. Annu. 5 (1973) 31-53
100. Foote F.W., and Stewart F.W. Lobular carcinoma in situ: A rare form of mammary carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 19 (1941) 74-99
101. Ford C.E., Faedo M., Crouch R., Lawson J.S., and Rawlinson W.D. Progression from normal breast pathology to breast cancer is associated with increasing prevalence of mouse mammary tumor virus-like sequences in men and women. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 4755-4759
102. Foulds L. Mammary tumors in hybrid mice: Growth and progression of spontaneous tumors. Br. J. Cancer 3 (1949) 345-375
103. Foulds L. The experimental study of tumor progression: A review. Cancer Res. 14 (1954) 327-339
104. Foulds L. The natural history of cancer. J. Chronic Dis. 8 (1958) 2-37
105. Foulds L. "Neoplastic Development." (1959), Academic Press, London, New York
106. Foulds L. "Neoplastic Development." (1975), Academic Press, New York, London
107. Gardner M.B. Retroviruses and wild mice: An historical and personal perspective. Adv. Cancer Res. 65 (1994) 169-201
108. Gardner M.B. The virus cancer program of the 1970s: A personal and retrospective view. Lab. Anim. Sci. 44 (1994) 101-113
109. Gardner M.B., Malone R.W., Morris D.W., Young L.J., Strange R., Cardiff R.D., Faulkin L.J., and Mitchell D.J. Mammary tumors in feral mice lacking MuMTV DNA. J. Exp. Pathol. 2 (1985) 93-98
110. Goedert J.J., Rabkin C.S., and Ross S.R. Prevalence of serologic reactivity against four strains of mouse mammary tumour virus among US women with breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 94 (2006) 548-551
111. Goormaghtigh N., and Amerlinck A.R. Realisation experimentale de la maladie de Reclus de la mamelle chez la souris. Bull. Assoc. franc. etude cancer 19 (1930) 527-529
112. Green J.E., and Hudson T. The promise of genetically engineered mice for cancer prevention studies. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5 (2005) 184-198
113. Green J.E., Cardiff R., Hennighausen L., Wakefield L., Wagner U., Lee E., Rosen J., Medina D., Nitkin A., and Liu E. Validation of transgenic mammary cancer models: Goals of the NCI mouse models of human cancer consortium and the mammary cancer CD-ROM. Transgenic Res. 11 (2002) 635-636
114. Greenstein J.P. The chemistry of the mammary tumors. "A Symposium on Mammary Tumors in Mice," (1945), AAAS, Washington, D.C 162-169
115. Gross L. Pathogenic properties, and "vertical" transmission of the mouse leukemia agent. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 78 (1951) 342-348
116. Gross L. "Oncogenic Viruses." (1970), Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York
117. Guy C.T., Webster M.A., Schaller M., Parsons T.J., Cardiff R.D., and Muller W.J. Expression of the neu protooncogene in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice induces metastatic disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 10578-10582
118. Haaland M. Spontaneous tumours in mice. In: Bashford E.F. (Ed). "Fourth Scientific Report on the Investigations of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund" (1911), Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London 1-113
119. Haddow A., Watkinson J.M., and Paterson E. Influence of synthetic oestrogens upon advanced malignant disease. Br. Med. J. 2 (1944) 393-398
120. Hayward W.S., Neel B.G., and Astrin S.M. Activation of a cellular onc gene by promoter insertion in ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis. Nature 290 (1981) 475-480
121. Heppner G.H. Blocking antibodies and enhancement. Ser. Haematol. 5 (1972) 41-66
122. Heppner G.H., Loveless S.E., Miller F.R., Mahoney K.H., and Fulton A.M. Mammary tumor heterogeneity. Symp. Fundam. Cancer Res. 36 (1983) 209-221
123. Hilgers J., and Bentvelzen P. Mammary carcinogenesis in the mouse: An attempt at synthesis. In: Hilgers J., and Sluyser M. (Eds). "Mammary Tumors in the Mouse" (1981), Elsevier, North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford 1-10
124. In: Hilgers J., and Sluyser M. (Eds). "Mammary Tumors in the Mouse." (1981), Elsevier, North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford
125. Holland J.F., and Pogo B.G. Mouse mammary tumor virus-like viral infection and human breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (2004) 5647-5649
126. Hollmann K.H. Human mammary tumor virus. Biomedicine 18 (1973) 103-108
127. Howk R.S., Rye L.A., Killeen L.A., Scolnick E.M., and Parks W.P. Characterization and separation of viral DNA polymerase in mouse milk. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70 (1973) 2117-2121
128. Howlett A.R., and Bissell M.J. The influence of tissue microenvironment (stroma and extracellular matrix) on the development and function of mammary epithelium. Epithelial Cell Biol. 2 (1993) 79-89
129. Huebner R.J., and Todaro G.J. Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64 (1969) 1087-1094
130. Huggins C., and Bergenstal D.M. Inhibition of human mammary and prostatic cancers by adrenalectomy. Cancer Res. 12 (1952) 134-141
