Update on Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 118-135

  Bussel, James B ^a   Giulino, Lisa ^a   Lee, Susan ^c   Patel, Vivek L ^a   Sandborg, Christy ^b   Stiehm, E Richard ^d  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ADALIMUMAB; ALEMTUZUMAB; ATLIZUMAB; BASILIXIMAB; BEVACIZUMAB; CD20 ANTIBODY; CD40 LIGAND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; CETUXIMAB; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOKINE ANTIBODY; ETANERCEPT; GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN F(AB) FRAGMENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; INFLIXIMAB; INTERLEUKIN 1; METHOTREXATE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; OKT 3; PLACEBO; RANIBIZUMAB; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RITUXIMAB; TOSITUMOMAB I 131; TRASTUZUMAB; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANEMIA; ANTIBODY DETECTION; ANTIGEN DETECTION; ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY; APLASTIC ANEMIA; ARTHRITIS; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING TIME; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER; CARDIAC GRAFT REJECTION; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CANCER; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DEMYELINATION; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG INTERMITTENT THERAPY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EDEMA; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GROWTH DISORDER; HEART INFARCTION; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HEPATITIS B; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; INFECTION; INFERTILITY; INJECTION SITE REACTION; JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LIVER GRAFT REJECTION; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG TOXICITY; LYMPHOCYTE DEPLETION; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; LYMPHOMA; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; NOMENCLATURE; NONHUMAN; PANCYTOPENIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; POLYURIA; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; PROTEINURIA; RETINA MACULA DEGENERATION; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SERUM SICKNESS; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SOLID TUMOR; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; TACHYCARDIA; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; THROMBOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS; UNITED STATES; VIRUS REACTIVATION;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX; ANTIGENS, SURFACE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CYTOKINES; FORECASTING; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; RHEUMATIC DISEASES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 34047247394     PISSN: 15385442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2007.02.001     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Ballow M. -ximab this and -zumab that! Has the magic bullet arrived in the new millennium of medicine and science?. J Allergy Clin Immunol 62 (2005) 12-18
2. Liossis S.C., and Tsokos G.C. Monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins in medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116 (2005) 721-729
3. Presta LG. Selection, design, and engineering of therapeutic antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 200,116:731-36.
4. Carter P.J. Potent antibody therapeutics by design. Nat Rev Immunol 6 (2006) 343-357
5. Ansell B.M. Prognosis in juvenile arthritis. Adv Exp Med Biol 455 (1999) 27-33
6. Oen K., Malleson P.N., Cabral D.A., Rosenberg A.M., Petty R.E., and Cheang M. Disease course and outcome of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a multicenter cohort. J Rheumatol 29 (2002) 1989-1999
7. Wallace C.A. Current management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 20 (2006) 279-300
8. Vilcek J., and Feldmann M. Historical review: cytokines as therapeutics and targets of therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25 (2004) 201-209
9. Tracey K.J., Lowry S.F., Fahey III T.J., et al. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor induces lethal shock and stress hormone responses in the dog. Surg Gynecol Obstet 164 (1987) 415-422
10. Westendorp R.G., Langermans J.A., Huizinga T.W., Verweij C.L., and Sturk A. Genetic influence on cytokine production in meningococcal disease. Lancet 349 (1997) 1912-1913
