Educating the workforce for the 21st century: A cross-disciplinary analysis of the impact of the undergraduate experience on students' development of a pluralistic orientation

Research in Higher Education

Volumn 48, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 283-317

  Engberg, Mark E ^a  

^a Human Capital Research Corporation   (United States)

Author keywords

Affirmative action; Diversity; Higher education; Major; Pluralism; Undergraduate students; Workforce

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847246006     PISSN: 03610365     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11162-006-9027-2     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. AAC&U (1995). Liberal Learning and the Arts of Connection for the New Academy, Association of American Colleges and Universities, Washington, DC.
2. AAC&U (2002). Greater Expectations: A New Vision for Learning as a Nation goes to College, Association of American Colleges and Universities, Washington, DC.
3. ABET (2001). Engineering Criteria 2002. Retrieved May 15, 2002 from http://www.abet.org.
4. Allison, P. D. (2002). Missing Data, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
5. Alwin, D. F., Cohen, R. I., and Newcomb, T. L. (1991). Political Attitudes Over the Lifespan, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
6. Antonio, A. L. (2001). The role of interracial interaction in the development of leadership skills and cultural knowledge and understanding. Research in Higher Education 42 (5): 593-617.
7. Antony, J. (1993, November). Can we all get along? How college impacts students' sense of the importance promoting racial understanding. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Pittsburgh. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 365174).
8. Astin, A. W. (1993). What Matters in College? Four Critical Years Revisited, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
9. Babbie, E. (2001). The Practice of Social Research, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.
10. Bagozzi, R. P., and Heatherton, T. F. (1994). A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state of self-esteem. Structural Equation Modeling 1 : 35-67.
11. Bandalos, D. L., and Finney, S. J. (2001). Item parceling issues in structural equation modeling. In: Marcoulides, G. A., and Schumacker, R. E. (eds.), New Developments and Techniques in Structural Equation Modeling, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 269-296.
12. Bikson, T. K., and Law, S. A. (1994). Global Preparedness and Human Resources, Rand Institute, Santa Monica, CA.
13. Bowen, W. G., and Bok, D. (1998). The Shape of the River. Long Term Conseauences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
14. Cabrera, A. F., Nora, A., Crissman, J. L., Terenzini, P. T., Bernal, E. M., and Pascarella, E. T. (2002). Collaborative Learning: Its Impact on College Students' Development and Diversity. Journal of College Student Development 43(1): 20-34.
15. Chang, M. (1996). Racial diversity in higher education: Does a racially mixed student population affect student outcomes? Dissertation Abstracts International, 57 (04). (AAT 9626812).
16. Chang, M. J. (2002). The impact of an undergraduate diversity course requirement on students' racial views and attitudes. The Journal of General Education 51(1): 21-42.
17. Chickering, A., and Reisser, L. (1993). Education and Identity (2nd Ed.), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
18. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Stewart, T. L., Esses, V. M., Vergert, M., and Hodson, G. (2004). From intervention to outcome: Processes in the reduction of bias. In: Stephan, W. G., and Vogt, W. P. (eds.), Education Programs for Improving Intergroup Relations, Teachers College Press, New York, pp. 243-265.
19. Engberg, M. E. (2004). Educating the workforce for the 21st century: The impact of diversity on undergraduate students' pluralistic orientation. Dissertation Abstracts International, 65(06). (AAT 3138145).
20. Engberg, M. E., Meader, E. W., and Hurtado, S. (2003, April). Developing a pluralistic orientation: A comparison of ethnic minority and White college students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
21. Erikson, E. (1946). Ego development and historical change. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 2: 359-396.
22. Erikson, E. (1956). The problem of ego identity. Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association 4:56-121.
23. Ewell, P. T., and Jones, D. P. (1993). Actions matter: The case for indirect measures in assessing higher education's progress on the national education goals. Journal of General Education 42(2): 123-148.
24. Gratz, et al. v. Bollinger, et al., 530 U.S. (2003a).
25. Gratz, et al. v. Bollinger, et al., No. 02-516. (2003b). Brief filed for amicus curiae leading American businesses in support of respondents. Retrieved May 1, 2003, from http://www.umich.edu/~urel/admissions/legal/gru_amicus_ussc/ um.html.
26. Grutter, et al. v. Bollinger, et al., 539 U.S. (2003a).
27. Grutter, et al. v. Bollinger, et al., No. 02-241 (2003b). Brief filed for amicus curiae leading American businesses in support of respondents. Retrieved May 1, 2003, from http://www.umich.edu/~urel/admissions/legal/gru_amicus_ussc/ um.html.
28. Guarasci, R., and Cornwell, G. H. (1997). Democratic Education in an Age of Difference: Redefining Education in an Age of Difference, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco.
29. Gurin, P. (1999). Expert Report. Gratz et al. v. Bollinger, et al. No. 97-75321 (E.D. Mich.); Grutter, et al. v. Bollinger, et al. No. 97-75928 (E.D. Mich.). Equity & Excellence in Education 32(2): 36-62.
30. Gurin, P., Dey, E. L., Hurtado, S., and Gurin, G. (2002). Diversity and higher education: Theory and impact on educational outcomes. Harvard Educational Review 72: 330-367.
