Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge

Lancet

Volumn 369, Issue 9569, 2007, Pages 1302-1313

  Patel, Vikram ^a,b   Flisher, Alan J ^c,d   Hetrick, Sarah ^e   McGorry, Patrick ^e,f  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b Sangath Centre   (India)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^e ORYGEN RESEARCH CENTRE   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; FLUOXETINE; LITHIUM; QUETIAPINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM;

ANOREXIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BULIMIA; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSION; EATING DISORDER; EDUCATION; FAMILY THERAPY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; INCOME; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MENTAL HEALTH; MENTAL HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; META ANALYSIS; MOOD DISORDER; ONSET AGE; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEXUAL HEALTH; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VIOLENCE;

EID: 33947605780     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60368-7     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. WHO. Child and adolescent mental health policies and plans (2005), World Health Organization, Geneva
2. Viner R. Splitting hairs. Arch Dis Child 86 (2002) 8-10
3. Tobin J., and Friedman J. Intercultural and developmental stresses confronting southeast Asian refugees. J Oper Psychiatr 15 (1984) 39-45
4. Blanchet T. Lost innocence, stolen childhoods (1996), University Press, Dhaka
5. Rakoff V. The emergence of the adolescent patient. In: Rosner R. (Ed). Textbook of adolescent psychiatry (2003), Arnold, London
6. Richter L. Studying adolescence. Science 312 (2006) 1902-1905
7. Graham P. The end of adolescence (2004), Oxford University Press, Oxford
8. Rutter M., and Smith D. Psychosocial disorders in young people: time trends and their causes (1995), Wiley, Chichester
9. Verhulst F., Achenbach T., van der Ende J., et al. Comparisons of problems reported by youths from seven countries. Am J Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1479-1485
10. Andrews G., Hall W., Teeson M., and Hendersen S. The mental health of Australians (1999), Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, Canberra
11. Fleitlich-Bilyk B., and Goodman R. Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in southeast Brazil. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43 (2004) 727-734
12. Verhulst F., Van der Ende J., Ferdinand R., and Kasius M. The prevalence of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a national sample of Dutch adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54 (1997) 329-336
13. Tadesse B., Kebede D., Tegegne T., and Alem A. Childhood behavioural disorders in Ambo district, western Ethiopia. I. Prevalence estimates. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 397 (1999) 92-97
14. Andrade N., Hishinuma E., McDermott J., et al. The National Center on Indigenous Hawaiian Behavioral Health Study of Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Native Hawaiian Adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45 (2006) 26-36
15. Beals J., Plasecki J., Nelson S., et al. Psychiatric disorder among American Indian adolescents: prevalence in northern plains youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 (1997) 1252-1259
16. Srinath S., Girimaji S., Gururaj G., et al. Epidemiological study of child & adolescent psychiatric disorders in urban & rural areas of Bangalore, India. Indian J Med Res 122 (2005) 67-79
17. Costello E., Mustillo S., Erkanli A., Keeler G., and Angold A. Prevalence and development of disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 (2003) 837-844
18. Garland A., Hough R., McCabe K., Yeh M., Wood P., and Aarons G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in youths across five sectors of care. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40 (2001) 409-418
19. Robertson B., Ensink K., Parry C., and Chalton D. Performance of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC 2.3) in an informal settlement area in South Africa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38 (1999) 1156-1164
20. Steinhausen H., Metzke C., Meier M., and Kannenberg R. Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: the Zurich Epidemiological Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 98 (1998) 262-271