131. Huggins C., Briziarelli G., and Sutton Jr. H. Rapid induction of mammary carcinoma in the rat and the influence of hormones on the tumors. J. Exp. Med. 109 (1959) 25-42
132. Janzen V., and Scadden D.T. Good, band and reformable. Nature 441 (2006) 418-419
133. Jensen C.O. Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber Krebs bei Mausen. Centbl. F. Bakt. 34 (1903) 28-122
134. Jhappan C., Gallahan D., Stahle C., Chu E., Smith G.H., Merlino G., and Callahan R. Expression of an activated Notch-related int-3 transgene interferes with cell differentiation and induces neoplastic transformation in mammary and salivary glands. Genes Dev. 6 (1992) 345-355
135. Jull J.W. The effects of oestrogens and progesterone on the chemical induction of mammary cancer in mice of the IF strain. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 68 (1954) 547-559
136. Keeler C.E. "The Laboratory Mouse: Its Origin, Heredity, and Culture." (1931), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
137. Keydar I., Ohno T., Nayak R., Sweet R., Simoni F., Weiss F., Karby S., Mesa-Tejada R., and Spiegelman S. Properties of retrovirus-like particles produced by a human breast carcinoma cell line: Immunological relationship with mouse mammary tumor virus proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984) 4188-4192
138. Kondro W. Patenting life. Canadian high court rejects OncoMouse. Science 298 (2002) 2112-2113
139. Korteweg R. Proefondervindelijke onderzoekingen aangaamde erfelijkheid van kanker. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd 78 (1934) 240-245
140. Korteweg R. On the manner in which the disposition to carcinoma of the mammary gland is inherited in mice. Genetica 18 (1936) 350-371
141. Korteweg R. Is there evidence, that in the human an extra-chromosomal factor exists, which co-determines the susceptibility to breast cancers?. Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 8 (1952) 169-170
142. Kwan H., Pecenka V., Tsukamoto A., Parslow T.G., Guzman R., Lin T.P., Muller W.J., Lee F.S., Leder P., and Varmus H.E. Transgenes expressing the Wnt-1 and int-2 proto-oncogenes cooperate during mammary carcinogenesis in doubly transgenic mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 (1992) 147-154
143. Laboratory S.o.R.B.J.M. The existence of non-chromosomal influence in the incidence of mammary tumors in mice. Science 78 (1933) 465-466
144. Lacassagne A. Apparition de cancers de la mammelle chez la souris male, soumis a des injections de folliculine. C. R. Acad. Sci. 195 (1932) 630-632
145. Lacassagne A. Hormonal pathogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the breast. Am. J. Cancer 27 (1936) 217-228
146. Lathrop A.E.C., and Loeb L. Further investigations on the origin of tumors in mice. III. On the part played by internal secretion in the spontaneous development of tumors. J. Cancer Res. 1 (1916) 1-20
147. Lathrop A.E.C., and Loeb L. Further investigations on the origin of tumors in mice. V. The tumor rate in hybrid strains. J. Exp. Med. 28 (1918) 475-500
148. Lathrop A.E.C., and Loeb L. Further investigations on the origin of tumors in mice. IV. Tumor incidence in later generations of strains observed tumor rate. J. Cancer Res. 4 (1919) 137-179
149. Lawson J.S., Tran D., and Rawlinson W.D. From Bittner to Barr: A viral, diet and hormone breast cancer aetiology hypothesis. Breast Cancer Res. 3 (2001) 81-85
150. Lawson J.S., Tran D.D., Carpenter E., Ford C.E., Rawlinson W.D., Whitaker N.J., and Delprado W. Presence of mouse mammary tumour-like virus gene sequences may be associated with morphology of specific human breast cancer. J. Clin. Pathol. 59 (2006) 1287-1292
151. Lee F.S., Lane T.F., Kuo A., Shackleford G.M., and Leder P. Insertional mutagenesis identifies a member of the Wnt gene family as a candidate oncogene in the mammary epithelium of int-2/Fgf-3 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 2268-2272
152. Leighton J. "The Spread of Cancer: Pathogenesis, Experimental Methods, Interpretations." (1967), Academic Press, New York, NY
153. Levine P.H., Pogo B.G., Klouj A., Coronel S., Woodson K., Melana S.M., Mourali N., and Holland J.F. Increasing evidence for a human breast carcinoma virus with geographic differences. Cancer 101 (2004) 721-726
154. Lin S.C., Lee K.F., Nikitin A.Y., Hilsenbeck S.G., Cardiff R.D., Li A., Kang K.W., Frank S.A., Lee W.H., and Lee E.Y. Somatic mutation of p53 leads to estrogen receptor alpha-positive and -negative mouse mammary tumors with high frequency of metastasis. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 3525-3532
155. Lin T.P., Guzman R.C., Osborn R.C., Thordarson G., and Nandi S. Role of endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine interactions in the development of mammary hyperplasia in Wnt-1 transgenic mice. Cancer Res. 52 (1992) 4413-4419
156. Linder D., and Gartler S.M. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mosaicism: Utilization as a cell marker in the study of leiomyomas. Science 150 (1965) 67-69
