A dose-response study of hormone replacement in young hypogonadal women: Effects on intima media thickness and metabolism

Clinical Endocrinology

Volumn 66, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 557-564

  Ostberg, Julia E ^a   Storry, Clare ^b   Donald, Ann E ^b   Attar, M Javad Hosseinzadeh ^a   Halcox, Julian P J ^b   Conway, Gerard S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; DYDROGESTERONE PLUS ESTRADIOL; ESTRADIOL; FIBRINOGEN; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 6;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTERY TONE; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; ENDOTHELIUM; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GONADAL DYSGENESIS; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPOGONADISM; HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM; INTIMA; KARYOTYPE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSE WAVE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUNICA MEDIA; TURNER SYNDROME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BRACHIAL ARTERY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CAROTID ARTERIES; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOGONADISM; OVARY; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; TUNICA MEDIA; TURNER SYNDROME; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; VASODILATION;

EID: 33947201292     PISSN: 03000664     EISSN: 13652265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02772.x     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. van der Schouw, Y.T., van der Graaf, Y., Steyerberg, E.W., Eijkemans, J.C. & Banga, J.D. (1996) Age at menopause as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Lancet, 347, 714-718.
2. Tomlinson, J.W., Holden, N., Hills, R.K., Wheatley, K., Clayton, R.N., Bates, A.S., Sheppard, M.C. & Stewart, P.M. (2001) Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism: West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet, 357, 425-431.
3. Rosen, T. & Bengtsson, B.A. (1990) Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet, 336, 285-288.
4. Bulow, B., Hagmar, L., Mikoczy, Z., Nordstrom, C.H. & Erfurth, E.M. (1997) Increased cerebrovascular mortality in patients with hypopituitarism. Clinical Endocrinology, 46, 75-81.
5. Gravholt, C.H., Juul, S., Naeraa, R.W. & Hansen, J. (1998) Morbidity in Turner syndrome. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51, 147-158.
6. Swerdlow, A.J., Hermon, C., Jacobs, P.A., Alberman, E., Beral, V., Daker, M., Fordyce, A. & Youings, S. (2001) Mortality and cancer incidence in persons with numerical sex chromosome abnormalities: a cohort study. Annals of Human Genetics, 65, 177-188.
7. Ostberg, J.E., Donald, A.E., Halcox, J.P., Storry, C., McCarthy, C. & Conway, G.S. (2005) Vasculopathy in Turner syndrome: arterial dilatation and intimal thickening without endothelial dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90, 5161-5166.
8. Walsh, B.W., Schiff, I., Rosner, B., Greenberg, L., Ravnikar, V. & Sacks, F.M. (1991) Effects of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on the concentrations and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 1196-1204.
9. Godsland, I.F. (2001) Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (a) concentrations: analysis of studies published from 1974 to 2000. Fertility and Sterility, 75, 898-915.
10. Hodis, H.N., Mack, W.J., Lobo, R.A., Shoupe, D., Sevanian, A., Mahrer, P.R., Selzer, R.H., Liu Cr, C.R., Liu Ch, C.H. & Azen, S.P. (2001) Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 135, 939-953.
11. Hayward, C.S., Knight, D.C., Wren, B.G. & Kelly, R.P. (1997) Effect of hormone replacement therapy on non-invasive cardiovascular haemodynamics. Journal of Hypertension, 15, 987-993.
12. Gatzka, C.D., Kingwell, B.A., Cameron, J.D., Berry, K.L., Liang, Y.L., Dewar, E.M., Reid, C.M., Jennings, G.L. & Dart, A.M. (2001) Gender differences in the timing of arterial wave reflection beyond differences in body height. Journal of Hypertension, 19, 2197-2203.
13. Bush, D.E., Jones, C.E., Bass, K.M., Walters, G.K., Bruza, J.M. & Ouyang, P. (1998) Estrogen replacement reverses endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Medicine, 104, 552-558.
14. Lieberman, E.H., Gerhard, M.D., Uehata, A., Walsh, B.W., Selwyn, A.P., Ganz, P., Yeung, A.C. & Creager, M.A. (1994) Estrogen improves endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Annals of Internal Medicine, 121, 936-941.
15. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288, 321-333.
16. Grady, D., Herrington, D., Bittner, V., Blumenthal, R., Davidson, M., Hlatky, M., Hsia, J., Hulley, S., Herd, A., Khan, S., Newby, L.K., Waters, D., Vittinghoff, E. & Wenger, N. (2002) Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6·8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA, 288, 49-57.
17. Pradhan, A.D., Manson, J.E., Rossouw, J.E., Siscovick, D.S., Mouton, C.P., Rifai, N., Wallace, R.B., Jackson, R.D., Pettinger, M.B. & Ridker, P.M. (2002) Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study. JAMA, 288, 980-987.