21. Boys A., Farrell M., Taylor C., et al. Psychiatric morbidity and substance use in young people aged 13-15 years: results from the Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health. Br J Psychiatry 182 (2003) 509-517
22. Shaffer D., Fisher P., Dulcan M., et al. The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC 2.3): description; acceptability; prevalence rates; and performance in the MECA study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35 (1996) 865-877
23. Sawyer M., Baghurst P., Clark J., et al. The mental health of young people in Australia (2000), Mental Health and Special Programs Branch, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged and Care, Canberra
24. Murray C., and Lopez A. The global burden of disease (1996), Harvard School of Public Health, WHO, and World Bank, Boston
25. Public Health Group. Victorian burden of disease study: mortality and morbidity in 2001 (2005), Victorian Government Department of Human Services, Melbourne
26. Fombonne E. Depressive disorders: time trends; and possible explanatory mechanisms. In: Rutter M., and Smith D. (Eds). Psychosocial disorders in young people: time trends and their causes (1995), Wiley, Chichester
27. Kessler R., Bergland P., Demler O., et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 289 (2003) 3095-3105
28. Costello E., Foley D., and Angold A. 10-year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: II. Developmental epidemiology. J J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45 (2006) 8-25
29. Collishaw S., Maughan B., Goodman R., and Pickles A. Time trends in adolescent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45 (2004) 1350-1362
30. Vijayakumar L., John S., Pirkis J., and Whiteford H. Suicide in developing countries-risk factors. Crisis 26 (2005) 112-119
31. Phillips M., Li X., and Zhang Y. Suicide rates in China, 1995-99. Lancet 359 (2002) 835-840
32. Aaron R., Joseph A., Abraham S., et al. Suicides in young people in rural southern India. Lancet 363 (2004) 1117-1118
33. Gould M., Greenberg T., Velting D., and Shaffer D. Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42 (2003) 386-405
34. Commission on Adolescent Suicide Prevention. Youth suicide. In: Evans D., Foa E., Gur R., et al. (Eds). Treating and preventing adolescent mental health disorders: what we know and what we don't know (2005), Oxford University Press, New York 431-493
35. Hammad T., Laughren T., and Racoosin J. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 (2006) 332-339
36. Phillips M., Liu H., and Zhang Y. Suicide and social change in China. Cult Med Psychiatry 23 (1999) 25-50
37. Blum R., and Nelson-Mmari K. The health of young people in a global context. J Adolesc Health 35 (2004) 402-418
38. Department of Health (South Africa). National policy guidelines on child and adolescent health (2003), Department of Health, Pretoria
39. Duarte C., Berganza C., Bordin I., Bird H., and Miranda C. Child mental health in Latin America: Present and future epidemiologic research. Int J Psychiatry Med 33 (2003) 203-222
40. Earls F. Community factors supporting child mental Health. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 10 (2001) 693-709
41. Patel V., and Kleinman A. Poverty and Common Mental Disorders in Developing Countries. Bull World Health Organ 81 (2003) 609-615
42. Leinonen J., Solantaus T., and Punamaki R. Parental mental health and children's adjustment: the quality of marital interaction and parenting as mediating factors. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44 (2003) 227-241
43. Lapalme M., Hodgins S., and LaRoche C. Children of parents with bipolar disorder: a metaanalysis of risk for mental disorders. Can J Psychiatry 42 (1997) 623-631
44. Obot I., and James C. Mental health problems in adolescent children of alcohol dependent parents: Epidemiologic research with a nationally representative sample. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse 13 (2004) 83-96
45. Sansone R., Songer D., and Miller K. Childhood abuse, mental healthcare utilization, self-harm behavior, and multiple psychiatric diagnoses among inpatients with and without a borderline diagnosis. Compr Psychiatry 46 (2005) 117-120
46. Patel V., and Andrew G. Gender, sexual abuse & risk behaviours: a cross-sectional survey in schools in Goa. Natl Med J India 14 (2001) 263-267