157. Little C.C., and Tyzzer E.E. Further experimental studies on the inheritance of susceptibility to a transplantable carcinoma (J.w.A.) of the Japanese waltzing mouse. J. Med. Res. 33 (1916) 393-427
158. Livingood L.E. Tumors in the mouse. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull. 7 (1896) 177-178
159. Lo Gerfo P., Silverstein G., and Charney J. Radioimmunoassay for mouse mammary tumor virus-associated antigen. Surgery 76 (1974) 16-22
160. Loeb L. Organismal differentials and organ differentials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 39 (1953) 127-164
161. Loeb L. Autobiographical notes. Perspect. Biol. Med. 2 (1958) 1-23
162. Loeb L., and Kirtz M.M. The effects of transplants of anterior lobes of the hypophysis on the growth of the mammary gland and on the development of mammary gland carcinoma in various strains of mice. Am. J. Cancer 36 (1939) 56-82
163. Loeser A.A. Hormone therapy in mastitis and breast cancer. Br. Med. J. 2 (1938) 319
164. Lyons W.R. Hormonal synergism in mammary growth. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 149 (1958) 303-325
165. Lyons W.R., Li C.H., and Johnson R.E. The hormonal control of mammary growth and lactation. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 14 (1958) 219-248 ; discussion 248-254
166. Maglione J.E., Moghanaki D., Young L.J., Manner C.K., Ellies L.G., Joseph S.O., Nicholson B., Cardiff R.D., and MacLeod C.L. Transgenic Polyoma middle-T mice model premalignant mammary disease. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 8298-8305
167. Maglione J.E., McGoldrick E.T., Young L.J., Namba R., Gregg J.P., Liu L., Moghanaki D., Ellies L.G., Borowsky A.D., Cardiff R.D., and MacLeod C.L. Polyomavirus middle T-induced mammary intraepithelial neoplasia outgrowths: Single origin, divergent evolution, and multiple outcomes. Mol. Cancer Ther. 3 (2004) 941-953
168. Man A.K., Young L.J., Tynan J.A., Lesperance J., Egeblad M., Werb Z., Hauser C.A., Muller W.J., Cardiff R.D., and Oshima R.G. Ets2-dependent stromal regulation of mouse mammary tumors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (2003) 8614-8625
169. Marrack P., Kushnir E., and Kappler J. A maternally inherited superantigen encoded by a mammary tumour virus. Nature 349 (1991) 524-526
170. May F.E., and Westley B.R. Characterization of sequences related to the mouse mammary tumor virus that are specific to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 49 (1989) 3879-3883
171. McBride G. Are intellectual property rights hampering cancer research?. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 96 (2004) 92-94
172. McGrath C.M. Replication of mammary tumor virus in tumor cell cultures: Dependence on hormone-induced cellular organization. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 47 (1971) 455-467
173. McGrath C.M., Nandi S., and Young L. Relationship between organization of mammary tumors and the ability of tumor cells to replicate mammary tumor virus and to recognize growth-inhibitory contact signals in vitro. J. Virol. 9 (1972) 367-376
174. Medina D. Preneoplastic lesions in mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Methods Cancer Res. 7 (1973) 3-51
175. Medina D. Biologic characteristics of tumor progression in the mouse mammary gland. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 2 (1975) 127-181
176. Medina D. Preneoplastic lesions in murine mammary cancer. Cancer Res. 36 (1976) 2589-2595
177. Medina D. Preneoplasia in mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Treat. Res. 83 (1996) 37-69
178. Medina D. The preneoplastic phenotype in murine mammary tumorigenesis. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 5 (2000) 393-407
179. Medina D. Biological and molecular characteristics of the premalignant mouse mammary gland. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1603 (2002) 1-9
180. Medina D., Kittrell F.S., Shepard A., Stephens L.C., Jiang C., Lu J., Allred D.C., McCarthy M., and Ullrich R.L. Biological and genetic properties of the p53 null preneoplastic mammary epithelium. FASEB J. 16 (2002) 881-883
181. Mehta S.P., Sirsat S.M., and Jussawalla D.J. Cellular immune responsiveness of breast cancer patients to Parsi human milk particles & mammary tumor virus: Lymphocyte blastogenesis. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 15 (1977) 444-446
182. Mesa-Tejada R., Keydar I., Ramanarayanan M., Ohno T., Fenoglio C., and Spiegelman S. Detection in human breast carcinomas of an antigen immunologically related to a group-specific antigen of mouse mammary tumor virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 (1978) 1529-1533
183. Michalides R., Spiegelman S., and Schlom J. Biochemical characterization of putative subviral particulates from human malignant breast tumors. Cancer Res. 35 (1975) 1003-1008
184. Michalides R., Wagenaar E., and Sluyser M. Mammary tumor virus DNA as a marker for genotypic variance within hormone-responsive GR mouse mammary tumors. Cancer Res. 42 (1982) 1154-1158