11. Kollias G., Douni E., Kassiotis G., and Kontoyiannis D. The function of tumour necrosis factor and receptors in models of multi-organ inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Rheum Dis 58 Suppl 1 (1999) I32-I39
12. Woo P. The cytokine network in juvenile chronic arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 23 (1997) 491-498
13. Murray K.J., Grom A.A., Thompson S.D., Lieuwen D., Passo M.H., and Glass D.N. Contrasting cytokine profiles in the synovium of different forms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile spondyloarthropathy: prominence of interleukin 4 in restricted disease. J Rheumatol 25 (1998) 1388-1398
14. Isomaki P., and Punnonen J. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Med 29 (1997) 499-507
15. Berman M.A., Sandborg C.I., Wang Z., et al. Decreased IL-4 production in new onset type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Immunol 157 (1996) 4690-4696
16. Pignatti P., Vivarelli M., Meazza C., Rizzolo M.G., Martini A., and De Benedetti F. Abnormal regulation of interleukin 6 in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol 28 (2001) 1670-1676
17. De Benedetti F., Robbioni P., Massa M., Viola S., Albani S., and Martini A. Serum interleukin-6 levels and joint involvement in polyarticular and pauciarticular juvenile chronic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 10 (1992) 493-498
18. De Benedetti F., Meazza C., and Martini A. Role of interleukin-6 in growth failure: an animal model. Horm Res 58 Suppl 1 (2002) 24-27
19. De Benedetti F., Meazza C., Oliveri M., et al. Effect of IL-6 on IGF binding protein-3: a study in IL-6 transgenic mice and in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Endocrinology 142 (2001) 4818-4826
20. Lovell D.J., Giannini E.H., Reiff A., et al. Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group for the Etanercept in children with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 763-769
21. Lovell D.J. A randomized, double-blind trial of anti-TNF chimeric monoclonal antibody (infliximab) in combination with methotrexate for the treatment of patients with polyarticular course JRA. Arthritis Rheum 52 (2005) S724
22. Lovell D.J.R.N., Jung L., et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of adalimumab in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA): 48-week results. Arthritis Rheum 54 (2006) S303
23. Weisman M.H. What are the risks of biologic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis?. An update on safety. J Rheumatol Suppl 65 (2002) 33-38
24. Wiendl H., and Hohlfeld R. Therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis: lessons from failed and interrupted treatment trials. BioDrugs 16 (2002) 183-200
25. Arend W.P. The mode of action of cytokine inhibitors. J Rheumatol Suppl 65 (2002) 16-21
26. Pascual V., Allantaz F., Arce E., Punaro M., and Banchereau J. Role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the pathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and clinical response to IL-1 blockade. J Exp Med 201 (2005) 1479-1486
27. Irigoyen P.O.J., Hom C., and Ilowite N.T. Treatment of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra. Arthritis Rheum 50 (2004) S437
28. Quartier P., Taupin P., Bourdeaut F., et al. Efficacy of etanercept for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis according to the onset type. Arthritis Rheum 48 (2003) 1093-1101
29. Economides A.N., Carpenter L.R., Rudge J.S., et al. Cytokine traps: multi-component, high-affinity blockers of cytokine action. Nat Med 9 (2003) 47-52
30. Yokota S., Miyamae T., Imagawa T., Katakura S., Kurosawa R., and Mori M. Clinical study of tocilizumab in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 28 (2005) 231-238
31. Emery P., Fleischmann R., Filipowicz-Sosnowska A., et al. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum 54 (2006) 1390-1400
32. Isenberg D.A. B cell targeted therapies in autoimmune diseases. J Rheumatol Suppl 77 (2006) 24-28
33. Kremer J.M., Genant H.K., Moreland L.W., et al. Effects of abatacept in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 144 (2006) 865-876
34. Gong Q., Ou Q., Ye S., et al. Importance of cellular microenvironment and circulatory dynamics in B cell immunotherapy. J Immunol 174 (2005) 817-826
35. Alas S., Emmanouilides C., and Bonavida B. Inhibition of interleukin 10 by rituximab results in down regulation of bcl-2 and sensitization of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 7 (2001) 709-723