47. Patel V., Kirkwood B., Pednekar S., et al. Gender disadvantage and reproductive health risk factors for common mental disorders in women: a community survey in India. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 (2006) 404-413
48. Barwick C., Morton L., and Edwards G. Refugee children and their families: Exploring mental health risks and protective factors. In: Azima F., and Grizenko N. (Eds). Immigrant and refugee children and their families: clinical, research, and training issues (2002), International Universities Press, Madison, CT 37-63
49. Hunter E., Reser J., Baird M., and Reser P. An analysis of suicide in indigenous communities of north Queensland: the historical, cultural and symbolic Landscape (1999), Publications Production Unit (Public Affairs, Parliamentary and Access Branch) Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, Canberra
50. Green H., McGinnity A., Meltzer H., Ford T., and Goodman R. Mental health of children and young people, 2004 (2005), Palgrave MacMillan, London
51. Bhui K., Stansfeld S., Head J., et al. Cultural identity, acculturation, and mental health among adolescents in east London's multiethnic community. J Epidemiol Community Health 59 (2005) 296-302
52. Becker A., Burwell R., Gilman S., Herzog D., and Hamburg P. Disordered eating behaviors and attitudes follow prolonged exposure to television among ethnic Fijian adolescent girls. Br J Psychiatry 180 (2002) 509-514
53. Blakemore S., and Choudhury S. Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47 (2006) 296-312
54. Schweinsburg A., Nagel B., and Tapert S. fMRI reveals alteration of spatial working memory networks across adolescence. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 11 (2005) 631-644
55. Raine A., Moffitt T., Caspi A., Loeber R., Stouthamer-Loeber M., and Lynam D. Neurocognitive impairments in boys on the life-course persistent antisocial path. J Abnorm Psychol 114 (2005) 38-49
56. Kokkonen E., Kokkonen J., and Saukkonen A. Do neurological disorders in childhood pose a risk for mental health in young adulthood?. Dev Med Child Neurol 40 (1998) 364-368
57. Pantelis C., Velakoulis D., McGorry P., et al. Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet 361 (2003) 281-288
58. Velakoulis D., Wood S., Wong M., et al. Hippocampal and amygdala volumes according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis, and ultra-high-risk individuals. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 (2006) 139-149
59. Deater-Deckard K., Reiss D., Hetherington E., and Plomin R. Dimensions and disorders of adolescent adjustment: a quantitative genetic analysis of unselected samples and selected extremes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38 (1997) 515-525
60. O'Connor T., Heron J., Glover V., and Team T. Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41 (2002) 1470-1477
61. Eley T., Sugden K., Corsico A., et al. Gene-environment interaction analysis of serotonin system markers with adolescent depression. Mol Psychiatry 9 (2004) 908-915
62. McGrath J. Variations in the incidence of schizophrenia: data versus dogma. Schizophr Bull 32 (2006) 195-197
63. Moffitt T., Caspi A., Rutter M., and Silva P. Sex differences in antisocial behaviour (2001), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
64. WHO. WHO multicountry study on women's health and domestic violence against women (2005), World Health Organization, Geneva
65. Jessor R., Turbin M., and Costa F. Adolescent problem behaviour in China and the United States: a cross-national study of psychosocial protective factors. J Res Adolesc 13 (2003) 329-360
66. McGee R., Feehan M., Williams S., Partridge F., Silva P., and Kelly J. DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 29 4 (1990) 611-619
67. Williams S., Anderson J., McGee R., and Silva P. Risk factors for behavioral and emotional disorder in preadolescent children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29 (1990) 413-419
68. Birmaher B., Ryan N., Williamson D., et al. Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part 1. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35 (1996) 1427-1435
69. Greening L., and Stoppelbein L. Religiosity, attributional style, and social support as psychosocial buffers for African American and White adolescents' perceived risk for suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav 32 (2002) 404-417