185. Moody S.E., Perez D., Pan T.C., Sarkisian C.J., Portocarrero C.P., Sterner C.J., Notorfrancesco K.L., Cardiff R.D., and Chodosh L.A. The transcriptional repressor snail promotes mammary tumor recurrence. Cancer Cell 8 (2005) 197-209
186. Moore D.H., Sarkar N.H., Kelly C.E., Pillsbury N., and Charney J. Type B particles in human milk. Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 27 (1969) 1027-1039
187. Morau H. Recherches esperimentalis sur la transmissibilite de certain acoplasmes (epithliomas cylindirques). Arch. de Med. Expl. et d' anat. Path. 6 (1894) 677
188. Morris D.W., and Cardiff R.D. The multistep model of mouse mammary tumor development. Adv. Viral Oncol. 7 (1987) 123-140
189. Morris D.W., Barry P.A., Bradshaw Jr. H.D., and Cardiff R.D. Insertion mutation of the int-1 and int-2 loci by mouse mammary tumor virus in premalignant and malignant neoplasms from the GR mouse strain. J. Virol. 64 (1990) 1794-1802
190. Morse H.C. Origins of inbred mice. "Proceedings of a Workshop." Bethesda, Maryland, February 14-16 (1978), Academic Press, New York
191. Morse H.C. The laboratory mouse: A historical perspective. In: Forster H.L., Small J.D., and Fox J.G. (Eds). "The Mouse in Biomedical Research" Vol. 1 (1981), Academic Press, Inc., London and San Diego 1-16
192. Moulton F.R. In: Moulton F.R. (Ed). A Symposium on Mammary Tumors in Mice (1945), AAAS, Washington, D.C Bethesda, Maryland
193. Muhlbock O. Hormonal genesis of mammary cancer. "Advances in Cancer Research," 4 (1956), Academic Press, New York 371-391
194. Muller M., and Grossman H. An antigen in human breast cancer sera related to the murine mammary tumour virus. Nat. New Biol. 237 (1972) 116-117
195. Muller W.J., Sinn E., Pattengale P.K., Wallace R., and Leder P. Single-step induction of mammary adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice bearing the activated c-neu oncogene. Cell 54 (1988) 105-115
196. Murray J.A. Cancerous ancestry and the incidence of cancer in mice. In: Bashford E.F. (Ed). "Imperial Cancer Research Fund (Great Britain, Fourth Scientific Report)" (1911), Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London
197. Murray W.S. Ovarian secretion and tumor incidence. J. Cancer Res. 12 (1928) 18-25
198. Nakane P.K., and Pierce Jr. G.B. Enzyme-labeled antibodies for the light
199. Namba R., Maglione J.E., Young L.J., Borowsky A.D., Cardiff R.D., MacLeod C.L., and Gregg J.P. Molecular characterization of the transition to malignancy in a genetically engineered mouse-based model of ductal carcinoma in situ. Mol. Cancer Res. 2 (2004) 453-463
200. Namba R., Young L.J., Abbey C.K., Kim L., Damonte P., Borowsky A.D., Qi J., Tepper C.G., MacLeod C.L., Cardiff R.D., and Gregg J.P. Rapamycin inhibits growth of premalignant and malignant mammary lesions in a mouse model of ductal carcinoma in situ. Clin. Cancer Res. 12 (2006) 2613-2621
201. Namba R., Young L.J., Maglione J.E., McGoldrick E.T., Liu S., Wurz G.T., DeGregorio M.W., Borowsky A.D., MacLeod C.L., Cardiff R.D., and Gregg J.P. Selective estrogen receptor modulators inhibit growth and progression of premalignant lesions in a mouse model of ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res. 7 (2005) R881-R889
202. Nandi S. New method for detection of mouse mammary tumor virus. I. Influence of administration of mammary tissue extracts on incidence of hyperplastic mammary nodules in BALB/cCRGL mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 31 (1963) 75-89
203. Nandi S. New method for detection of mouse mammary tumor virus. I. Influence of foster nursing on incidence of hyperplastic mammary nodules in BALB/cCRGL mice. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 31 (1963) 57-73
204. Nandi S., Bern A.H., and De Ome K.B. Hormonal induction and maintenance of precancerous hyperplastic nodules in the mammary glands of hypophysectomized female C3H/He CRGL mice. Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 16 (1960) 211-224
205. Nandi S., Bern H.A., and De Ome K.B. Effect of hormones on growth and neoplastic development of transplanted hyperplastic alveolar nodules of the mammary gland of C3H/Crgl mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 24 (1960) 883-905
206. Nandi S., Guzman R.C., and Yang J. Hormones and mammary carcinogenesis in mice, rats, and humans: A unifying hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 3650-3657
207. Nelson-Rees W.A., Daniels D.W., and Flandermeyer R.R. Cross-contamination of cells in culture. Science 212 (1981) 446-452
208. Newgard K.W., Cardiff R.D., and Blair P.B. Human antibodies binding to the mouse mammary tumor virus: A nonspecific reaction?. Cancer Res. 36 (1976) 765-768
209. Nowell P.C., and Hungerford D.A. Chromosome studies on normal and leukemic human leukocytes. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 25 (1960) 85-109
210. Nowell P.C., and Hungerford D.A. Chromosome studies in human leukemia. II. Chronic granulocytic leukemia. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 27 (1961) 1013-1035