36. Flieger D., Renoth S., Beier I., et al. Mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody IDEC-C2B8 in CD20-expressing lymphoma cell lines. Cell Immunol 204 (2000) 55-63
37. Reff M.E., Carner K., Chambers K.S., et al. Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20. Blood 83 (1994) 435-445
38. Shan D., Ledbetter J.A., and Press O.W. Signaling events involved in anti-CD20-induced apoptosis of malignant human B cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 48 (2000) 673-683
39. Cooper N., Stasi R., Cunningham-Rundles S., et al. The efficacy and safety of B-cell depletion with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody in adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 125 (2004) 232-239
40. Maloney D.G., Grillo-Lopez A.J., Bodkin D.J., et al. IDEC-C2B8: results of a phase I multiple-dose trial in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 15 (1997) 3266-3274
41. Motto D.G., Williams J.A., and Boxer L.A. Rituximab for refractory childhood autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Isr Med Assn J 4 (2002) 1006-1008
42. Quartier P., Brethon B., Philippet P., Landman-Parker J., Le Deist F., and Fischer A. Treatment of childhood autoimmune haemolytic anaemia with rituximab. Lancet 358 (2001) 1511-1513
43. Zecca M., Nobili B., Ramenghi U., et al. Rituximab for the treatment of refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children. Blood 101 (2003) 3857-3861
44. Bennett C.M., Rogers Z.R., Kinnamon D.D., et al. Prospective phase 1/2 study of rituximab in childhood and adolescent chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 107 (2006) 2639-2642
45. Taube T., Schmid H., Reinhard H., von Stackelberg A., et al. Effect of a single dose of rituximab in chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Haematologica 90 (2005) 281-283
46. Wang J., Wiley J.M., Luddy R., et al. Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children: assessment of rituximab treatment. J Pediatr 146 (2005) 217-221
47. Binstadt B.A., Caldas A.M., Turvey S.E., et al. Rituximab therapy for multisystem autoimmune diseases in pediatric patients. J Pediatr 143 (2003) 598-604
48. Cvetkovic R.S., and Perry C.M. Spotlight on rituximab in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biodrugs 20 (2006) 253-257
49. Edwards J.C., Cambridge G., and Leandro M.J. B cell depletion therapy in rheumatic disease. Best Pract Res 20 (2006) 915-928
50. O'Brien S.M., Kantarjian H., Thomas D.A., et al. Rituximab dose-escalation trial in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001) 2165-2170
51. Leandro M.J., Edwards J.C., and Cambridge G. Clinical outcome in 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with B lymphocyte depletion. Ann Rheum Dis 61 (2002) 883-888
52. Karpatkin S. Autoimmune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 349 (1997) 1531-1536
53. Braendstrup P., Bjerrum O.W., Nielsen O.J., et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment for adult refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 78 (2005) 275-280
54. Giagounidis A.A., Anhuf J., Schneider P., et al. Treatment of relapsed idiopathic thrombocytopenicpurpura with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab: a pilot study. Eur J Hematol 69 (2002) 95-100
55. Narang M., Penner J.A., and Williams D. Refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: responses to treatment with a recombinant antibody to lymphocyte membrane antigen CD20 (rituximab). Am J Hematol 74 (2003) 263-267
56. Penalver F.J., Jimenez-Yuste V., Almagro M., et al. Rituximab in the management of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: an effective and safe therapeutic alternative in refractory patients. Ann Hematol 85 (2006) 400-406
57. Saleh M.N., Gutheil J., Moore M., et al. A pilot study of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in patients with refractory immune thrombocytopenia. Sem Oncol 27 6 Suppl 12 (2000) 99-103
58. Zaja F., Iacona I., Masolini P., et al. B-cell depletion with rituximab as treatment for immune hemolytic anemia and chronic thrombocytopenia. Haematologica 87 (2002) 189-195
59. Patel V., Mihatov N., Cooper N., Stasi R., Cunningham-Rundles S., and Bussel J. Long term follow-up of patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) whose initial response to rituximab lasted a minimum of 1 year. Blood 108 (2006) 145-146 (abstract).