70. Joiner T. The trajectory of suicidal beahviour over time. Suicide Life Threat Behav 32 (2002) 33-41
71. Lewinsohn P., Rohde P., and Seeley J. Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: Prevalence, risk factors and clinical implications. Clin Psychol Rev 18 (1998) 765-794
72. Jessor R. New prespectives on adolescent risk behaviour (1998), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
73. Bartley M. Capability and Resilience: Beating the odds (2006), University College London, London
74. Walker S., Chang S., Powell C., Simonoff E., and Grantham-McGregor S. Effects of psychosocial stimulation and dietary supplementation in early childhood on psychosocial functioning in late adolescence: follow-up of randomised controlled trial. BMJ 333 (2006) 472
75. Kessler R., Bergland P., Demler O., Jin R., and Walters E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 (2005) 593-602
76. Knapp M., McCrone P., Fombonne E., Beecham J., and Wostear G. The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression: 3. Impact of comorbid conduct disorder on service use and costs in adulthood. Br J Psychiatry 180 (2002) 19-23
77. Knapp M., Scott S., and Davies J. The cost of antisocial behaviour in younger people. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 4 (1999) 457-473
78. Mihalopoulos C., McGorry P., and Carter R. Is phase-specific, community-oriented treatment of early psychosis an economically viable method of improving outcome?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100 (1999) 47-55
79. Lynch F., Hornbrook M., Clarke G., et al. Cost-effectiveness of an intervention to prevent depression in at-risk teens. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 (2005) 1241-1248
80. Donenberg G., and Pao M. Youth and HIV/AIDS: Psychiatry's role in a changing epidemic. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44 (2005) 728-747
81. Donenberg G., Emerson E., Bryant F., Wilson H., and Weber-Shifrin E. Understanding AIDS-risk behaviour among adolescents in psychiatric care: links to psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40 (2001) 642-653
82. Brown L., B. D., and Lourie K. Adolescents with psychiatric disorders and the risk of HIV. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 (2006) 1609-1617
83. Pao M., Lyon M., Angelo L., Schuman W., Tipnis T., and Mrazek D. Psychiatric diagnoses in adolescents seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154 (2001) 240-244
84. UNICEF. The framework for the protection, care and support of orphans and vulnerable children living in a world with HIV and AIDS, 2006 (2006), UNICEF, New York
85. Wild L, Flisher AJ, Robertson BA. The psychosocial adjustment of adolescents orphaned in the context of HIV/AIDS. 15th Biennial Conference of the South African Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions 2005, Durban, South Africa.
86. Toumbourou J., Stockwell T., Neighbors C., Marlatt G., Sturge J., and Rehm J. Interventions to reduce harm associated with adolescent substance use. Lancet (2007). published online March 27. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60369-9
87. Evans D., Foa E., Gur R., et al. Treating and preventing adolescent mental health disorders: what we know and what we don't know: a research agenda for improving the mental health of our nation (2005), Oxford University Press, New York
88. Boys A., Farrell M., Taylor C., et al. Psychiatric morbidity and substance use in young people aged 13-15 years: results from the Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health. Br J Psychiatry 182 (2003) 509-517
89. Kandel D., Johnson J., Bird H., et al. Psychiatric disorders associated with substance use among children and adolescents: findings from the Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) Study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 25 (1997) 121-132
90. Lam T., Stewart S., Ho S., et al. Depressive symptoms and smoking among Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Addiction 100 (2005) 1003-1011
91. Tan S., Shafiee Z., Wu L., Rizal A., and Rey J. Factors associated with control of type I diabetes in Malaysian adolescents and young adults. Int J Psychiatry Med 35 (2005) 123-136
92. Krug E., Mercy J., Dahlberg L., and Zwi A. The world report on violence and health. Lancet 360 (2002) 1083-1088