211. Nusse R., and Varmus H.E. Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell 31 (1982) 99-109
212. Nusse R., and Varmus H.E. Wnt genes. Cell 69 (1992) 1073-1087
213. Nusse R., van Ooyen A., Cox D., Fung Y.K., and Varmus H. Mode of proviral activation of a putative mammary oncogene (int-1) on mouse chromosome 15. Nature 307 (1984) 131-136
214. Ohno T., Mesa-Tejada R., Keydar I., Ramanarayanan M., Bausch J., and Spiegelman S. Human breast carcinoma antigen is immunologically related to the polypeptide of the group-specific glycoprotein of mouse mammary tumor virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76 (1979) 2460-2464
215. Oshima R.G., Lesperance J., Munoz V., Hebbard L., Ranscht B., Sharan N., Muller W.J., Hauser C.A., and Cardiff R.D. Angiogenic acceleration of neu induced mammary tumor progression and metastasis. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 169-179
216. Page D.L., and Dupont W.D. Histopathologic risk factors for breast cancer in women with benign breast disease. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 4 (1988) 213-217
217. Page D.L., and Simpson J.F. Pathology of preinvasive and excellent-prognosis breast cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 12 (2000) 526-531
218. Page D.L., Jensen R.A., Simpson J.F., and Dupont W.D. Historical and epidemiologic background of human premalignant breast disease. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 5 (2000) 341-349
219. Paigen K. A miracle enough: The power of mice. Nat. Med. 1 (1995) 215-220
220. Paigen K. One hundred years of mouse genetics: An intellectual history. I. The classical period (1902-1980). Genetics 163 (2003) 1-7
221. Papanicolaou G.N., and Traut H.F. "Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer by the Vaginal Smear." (1943), The Commonwealth Fund, New York
222. Parks W.P., Howk R.S., Scolnick E.M., Oroszlan S., and Gilden R.V. Immunochemical characterization of two major polypeptides from murine mammary tumor virus. J. Virol. 13 (1974) 1200-1210
223. Parks W.P., Scolnick E.M., and Kozikowski E.H. Dexamethasone stimulation of murine mammary tumor virus expression: A tissue culture source of virus. Science 184 (1974) 158-160
224. Passey R.D., Dmochowski L., Astbury W.T., Reed R., and Johnson P. Electronic microscope studies of normal and malignant tissues of high- and low-breast-cancer strains of mice. Nature 165 (1950) 107
225. Passey R.D., Dmochowski L., Reed R., and Astbury W.T. Biophysical studies of extracts of tissues of high- and low-beast-cancer-strain mice. Acta Biochim. Biophys. 4 (1950) 391-409
226. Pathak V.K., Strange R., Young L.J., Morris D.W., and Cardiff R.D. Survey of int region DNA rearrangements in C3H and BALB/cfC3H mouse mammary tumor system. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78 (1987) 327-331
227. Percy D.H., and Barthold S.W. "Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits." (2006), Iowa State University Press, Ames
228. Peters G., Brookes S., Smith R., and Dickson C. Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: Evidence for a common region for provirus integration in mammary tumors. Cell 33 (1983) 369-377
229. Pierce G.B. The iron content of mammary epithelium. Master Thesis. University of Alberta (1950)
230. Pierce G.B. Neoplasms, differentiations and mutations. Am. J. Pathol. 77 (1974) 103-118
231. Pierce G.B. Nonproliferating cells of tumors. Bibl. Haematol. 40 (1975) 271-272
232. Pierce G.B. Neoplastic stem cells. Adv. Pathobiol. 6 (1977) 141-152
233. Pierce G.B. The cancer cell and its control by the embryo. Rous-Whipple Award lecture. Am. J. Pathol. 113 (1983) 117-124
234. Pierce Jr. G.B., and Verney E.L. An in vitro and in vivo study of differentiation in teratocarcinomas. Cancer 14 (1961) 1017-1029
235. Pierce G.B., Nakane P.K., Martinez-Hernandez A., and Ward J.M. Ultrastructural comparison of differentiation of stem cells of murine adenocarcinomas of colon and breast with their normal counterparts. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 (1977) 1329-1345
236. Pitelka D.R., Bern H.A., Nandi S., and De Ome K.B. On the significance of virus-like particles in mammary tissues of C3hf mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 33 (1964) 867-885
237. Platt J.R. Strong inference: Certain systematic methods of scientific thinking may produce much more rapid progress than others. Science 146 (1964) 347-353
238. Pollard J.W. Tumour-stromal interactions. Transforming growth factor-beta isoforms and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in mammary gland ductal morphogenesis. Breast Cancer Res. 3 (2001) 230-237
239. Pollard J.W. Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4 (2004) 71-78
240. Porter K.R., and Thompson H.P. A particle body associated with epithelial cells cultured from mammary carcinoma of mice of a milk-factor strain. J. Exp. Med. 88 (1948) 15-24
241. Prehn R.T. An adaptive immune reaction may be necessary for cancer development. Theor. Biol. Med. Model 3 (2006) 6