60. Perrotta A.L. Re-treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with rituximab: literature review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 12 (2006) 97-100
61. Arnold D.M., Dentali F., Crowther M.A., et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of rituximab for adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Int Med 146 (2007) 25-33
62. Ng H.J., and Lim L.C. Fulminant hepatitis B virus reactivation with concomitant listeriosis after fludarabine and rituximab therapy: case report. Ann Hematol 80 (2001) 549-552
63. Perceau G., Diris N., Estines O., Derancourt C., Levy S., and Bernard P. Late lethal hepatitis B virus reactivation after rituximab treatment of low-grade cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 155 (2006) 1053-1056
64. Goldberg S.L., Pecora A.L., Alter R.S., et al. Unusual viral infections (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and cytomegalovirus disease) after high-dose chemotherapy with autologous blood stem cell rescue and peritransplantation rituximab. Blood 99 (2002) 1486-1488
65. Matteucci P., Magni M., Di Nicola M., Carlo-Stella C., Uberti C., and Gianni A.M. Leukoencephalopathy and papovavirus infection after treatment with chemotherapy and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Blood 100 (2002) 1104-1105
66. Steurer M., Clausen J., Gotwald T., et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and posttransplantation rituximab. Transplantation 76 (2003) 435-436
67. Carreno L., Lopez-Longo F.J., Monteagudo I., et al. Immunological and clinical differences between juvenile and adult onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 8 (1999) 287-292
68. Mok C.C. Emerging drug therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus. Exp Opin Emerg Drugs 11 (2006) 597-608
69. Seelen M.A., and Daha M.R. The role of complement in autoimmune renal disease. Autoimmunity 39 (2006) 411-415
70. Arnold D.M., Dentali F., Crowther M.A., et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of rituximab for adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Int Med 146 (2007) 25-33
71. Stasi R., Pagano A., and Amadori S. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment for adults with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 98 (2001) 952-957
72. Binstadt B.A., Caldas A.M., Turvey S.E., et al. Rituximab therapy for multisystem autoimmune diseases in pediatric patients. J Pediatr 143 (2003) 598-604
73. Edwards J.C., Cambridge G., and Leandro M.J. B cell depletion therapy in rheumatic disease. Best Pract Res 20 (2006) 915-928
74. Motto D.G., Williams J.A., and Boxer L.A. Rituximab for refractory childhood autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Isr Med Assn J 4 (2002) 1006-1008
75. Patel V., Mihatov N., Cooper N., Stasi R., Cunningham-Rundles S., and Bussel J. Long term follow-up of patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) whose initial response to rituximab lasted a minimum of 1 year. Blood 108 (2006) 145-146 (abstract).
76. Perrotta A.L. Re-treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with rituximab: literature review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 12 (2006) 97-100
77. Quartier P., Brethon B., Philippet P., Landman-Parker J., Le Deist F., and Fischer A. Treatment of childhood autoimmune haemolytic anaemia with rituximab. Lancet 358 (2001) 1511-1513
78. Taube T., Schmid H., Reinhard H., von Stackelberg A., and Overberg U.S. Effect of a single dose of rituximab in chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Haematologica 90 (2005) 281-283
79. Zaja F., Vianelli N., Sperotto A., Patriarca F., Tani M., Marin L., et al. Anti-CD20 therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia-associated autoimmune disease. Leuk Lymphoma 44 (2003) 1951-1955
80. Zecca M., Nobili B., Ramenghi U., et al. Rituximab for the treatment of refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children. Blood 101 (2003) 3857-3861
81. Edelbauer M., Jungraithmayr T., and Zimmerhackl L.B. Rituximab in childhood systemic lupus erythematosus refractory to conventional immunosuppression: case report. Pediatr Nephrol (Berlin) 20 (2005) 811-813
82. Marks S.D., Patey S., Brogan P.A., et al. B lymphocyte depletion therapy in children with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 52 (2005) 3168-3174
83. Sfikakis P.P., Boletis J.N., and Tsokos G.C. Rituximab anti-B-cell therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: pointing to the future. Curr Opin Rheumatol 17 (2005) 550-557
84. Smith K.G., Jones R.B., Burns S.M., and Jayne D.R. Long-term comparison of rituximab treatment for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis: remission, relapse, and re-treatment. Arthritis Eheum 54 (2006) 2970-2982
85. Willems M., Haddad E., Niaudet P., et al. Rituximab therapy for childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Pediatr 148 (2006) 623-627
86. Chan O.T., Madaio M.P., and Shlomchik M.J. The central and multiple roles of B cells in lupus pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 169 (1999) 107-121
87. Chan O., and Shlomchik M.J. A new role for B cells in systemic autoimmunity: B cells promote spontaneous T cell activation in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. J Immunol 160 (1998) 51-59
88. Chan O.T., Madaio M.P., and Shlomchik M.J. B cells are required for lupus nephritis in the polygenic, Fas-intact MRL model of systemic autoimmunity. J Immunol 163 (1999) 3592-3596