93. Farrington D. Predictors, cause and correlates of male youth violence. In: Tonry M., and Moore M. (Eds). Youth violence (1998), University of Illinois Press, Chicago
94. Ward C., Flisher A., Zissis C., Muller M., and Lombard C. Exposure to violence and its relationship to psychopathology in adolescents. Inj Prev 7 (2001) 297-301
95. Seedat S., Nyamai C., Njenga F., Vythilingum B., and Stein D. Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in urban African schools. Survey in Capetown and Nairobi. Br J Psychiatry 184 (2004) 169-175
96. Burns B., Hoagwood K., and Mrazek P. Effective treatment for mental disorders in children and adolescents. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2 (1999) 199-254
97. Kazdin A., and Weisz J. Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2003), The Guildford Press, New York
98. UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Depression in children and young people: identification and management in primary, community and secondary care (2005), British Psychological Society, Leicester
99. Craig T., Garety P., Power P., et al. The Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) Team: randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis. BMJ 329 (2004) 1067
100. Petersen L., Jeppesen P., Thorup A., et al. A randomised multicentre trial of integrated versus standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness. BMJ 331 (2005) 602
101. Morrison A., French P., Walford L., et al. Cognitive therapy for the prevention of psychosis in people at ultra-high risk: Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 185 (2004) 291-297
102. Larsen T., Melle I., Auestad B., et al. Early detection of first-episode psychosis: the effect on 1-year outcome. Schizophr Bull 32 (2006) 758-764
103. McGorry P. Early intervention in psychotic disorders: beyond debate to solving problems. Br J Psychiatry 187 suppl 48 (2005) s108-s110
104. Melle I., Larsen T., Haahr U., et al. Reducing the duration of untreated first-episode psychosis: effects on clinical presentation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61 (2004) 143-150
105. Binks C., Fenton M., McCarthy L., Lee T., Adams C., and Duggan C. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 (2006) CD005652.
106. Woolfenden S., Williams K., and Peat J. Family and parenting interventions in children and adolescents with conduct disorder and delinquency aged 10-17. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2001) CD003015.
107. Bacaltchuk J., and Hay P. Antidepressants versus placebo for people with bulimia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 (2003) CD003391.
108. Bacaltchuk J., Hay P., and Trefiglio R. Antidepressants versus psychological treatments and their combination for bulimia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 (2001) CD003385.
109. Claudino A., Hay P., Lima M., Bacaltchuk J., Schmidt U., and Treasure J. Antidepressants for anorexia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 (2006) CD004365.
110. Ball J., and Mitchell P. A randomized controlled study of cognitive behavior therapy and behavioral family therapy for anorexia nervosa patients. Eat Disord 12 (2004) 303-314
111. Dare C., Eisler I., Russell G., Treasure J., and Dodge L. Psychological therapies for adults with anorexia nervosa: randomised controlled trial of out-patient treatments. Br J Psychiatry 178 (2001) 216-221
112. Geller B., Cooper T., Sun K., et al. Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37 (1998) 171-178
113. Kafantaris V., Coletti D., Dicker R., Padula G., Pleak R., and Alvir J. Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: a placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43 (2004) 984-993
114. Findling R., McNamara N., Youngstrom E., et al. Double-blind 18-month trial of lithium versus divalproex maintenance treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44 (2005) 409-417
115. DelBello M., Kowatch R., Adler C., et al. A double-blind randomized pilot study comparing quetiapine and divalproex for adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45 (2006) 305-313
116. Delbello M., Schwiers M., Rosenberg H., and Strakowski S. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine as adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41 (2002) 1216-1223
117. Hazell P., O'Connell D., Heathcote D., and Henry D. Tricyclic drugs for depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2002) CD002317.