18. Lowe, G.D. (2002) Hormone replacement therapy: prothrombotic vs. protective effects. Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, 32, 329-332.
19. Salpeter, S.R., Walsh, J.M., Greyber, E., Ormiston, T.M. & Salpeter, E.E. (2004) Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women: a meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19, 791-804.
20. Cross, J.M., Donald, A., Vallance, P.J., Deanfield, J.E., Woolfson, R.G. & MacAllister, R.J. (2001) Dialysis improves endothelial function in humans. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 16, 1823-1829.
21. Espeland, M.A., Applegate, W., Furberg, C.D., Lefkowitz, D., Rice, L. & Hunninghake, D. (1995) Estrogen replacement therapy and progression of intimal-medial thickness in the carotid arteries of postmenopausal women. ACAPS Investigators. Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142, 1011-1019.
22. Salonen, J.T. & Salonen, R. (1993) Ultrasound B-mode imaging in observational studies of atherosclerotic progression. Circulation, 87, II56-65.
23. Byington, R.P., Furberg, C.D., Herrington, D.M., Herd, J.A., Hunninghake, D., Lowery, M., Riley, W., Craven, T., Chaput, L., Ireland, C.C. & Applegate, W.B. (2002) Effect of estrogen plus progestin on progression of carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with heart disease: HERS B-mode substudy. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 22, 1692-1697.
24. Hodis, H.N. & Mack, W.J. (2002) Atherosclerosis imaging methods: assessing cardiovascular disease and evaluating the role of estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis. American Journal of Cardiology, 89, 19E-27E; discussion 27E.
25. Lassila, H.C., Tyrrell, K.S., Matthews, K.A., Wolfson, S.K. & Kuller, L.H. (1997) Prevalence and determinants of carotid atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women. Stroke, 28, 513-517.
26. Wang, T.J., Nam, B.H., Wilson, P.W., Wolf, P.A., Levy, D., Polak, J.F., D'Agostino, R.B. & O'Donnell, C.J. (2002) Association of C-reactive protein with carotid atherosclerosis in men and women: the Framingham Heart Study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 22, 1662-1667.
27. Kobayashi, K. & Akishita, M., Yu, W., Hashimoto, M., Ohni, M. & Toba, K. (2004) Interrelationship between non-invasive measurements of atherosclerosis: flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery, carotid intima-media thickness and pulse wave velocity. Atherosclerosis, 173, 13-18.
28. Vehkavaara, S., Hakala-Ala-Pietila, T., Virkamaki, A., Bergholm, R., Ehnholm, C., Hovatta, O., Taskinen, M.R. & Yki-Jarvinen, H. (2000) Differential effects of oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Circulation, 102, 2687-2693.
29. Cushman, M., Legault, C., Barrett-Connor, E., Stefanick, M.L., Kessler, C., Judd, H.L., Sakkinen, P.A. & Tracy, R.P. (1999) Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. Circulation, 100, 717-722.
30. Kalantaridou, S.N., Naka, K.K., Papanikolaou, E., Kazakos, N., Kravariti, M., Calis, K.A., Paraskevaidis, E.A., Sideris, D.A., Tsatsoulis, A., Chrousos, G.P. & Michalis, L.K. (2004) Impaired endothelial function in young women with premature ovarian failure: normalization with hormone therapy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 3907-3913.
31. Chan, N.N., Vallance, P., Colhoun, H.M., MacAllister, R.J., Hingorani, A.D. & Conway, G.S. (2002) The effects of hormone replacement therapy on endothelial function in women with Turner's syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology, 56, 615-620.
32. Elsheikh, M., Bird, R., Casadei, B., Conway, G.S. & Wass, J.A. (2000) The effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular hemodynamics in women with Turner's syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85, 614-618.
33. Gravholt, C.H., Hansen, K.W., Erlandsen, M., Ebbehoj, E. & Christiansen, J.S. (2006) Nocturnal hypertension and impaired sympathovagal tone in Turner syndrome. Journal of Hypertension, 24, 353-360.
34. Knoflach, M., Kiechl, S., Kind, M., Said, M., Sief, R., Gisinger, M., van der Zee, R., Gaston, H., Jarosch, E., Willeit, J. & Wick, G. (2003) Cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in young males: ARMY study (Atherosclerosis Risk-Factors in Male Youngsters). Circulation, 108, 1064-1069.
35. Urbina, E.M., Srinivasan, S.R., Tang, R., Bond, M.G., Kieltyka, L. & Berenson, G.S. (2002) Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study). American Journal of Cardiology, 90, 953-958.