89. Narat S., Gandia J., Hoffbrand A.V., Hughes R.G., and Mehta A.B. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory autoimmune cytopenias in adults. Haematologica 90 (2005) 1273-1274
90. Silverman G.J., and Weisman S. Rituximab therapy and autoimmune disorders: prospects for anti-B cell therapy. Arthritis Rheum 48 (2003) 1484-1492
91. Gomard-Mennesson E., Ruivard M., Koenig M., et al. Treatment of isolated severe immune hemolytic anaemia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: 26 cases. Lupus 15 (2006) 223-231
92. Leandro M.J., Cambridge G., Edwards J.C., et al. B-cell depletion in the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal analysis of 24 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 44 (2005) 1542-1545
93. ten Cate R., Smiers F.J., Bredius R.G., et al. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenia in a girl with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 43 (2004) 244
94. Cvetkovic R.S., and Perry C.M. Spotlight on rituximab in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Bio Drugs 20 (2006) 253-257
95. Franchini M. Rituximab in the treatment of adult acquired hemophilia A: a systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol (2007) (in press)
96. Yomtovian R., Niklinski W., Silver B., et al. Rituximab for chronic recurring thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a case report and review of the literature. Br J Haematol 124 (2004) 787-795
97. Kavanaugh A., and Keystone E.C. The safety of biologic agents in early rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21 Suppl 31 (2003) S203-S208
98. Colombel J.F., Loftus E.V., Tremaine W.J., Egan L.J., Harmsen W.S., Schleck C.D., et al. The safety profile of infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease: the Mayo Clinic experience in 500 patients. Gastroenterology 126 (2004) 19-31
99. Kavanaugh A., Cush J.J., and Matteson E. ACR Hotline. FDA Meeting March 2003: Update on the safety of new drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Part II. CHF, infection and other safety issues (2003). http://www.rheumatology.org/publications/hotline Aug. http://www.rheumatology.org/publications/hotline (Accessed July 20, 2006).
100. Cunnane G., Doran M., and Bresnihan B. Infections and biological therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Prac Res Clin Rheumatol 17 (2003) 345-363
101. Genovese M.C., Cohen S., Moreland L., et al. Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been treated unsuccessfully with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 50 (2004) 1412-1419
102. Weinblatt M., Combe B., White A., et al. Safety of abatacept in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving background non-biologic and biologic DMARDS: 1-year results of the ASSURE trial. [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis 64 Suppl 111 (2005) 60
103. Lee J.H., Slifman N.R., Gershon S.K., et al. Life-threatening histoplasmosis complicating immunotherapy with tumor necrosis factor a antagonists infliximab and etanercept. Arthritis Rheum 46 (2002) 2565-2570
104. Slifman N.R., Gershon S.K., Lee J.H., et al. Listeria monocytogenes infection as a complication of treatment with tumor necrosis factor a neutralizing agents. Arthritis Rheum 48 (2003) 319-324
105. Warris A., Bjorneklett A., and Gaustad P. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with infliximab therapy. N Engl J Med 344 (2001) 1099-1100
106. Bergstrom L., Yocum D.E., Ampel N.M., et al. Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor a antagonists. Arthritis Rheum 50 (2004) 1959-1966
107. Crnkic M., Saxne T., Sjoholm A., et al. Response to pneumococcal vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with TNF-blockers and/or methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 50 9 Suppl (2004) S658
108. van Vollenhoven R.F. Benefits and risks of biological agents: lymphomas. Clin Exp Rheumatol 22 5 Suppl 35 (2004) S122-S125
109. Kavanaugh A., Cush J.J., and Matteson E. ACR Hotline. FDA Meeting March 2003: Update on the safety of new drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Part I. Risk of lymphoma with rheumatoid arthritis and TNF inhibitors (2003). http://www.rheumatology.org/publications/hotline March. Accessed at http://www.rheumatology.org/publications/hotline (Accessed July 20, 2006).
110. Brown S.L., Greene M.H., Gershon S.K., et al. Tumor necrosis factor antagonist therapy and lymphoma development. Arthritis Rheum 46 (2002) 3151-3158
111. Symmons D.P.M., and Silman A.J. Anti-tumor necrosis factor a therapy and the risk of lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: no clear answer. Arthritis Rheum 50 (2004) 1703-1706
112. Wolfe F., and Michaud K. Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis. The effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18,572 patients. Arthritis Rheum 50 (2004) 1740-1751
113. Hyrich K.L., Silman A.J., Watson K.D., and Symmons D.P.M. Anti-tumour necrosis factor a therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: an update on safety. Ann Rheum Dis 63 12 (2004) 1538-1543
114. Geborek P., Bladstrom A., Turesson C., et al. Tumour necrosis factor blockers do not increase overall tumour risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but may be associated with an increased risk of lymphomas. Ann Rheum Dis 64 5 (2005) 699-703
115. Kavanaugh A., and Cush J.J. Update on safety issues concerning TNF inhibitors (2006). http://www.rheumatology.org/publications/hotline May 30. Accessed at http://www.rheumatology.org/publications/hotline (Accessed July 20, 2006).