118. Jureidini J., Doecke C., Mansfield P., Haby M., Menkes D., and Tonkin A. Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for children and adolescents. BMJ 328 (2004) 879-883
119. Whittington C., Kendall T., Fonagy P., Cottrell D., Cotgrove A., and Boddington E. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression: systematic review of published versus unpublished data. Lancet 363 (2004) 1341-1345
120. Angold A., and Worthman C. Puberty and depression: the roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychol Med 28 (1998) 51-61
121. Kaufman J., Martin A., King R., and Charney D. Are child-, adolescent-, and adult-onset depression one and the same disorder?. Biol Psychiatry 49 (2001) 980-1001
122. Emslie G., Heiligenstein J., Hoog S., et al. Fluoxetine treatment for prevention of relapse of depression in children and adolescents: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43 (2004) 1397-1405
123. Emslie G., Rush A., Weinberg W., et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54 (1997) 1031-1037
124. March J., Petrycki S., and Curry J. Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) Team. Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292 (2004) 807-820
125. Shatkin J., and Belfer M. The global abscence of child and adolescent mental health policy. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 9 (2004) 104-108
126. WHO. Atlas: child & adolescent mental health resources (2005), World Health Organization, Geneva
127. Harris M., Burgess P., Chant D., Pirkis J., and McGorry P. Impact of specialised first-episode psychosis treatment on suicide following initial presentation to mental health services: retrospective cohort study. Schizophr Res 81 suppl 1 (2006) 74-86
128. Norman R., and Malla A. Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med 31 (2001) 381-400
129. Marshall M., Lewis S., Lockwood A., Drake R., Jones P., and Croudace T. Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 (2005) 975-983
130. Rickwood D., Deane F., Wilson C., and Ciarocchi J. Young people's help-seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health 4 suppl (2005) 1-34
131. Issakidis C., and Andrews G. Who treats whom? An application of the pathways to care model in Australia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 40 (2006) 74-86
132. Garety P., Craig T., Dunn G., et al. Specialised care for early psychosis: symptoms, social functioning and patient satisfaction: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 188 (2006) 37-45
133. Gunn J. Foreword. In: Bailey S., and Dolan M. (Eds). Adolescent forensic psychiatry (2004), Arnold, London
134. Goldberg D., and Huxley P. Mental illness in the community: the pathways to psychiatric care (1980), Tavistock, London
135. Caldwell L., Smith E., Wegner L., et al. HealthWise South Africa: development of a life skills curriculum for young adults. World Leisure J 46 (2004) 4-17
136. Spence S., Burns J., Boucher S., et al. The beyondblue Schools Research Initiative: conceptual framework and intervention. Australas Psychiatry 13 (2005) 159-164
137. Jorm A., Korten A., Jacomb P., Christensen H., Rodgers B., and Pollitt P. Mental health literacy: a survey of the public's ability to recognise mental disorders and their beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment. Med J Aust 166 (1997) 182-186
138. Wright A., Harris M., Wiggers J., et al. Recognition of depression and psychosis by young Australians and their beliefs about treatment. Med J Aust 183 (2005) 18-23
139. Wright A., McGorry P., Harris M., Jorm A., and Pennell K. Development and evaluation of a youth mental health community awareness campaign: the Compass Strategy. BMC Public Health 6 (2006) 215
140. Sanci L., Kang M., and Ferguson B. Improving adolescents' access to primary health care. Med J Aust 183 (2005) 416-417
141. Kapphahn C., Morreale M., Rickert V., and Walker L. Financing mental health services for adolescents: a position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. J Adolesc Health 39 (2006) 456-458
142. Remschmidt H., and Belfer M. Mental health care for children and adolescents worldwide: a review. World Psychiatry 4 (2005) 147-153
143. Jamison K. The many stigmas of mental illness. Lancet 367 (2006) 533-534
144. WHO. Prevention of mental disorders: effective interventions and policy implications (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva
145. Wu Z., Detels R., Zhang J., Li V., and Li J. Community base trial to prevent drug use amongst youth in Yunnan, China. Am J Public Health 92 (2002) 1952-1957
146. Durlak J., and Wells A. Primary prevention mental health programs for children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Am J Community Psychol 25 (1997) 115-152
147. Birleson P., Luk E., and Mileshkin C. Better mental health services for young people: responsibility, partnerships and projects. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 35 (2001) 36-44
148. Patton G. An epidemiological case for a separate adolescent psychiatry?. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 30 (1996) 563-566
149. McGorry P. The Centre for Young People's Mental Health: blending epidemiology and developmental psychiatry. Australas Psychiatry 4 (1996) 243-247