242. Pullen A.M., Choi Y., Kushnir E., Kappler J., and Marrack P. The open reading frames in the 3′ long terminal repeats of several mouse mammary tumor virus integrants encode V beta 3-specific superantigens. J. Exp. Med. 175 (1992) 41-47
243. Pullinger B.D. Forced activation and early detection of the milk-borne agent of mammary adenomas in mice. Br. J. Cancer 1 (1947) 177-191
244. Qiu T.H., Chandramouli G.V., Hunter K.W., Alkharouf N.W., Green J.E., and Liu E.T. Global expression profiling identifies signatures of tumor virulence in MMTV- PyMT-transgenic mice: Correlation to human disease. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 5973-5981
245. Rader K.A. "Making Mice: Standardizing Animals for American Biomedical Research, 1900-1955." (2004), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
246. Rather L.J. "The Genesis of Cancer: A Study in the History of Ideas." (1978), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London
247. Ritzi E., Baldi A., and Spiegelman S. The purification of a gs antigen of the murine mammary tumor virus and its quantitation by radioimmunoassay. Virology 75 (1976) 188-197
248. Rous P. A transmissible avian neoplasm (Sarcoma of the common fowl). J. Exp. Med. 12 (1910) 696-705
249. Rous P., and Beard J.W. The progression to carcinoma of virus-induced rabbit Papillomas (Shope). J. Exp. Med. 62 (1935) 528-548
250. Rous P., and Kidd J.G. Conditioned neoplasms and subthreshold neoplastic states. J. Exp. Med. 73 (1941) 365-390
251. Roy-Burman P., Rongey R.W., Henderson B.E., and Gardner M.B. Attempts to detect RNA tumour virus in human milk. Nat. New Biol. 244 (1973) 146
252. Rubin H. Experimental control of neoplastic progression in cell populations: Foulds' rules revisited. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 6619-6623
253. Russo J., and Russo I.H. The etiopathogenesis of breast cancer prevention. Cancer Lett. 90 (1995) 81-89
254. Russo J., Tay L.K., and Russo I.H. Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2 (1982) 5-73
255. Russo J., Gusterson B.A., Rogers A.E., Russo I.H., Wellings S.R., and van Zwieten M.J. Comparative study of human and rat mammary tumorigenesis. Lab. Invest. 62 (1990) 244-278
256. Sarkar N.H., and Moore D.H. On the possibility of a human breast cancer virus. Nature 236 (1972) 103-106
257. Sass B., and Dunn T.B. Classification of mouse mammary tumors in Dunn's miscellaneous group including recently reported types. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62 (1979) 1287-1293
258. Schlom J., and Spiegelman S. Simultaneous detection of reverse transcriptase and high molecular weight RNA unique to oncogenic RNA viruses. Science 174 (1971) 840-843
259. Sell S., and Pierce G.B. Maturation arrest of stem cell differentiation is a common pathway for the cellular origin of teratocarcinomas and epithelial cancers. Lab. Invest. 70 (1994) 6-22
260. Shackleford G.M., MacArthur C.A., Kwan H.C., and Varmus H.E. Mouse mammary tumor virus infection accelerates mammary carcinogenesis in Wnt-1 transgenic mice by insertional activation of int-2/Fgf-3 and hst/Fgf-4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 740-744
261. Sheffield J.B., Daly T., Dion A.S., and Taraschi N. Procedures for radioimmunoassay of the mouse mammary tumor virus. Cancer Res. 37 (1977) 1480-1485
262. Shimkin M.B. Conclusions-including discussion of the possible implications for man. In: Moulton F.R. (Ed). "A Symposium on Mammary Tumors in Mice" (1945), AAAS, Washington, D.C 1-7
263. Shimkin M.B. A. E. C. Lathrop (1868-1918): Mouse woman of granby. Cancer Res. 35 (1975) 1597-1598
264. Shimkin M.B. As memory serves-an informal history of the National Cancer Institute, 1937-57. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 59 (1977) 559-600
265. Shimkin M.B. "Contrary to Nature: Being an Illustrated Commentary on Some Persons and Events of Historical Importance in the Development of Knowledge Concerning Cancer." (1977), DHEW, Washington, DC
266. Shimkin M.B. In the middle: 1954-63-historical note. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62 (1979) 1295-1317
267. Shimkin M.B. A view from outside: 1963-77-historical note. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63 (1979) 223-239
268. Shubik P. Studies on the promoting phase in the stages of carcinogenesis in mice, rabbits and guinea-pigs. Cancer Res. 10 (1950) 15-17
269. Shubik P., Baserga R., and Ritchie A.C. The life and progression of individual skin tumours in mice. Br. J. Cancer 7 (1953) 342-351
270. Siegel P.M., Shu W., Cardiff R.D., Muller W.J., and Massague J. Transforming growth factor β signaling impairs Neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis while promoting pulmonary metastasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2003) 8430-8435
271. Sinn E., Muller W., Pattengale P., Tepler I., Wallace R., and Leder P. Coexpression of MMTV/v-Ha-ras and MMTV/c-myc genes in transgenic mice: Synergistic action of oncogenes in vivo. Cell 49 (1987) 465-475