116. Benini J., Ehlers E.M., and Ehlers S. Different types of pulmonary granuloma necrosis in immunocompetent vs. TNFRp55-gene-deficient mice aerogenically infected with highly virulent Mycobacterium avium. J Pathol 189 (1999) 127-137
117. Kaneko H., Yamada H., Mizuno S., et al. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Mycobacterium-induced granuloma formation tumor necrosis factor-alpha-deficient mice. Lab Invest 79 (1999) 379-386
118. Cunnane G., Doran M., and Bresnihan B. Infections and biological therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Prac Res Clin Rheumatol 17 (2003) 345-363
119. Bieber J., and Kavanaugh A. Consideration of the risk and treatment of TB in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving biologic treatments. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 30 (2004) 257-270
120. Keane J., Gershon S., Wise R.P., Mirabile-Levens E., Kasznica J., Schwieterman W.D., et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor a-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 1098-1104
121. Carmona L., Gomez-Reino J.J., Rodriguez-Valverde V., et al. Effectiveness of recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Arthritis Rheum 52 (2005) 1766-1772
122. Schiff M.H., Burmester G.R., Kent J.D., et al. Safety analyses of adalimumab (HUMIRA) in global clinical trials and US postmarketing surveillance of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 65 (2006) 889-894
123. Magnano M.D., Robinson W.H., and Genovese M.C. Demyelination and the use of TNF inhibition. Clin Exp Rheumatol 22 5 Suppl 35 (2004) S134-S140
124. Robinson W.H., Genovese M.C., and Moreland L.W. Demyelinating and neurologic events reported in association with tumor necrosis factor a antagonism. Arthritis Rheum 44 (2001) 1977-1983
125. Mohan N., Edwards E.T., Cupps T.R., et al. Demyelination occurring during anti-tumor necrosis factor a therapy for inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum 44 (2001) 2862-2869
126. Shakoor N., Michalska M., Harris C.A., and Block J.A. Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus associated with etanercept therapy. Lancet 359 (2002) 579-580
127. Debandt M., Vittecoq O., Descamps V., et al. Anti-TNF-α-induced systemic lupus syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 22 (2003) 56-61
128. Aringer M., Graninger W.B., Steiner G., and Smolen J.S. Safety and efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: an open-label study. Arthritis Rheum 50 (2004) 3161-3169
129. Mann D.L., McMurray J.J.V., Packer M., et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure. Results of the randomized etanercept worldwide evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation 109 (2004) 1594-1602
130. Chung E.S., Packer M., Lo K.H., Fasanmade A.A., Willerson J.T., and Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-a, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure. Results of the Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation 107 (2003) 3133-3140
131. Wolfe F., and Michaud K. Heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: rates, predictors, and the effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Am J Med 116 (2005) 305-311
132. Jacobsson L.T.H., Turesson C., Gulfe A., et al. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 32 (2005) 1213-1218
133. Colombel J.F., Loftus E.V., Tremaine W.J., et al. The safety profile of infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease: the Mayo Clinic experience in 500 patients. Gastroenterology 126 (2004) 19-31
134. Kugathasan S., Levy M.B., Saeian K., et al. Infliximab retreatment in adults and children with Crohn's disease: risk factors for the development of delayed severe systemic reaction. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 1408-1414
135. Soykan I., Ertan C., and Ozden A. Severe anaphylactic reaction to infliximab: report of a case. Am J Gastroenterol 95 (2000) 2395-2396
136. Wasserman M.J., Weber D.A., Guthrie J.A., et al. Infusion-related reactions to infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a clinical practice setting: relationship to dose, anti-histamine pre-treatment and infusion number. J Rheumatol 31 (2004) 1912-1917
137. Baert F., Noman M., Verneire S., et al. Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 348 (2003) 601-608