36. Gravholt, C.H., Naeraa, R.W., Nyholm, B., Gerdes, L.U., Christiansen, E., Schmitz, O. & Christiansen, J.S. (1998) Glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular risk factors in adult Turner's syndrome: the impact of sex hormone replacement. Diabetes Care, 21, 1062-1070.
37. Godsland, I.F., Manassiev, N.A., Felton, C.V., Proudler, A.J., Crook, D., Whitehead, M.I. & Stevenson, J.C. (2004) Effects of low and high dose oestradiol and dydrogesterone therapy on insulin and lipoprotein metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women. Clinical Endocrinology, 60, 541-549.
38. Godsland, I.F. (1996) The influence of female sex steroids on glucose metabolism and insulin action. Journal of Internal Medicine, 738 (Suppl), 1-60.
39. Tropeano, A.I., Boutouyrie, P., Katsahian, S., Laloux, B. & Laurent, S. (2004) Glucose level is a major determinant of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with hypertension and hyperglycemia. Journal of Hypertension, 22, 2153-2160.
40. Thomas, G.N., Chook, P., Qiao, M., Huang, X.S., Leong, H.C., Celermajer, D.S. & Woo, K.S. (2004) Deleterious impact of 'high normal' glucose levels and other metabolic syndrome components on arterial endothelial function and intima-media thickness in apparently healthy Chinese subjects: the CATHAY study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 24, 739-743.
41. Ridker, P.M., Hennekens, C.H., Buring, J.E. & Rifai, N. (2000) C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 836-843.
42. Ridker, P.M., Hennekens, C.H., Rifai, N., Buring, J.E. & Manson, J.E. (1999) Hormone replacement therapy and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation, 100, 713-716.
43. Brooks-Asplund, E.M., Tupper, C.E., Daun, J.M., Kenney, W.L. & Cannon, J.G. (2002) Hormonal modulation of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor and associated receptor secretion in postmenopausal women. Cytokine, 19, 193-200.
44. Zegura, B., Keber, I., Sebestjen, M. & Koenig, W. (2003) Double blind, randomized study of estradiol replacement therapy on markers of inflammation, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Atherosclerosis, 168, 123-129.
45. Guyton, J.R. & Klemp, K.F. (1993) Transitional features in human atherosclerosis: intimal thickening, cholesterol clefts, and cell loss in human aortic fatty streaks. American Journal of Pathology, 143, 1444-1457.
46. Danesh, J., Wheeler, J.G., Hirschfield, G.M., Eda, S., Eiriksdottir, G., Rumley, A., Lowe, G.D., Pepys, M.B. & Gudnason, V. (2004) C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 1387-1397.
47. Song, L. & Schindler, C. (2004) IL-6 and the acute phase response in murine atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 177, 43-51.
48. Wingrove, C.S., Garr, E., Godsland, I.F. & Stevenson, J.C. (1998) 17beta-oestradiol enhances release of matrix metalloproteinase-2 from human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1406, 169-174.
49. Seli, E., Selam, B., Mor, G., Kayisli, U.A., Pehlivan, T. & Arici, A. (2001) Estradiol regulates monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells: a mechanism for its antiatherogenic effect. Menopause, 8, 296-301.
50. Liang, Y.L., Teede, H., Shiel, L.M., Thomas, A., Craven, R., Sachithanandan, N., McNeil, J.J., Cameron, J.D., Dart, A. & McGrath, B.P. (1997) Effects of oestrogen and progesterone on age-related changes in arteries of postmenopausal women. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 24, 457-459.
51. Hayashi, K., Miyachi, M., Seno, N., Takahashi, K., Yamazaki, K., Sugawara, J., Yokoi, T., Onodera, S. & Mesaki, N. (2006) Variations in carotid arterial compliance during the menstrual cycle in young women. Experimental Physiology, 91, 465-472.
52. Bain, C.A., Walters, M.R., Lees, K.R. & Lumsden, M.A. (2004) The effect of HRT on cerebral haemodynamics and cerebral vasomotor reactivity in post-menopausal women. Human Reproduction, 19, 2411-2414.
53. Nugent, A.G., Leung, K.C., Sullivan, D., Reutens, A.T. & Ho, K.K. (2003) Modulation by progestogens of the effects of oestrogen on hepatic endocrine function in postmenopausal women. Clinical Endocrinology, 59, 690-698.
54. Gambacciani, M., Monteleone, P., Vitale, C., Silvestri, A., Fini, M., Genazzani, A.R. & Rosano, G.M. (2002) Dydrogesterone does not reverse the effects of estradiol on endothelium-dependant vasodilation in postmenopausal women: a randomised clinical trial. Maturitas, 43, 117-123.