272. Snell G.D. Methods for the study of histocompatibility genes. J. Genet. 49 (1948) 87-108
273. Snell G.D. The nobel lectures in immunology. Lecture for the nobel prize for physiology or medicine, 1980: Studies in histocompatibility. Scand. J. Immunol. 36 (1992) 513-526
274. Spiegelman S., Burny A., Das M.R., Keydar J., Schlom J., Travnicek M., and Watson K. Characterization of the products of DNA-directed DNA polymerases in oncogenic RNA viruses. Nature 227 (1970) 563-567
275. Squartini F. Responsiveness and progression of the morphological precursors of breast cancer in inbred mice: A review. In: Severi L. (Ed). "The Morphological Precursors of Cancer" (1962), Division of Cancer Research, Perugia 257-286
276. Squartini F., and Bistocchi M. Bioactivity of C3H and RIII mammary tumor viruses in virgin female BALB/c mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 (1977) 1845-1847
277. Squartini F., Rossi G., and Paolette I. Characters of mammary tumors in BALB/c mice foster-nursed by C3H and RIII mothers. Nature 197 (1963) 505-506
278. Squartini F., Bistocchi M., and Buongiorno L. Development, morphology, and progression of mammary tumors during and after fertile life in BALB/cfRIII mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981) 311-319
279. Squartini F., Basolo F., and Bistocchi M. Lobuloalveolar differentiation and tumorigenesis: Two separate activities of mouse mammary tumor virus. Cancer Res. 43 (1983) 5879-5882
280. Stehelin D., Varmus H.E., Bishop J.M., and Vogt P.K. DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA. Nature 260 (1976) 170-173
281. Stent G.S. That was the molecular biology that was. Science 160 (1968) 390-395
282. Stewart T.A., Pattengale P.K., and Leder P. Spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas in transgenic mice that carry and express MTV/myc fusion genes. Cell 38 (1984) 627-637
283. Stewart T.H., and Heppner G.H. Immunological enhancement of breast cancer. Parasitology 115 Suppl. (1997) S141-S153
284. Strong L.C. The establishment of the C3H inbred strain of mice for the study of spontaneous carcinoma of the mammary gland. Genetics 20 (1935) 586-591
285. Strong L.C. The establishment of the "A" strain of inbred mice. J. Hered. 27 (1936) 21-24
286. Strong L.C. Inbred mice in science. In: Morse H.C. (Ed). "Origins of Inbred Mice" (1978), Academic Press, New York 719
287. Sugino T., Kusakabe T., Hoshi N., Yamaguchi T., Kawaguchi T., Goodison S., Sekimata M., Homma Y., and Suzuki T. An invasion-independent pathway of blood-borne metastasis: A new murine mammary tumor model. Am. J. Pathol. 160 (2002) 1973-1980
288. Taylor H.C., and Waltman C.A. Hyperplasia of the mammary gland in the human being and in the mouse. Arch. Surg. 40 (1940) 733-820
289. Temin H.M., and Mizutani S. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus. Nature 226 (1970) 1211-1213
290. Tyzzer E.E. Heritable difference in the rejection of a transplantable tumor. J. Med. Res. 21 (1909) 519
291. Ulrich P. Testosterone (hormone male) et son role possible dans le traitement de certain cancers du sein. Acta Un. int. Cancr. 4 (1939) 377-380
292. Vacheron S., Renno T., and Acha-Orbea H. A highly sensitive in vitro infection assay to explore early stages of mouse mammary tumor virus infection. J. Virol. 71 (1997) 7289-7294
293. Vacquier J.P., and Cardiff R.D. In vitro infectivity assay for mouse mammary tumor virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76 (1979) 4117-4121
294. van de Vijver M.J. The pathology of familial breast cancer: The pre-BRCA1/BRCA2 era: Historical perspectives. Breast Cancer Res. 1 (1999) 27-30
295. van Leeuwen F., and Nusse R. Oncogene activation and oncogene cooperation in MMTV-induced mouse mammary cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol. 6 (1995) 127-133
296. Varmus H.E. Retroviruses and oncogenes 1. In: Linsten J. (Ed). "Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1981-1990" (1993), World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore 504-522
297. Verstraeten A.A., Hageman P.C., and Kwa H.G. A radioimmunoassay for MTV-antigens. Eur. J. Cancer 9 (1973) 155-157
298. Verstraeten A.A., Van Nie R., Kwa H.G., and Hageman P.C. Quantitative estimation of mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV) antigens by radioimmunoassay. Int. J. Cancer 15 (1975) 270-281
299. Wade N. Special virus cancer program: Travails of a biological moonshot. Science 174 (1971) 1306-1311
300. Waldeyer W. Die Entwickelung der Carcinome. Arch. path. Anat. Phys. klin. Med. 41 (1867) 470-523
301. Wang Y., Go V., Holland J.F., Melana S.M., and Pogo B.G. Expression of mouse mammary tumor virus-like env gene sequences in human breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 4 (1998) 2565-2568
302. Watson J.D. Looking forward. Gene 135 (1993) 309-315
303. Watson J.D., and Crick F.H.C. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. J.D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick. Published in Nature, number 4356 April 25, 1953. Nature 248 (1974) 765