138. Moreland L.W., Cohen S.B., Baumgartner S.W., et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of etanercept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 28 (2001) 1238-1244
139. Zeltser R., Valle L., Tanck C., et al. Clinical, histological, and immunophenotypic characteristics of injection site reactions associated with etanercept. Arch Dermatol 137 (2001) 893-899
140. Cush J.J. Biological drug use: US perspectives on indications and monitoring. Ann Rheum Dis 64 Suppl 4 (2005) iv18-iv23
141. Katz J.A., Antoni C., Keenan G.F., et al. Outcome of pregnancy in women receiving infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Gastroenterol 99 (2004) 2385-2392
142. Chambers S.A., and Isenberg D. Anti B cell therapy (rituximab) in the treatment of autoimmune disease. Lupus 14 (2005) 210-214
143. Kimby E. Tolerability and safety of rituximab (MabThera). Cancer Treat Rev 31 (2005) 456-473
144. Hellerstedt B., and Ahmed A. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction or serum-sickness after rituximab treatment. Ann Oncol 14 (2003) 1792
145. Lowndes S., Darby A., Mead G., and Lister A. Stevens-Johnson syndrome after treatment with rituximab. Ann Oncol 13 (2002) 1948-1950
146. Herishanu Y. Rituximab-induced serum sickness. Am J Hematol 70 (2002) 329
147. D'Arcy C.A., and Mannik M. Serum sickness secondary to treatment with the murine-human chimeric antibody IDEC-C2B8 (rituximab). Arthritis Rheum 44 (2001) 1717-1718
148. Winkler U., Jensen M., Manzke O., Schulz H., Diehl V., and Engert A. Cytokine-release syndrome in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high lymphocyte counts after treatment with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab, IDEC-C2B8). Blood 94 (1999) 2217-2224
149. Motl S.E., and Baskin R.C. Delayed-onset grade 4 neutropenia associated with rituximab therapy in a patient with lymphoma: case report and literature review. Pharmacotherapy 25 (2005) 1151-1155
150. Ursell M.R., and O'Connor P.W. Natalizumab and other monoclonal antibodies. Neurol Clin 23 (2005) 233-246
151. Polman C.H., O'Connor P.W., Havrdova E., et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 899-910
152. Koralnik I.J. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy revisited: has the disease outgrown its name?. Ann Neurol 60 (2006) 162-173
153. Yousry T.A., Major E.O., Ryschkewitsch C., et al. Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 924-933
154. Menter A., Leonardi C.L., Sterry W., et al. Long-term management of plaque psoriasis with continuous efalizumamb therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 54 (2006) S182-S188
155. Scheinfeld N. Efalizumab: a review of events reported during clinical trials and side effects. Exp Opin Drug Safety 5 (2006) 197-209
156. Nishimoto N., Yoshizaki K., Miyasaka N., et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody. Arthritis Rheum 50 (2004) 1761-1769
157. Choy E.H.S., Isenberg D.A., Garrood T., et al. Therapeutic benefit of blocking interleukin-6 activity with an anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose escalation trial. Arthritis Rheum 46 (2002) 3143-3150
158. Maini R.N., Taylor P.C., Pavelka K., et al. Efficacy of IL-6 receptor antagonist MRA in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an incomplete response to methotrexate (CHARISMA). [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 48 Suppl (2003) S652
159. Woo P., Wilkinson N., Prieur A.M., et al. Open label phase II trial of single, ascending doses of MRA in Caucasian children with severe systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: proof of principle of the efficacy of IL-6 receptor blockade in this type of arthritis and demonstration of prolonged clinical improvement. Arthritis Res Ther 7 (2005) R1281-R1288
160. Beyersdorf N., Hanke T., Kerkau T., and Hunig T. Superagonistic anti-CD28 antibodies: potent activators of regulatory T cells for the therapy of autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 64 (2005) iv91-iv95
161. Suntharalingam G., Perry M.R., Ward S., et al. Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412. N Engl J Med 355 (2006) 1018-1028
162. Sharpe A.H., and Abbas A.K. T-cell costimulation-biology, therapeutic potential, and challenges. N Engl J Med 355 (2006) 973-975