304. Weiss P. Functional adaptation and the role of ground substances in development. Am. Nat. 67 (1933) 322-340
305. Welcsh P.L., and King M.C. BRCA1 and BRCA2 and the genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (2001) 705-713
306. Wellings S.R., and Jensen H.M. On the origin and progression of ductal carcinoma in the human breast. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 50 (1973) 1111-1118
307. Wellings S.R., Jensen H.M., and Marcum R.G. An atlas of subgross pathology of the human breast with special reference to possible precancerous lesions. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55 (1975) 231-273
308. Wellings S.R., Jensen H.M., and DeVault M.R. Persistent and atypical lobules in the human breast may be precancerous. Experientia 32 (1976) 1463-1465
309. Westley B., and May F.E. The human genome contains multiple sequences of varying homology to mouse mammary tumour virus DNA. Gene 28 (1984) 221-227
310. White D.E., Cardiff R.D., Dedhar S., and Muller W.J. Mammary epithelial-specific expression of the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) results in the induction of mammary gland hyperplasias and tumors in transgenic mice. Oncogene 20 (2001) 7064-7072
311. White D.E., Kurpios N.A., Zuo D., Hassell J.A., Blaess S., Mueller U., and Muller W.J. Targeted disruption of beta1-integrin in a transgenic mouse model of human breast cancer reveals an essential role in mammary tumor induction. Cancer Cell 6 (2004) 159-170
312. Williams W.R. What is Jensen's Tumor?. Lancet (1906) 1285-1286
313. Willis R.A. "Pathology of Tumors." (1953), Buttersworth, London
314. Wislez M., Spencer M.L., Izzo J.G., Juroske D.M., Balhara K., Cody D.D., Price R.E., Hittelman W.N., Wistuba I.I., and Kurie J.M. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin reverses alveolar epithelial neoplasia induced by oncogenic K-ras. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 3226-3235
315. Witkowski J.A. Experimental pathology and the origins of tissue culture: Leo Loeb's contribution. Med. Hist. 27 (1983) 269-288
316. Woglom W.H. "The Study of Experimental Cancer Research. A Review." (1913), Columbia University Press, New York
317. Woglom W.H. Immunity to transplantable tumors. Cancer Rev. 4 (1929) 129-247
318. Woglom W.H. General review of cancer therapy. In: Moulton F.R. (Ed). "Approaches to Tumor Chemotherapy" (1947), American Association for the Advancement in Science, Washington, DC
319. Wunderlich V. JMM-past and present. Chromosomes and cancer: Theodor Boveri's predictions 100 years later. J. Mol. Med. 80 (2002) 545-548
320. Wyckoff J., Wang W., Lin E.Y., Wang Y., Pixley F., Stanley E.R., Graf T., Pollard J.W., Segall J., and Condeelis J. A paracrine loop between tumor cells and macrophages is required for tumor cell migration in mammary tumors. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 7022-7029
321. Yagi M.J., Blair P.B., and Lane M.A. Modulation of mouse mammary tumor virus production in the MJY-alpha cell line. J. Virol. 28 (1978) 611-623
322. Yamamoto K.R., Chandler V.L., Ross S.R., Ucker D.S., Ring J.C., and Feinstein S.C. Integration and activity of mammary tumor virus genes: Regulation by hormone receptors and chromosomal position. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 45 Pt. 2 (1981) 687-697
323. Yamamoto K.R., Payvar F., Firestone G.L., Maler B.A., Wrange O., Carlstedt-Duke J., Gustafsson J.A., and Chandler V.L. Biological activity of cloned mammary tumor virus DNA fragments that bind purified glucocorticoid receptor protein in vitro. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 47 Pt. 2 (1983) 977-984
324. Yang N.S., McGrath C.M., and Furmanski P. Presence of a mouse mammary tumor virus-related antigen in human breast carcinoma cells and its absence from normal mammary epithelial cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 61 (1978) 1205-1208
325. Yauch R.L., Januario T., Eberhard D.A., Cavet G., Zhu W., Fu L., Pham T.Q., Soriano R., Stinson J., Seshagiri S., Modrusan Z., Lin C.Y., et al. Epithelial versus mesenchymal phenotype determines in vitro sensitivity and predicts clinical activity of erlotinib in lung cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (2005) 8686-8698
326. Young L.J., De Ome K.B., Blair P.B., Pitelka D.R., and Cardiff R.D. Development and characterization of the BALB/cNIV mouse strain. Cancer Res. 44 (1984) 4333-4336
327. Young L.J.T., Cardiff R.D., and McGrath C.M. Primary epithelial cell dome culture of mouse mammary tumors. "Tissue Culture Association Manual," (1976), Am. Type Tiss. Cult., Bethesda, Maryland 161-164
328. Zotter S., Kemmer C., and Lossnitzer A. Demonstration of mouse mammary tumour virus (MuMTV) antigenicity in human milk by means of immunodiffusion technique. Exp. Pathol. (Jena) 16 (1978) 180-185
329. Zotter S., Grossmann H., Johannsen B.A., and Pilz C. Is there any diagnostic relevance of human antibodies which react with mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV)?. Arch. Geschwulstforsch. 51 (1981) 338-343