31. Holland, J. L. (1985). Making Vocational Choices, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
32. Hughes, M. (1994). Helping students understand and appreciate diversity. In: Schroeder, C., and Mable, P. (eds.), Realizing the Educational Potential of Residence Halls, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 190-217.
33. Humphreys, D. (1997). General Education and American Commitments: A National Report on Diversity Course and Requirements, Association of American Colleges and Universities, Washington, DC.
34. Hurtado, S. (2001). Linking diversity and educational purpose: How diversity affects the classroom environment and student development. In: Orfleld, G. (ed.), Diversity Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action, Harvard Education Publishing Group, Cambridge, MA, pp. 187-204.
35. Hurtado, S. (2003). Preparing College Students for a Diverse Democracy: Final Report to the U.S. Department of Education, OERI, Field Initiated Studies Program. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for the Study of Higher and Postsecondary Education.
36. Hurtado, S., Dey, E. L., and Trevino, J. G. (1994, April). Exclusion or Self-segregation? Interaction across Racial/Ethnic Groups on Campus. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
37. Hurtado, S., Engberg, M. E., and Ponjuan, L. (2003, November). The Impact of the College Experience on Students' Learning for a Diverse Democracy, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Portland, OR.
38. Hurtado, S., Meader, E. W., Ziskin, M., Kamimura, M., and Greene, S. (2002, June). Intergroup Relations: Views from Different Racial/Ethnic Groups. Paper presented at the Association for Institutional Research Forum, Toronto, Ontario.
39. Hurtado, S., Milem, J., Clayton-Pederson, A., and Allen, W. (1999). Enacting Diverse Learning Environments: Improving the Climate for Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Higher Education. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Reports, 26(8).
40. Hyun, M. (1994, November). Helping to Promote Racial Understanding: Does It Matter if You're Black or White. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Tucson, AZ. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 375710).
41. Inkelas, K. K. (1998, November). Increasing Visibility: The Racial Attitudes of Asian Pacific. American Students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Miami, FL.
42. Judy, R. W., and D'Amico, C. (1997). Workforce 2020. Work and Workers in the 21st Century, Hudson Institute, Indianapolis.
43. Kardia, D. B. (1996). Diversity's Closet: Student Attitudes toward Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexual People on a Multicultural Campus. Dissertation Abstracts International, 57(03). (AAT 9624642).
44. Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
45. Kishton, J. M., and Widaman, K. F. (1994). Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educational and Psychological Measurement 54: 757-765.
46. Kline, R. B. (1998). Principle and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Guilford Press, New York.
47. Kuh, G. D. (1990). Assessing student culture. In: Tierney, W. G. (ed.), Assessing Academic Climates and Cultures, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 47-60.
48. Meacham, J. (2000, September 18). The new face of race. Newsweek 136: 38-41.
49. Milem, J. F. (1994). College, students, and racial understanding. Thought and Action 9(2): 51-92.
50. Milem, J. F., and Umbach, P. D. (2003). The influence of precollege factors on students' predispositions regarding diversity activities in college. Journal of College Student Development 44(5): 611-624.
51. Milem, J. F., Umbach, P. D., and Liang, C. T. H. (2004). Exploring the perpetuation hypothesis: The role of colleges and universities in desegregating society. Journal of College Student Development 45(6): 688-700.
52. Meyers-Lipton, S. J. (1996). Effect of a comprehensive service-learning program on college students' level of modern racism. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, Fall, 44-54.
53. Nagda, B. A., Kim, C., and Truelove, Y. (2004). Learning about difference, learning with others, learning to transgress. Journal of Social Issues 60: 195-214.
54. Nelson Laird, T. F., Engberg, M. E., and Hurtado, S. (2005). Modeling accentuation effects: Enrolling in a diversity course and the importance of social action engagement. The Journal of Higher Education 76(4): 448-476.
55. Newcomb, T. L (1943). Personality and Social Change: Attitude Formation in a Student Community, Dryden Press, New York.
56. Newcomb, T. L., Koenig, K. E., Flacks, R., and Warwick, D. P. (1967). Persistence and Change: Bennington College and its Students after 25 years, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
57. Palmer, S. R. (2001). Diversity and affirmative action: Evolving principles and continuing legal battles. In: Orfield, G. (ed.), Diversity Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action, Harvard Education Publishing Group, Cambridge, MA, pp. 81-98.
58. Pascarella, E. T., Edison, M., Nora, A., Hagedorn, L.S., and Terenzini, P.T. (1996). Influences on students' openness to diversity and challenge in first year of college. Journal of Higher Education 67: 174-195.
59. Pascarella, E. T., Palmer, B., Moye, M., and Pierson, C. T. (2001). Do diversity experiences influence the development of critical thinking? Journal of College Student Development 42: 257-71.
60. Pascarella, E. T., and Terenzini, P. T. (1991). How Colleges Affects Students: Findings and Insights from Twenty Years of Research, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco.
61. Pike, G. R. (2002). The differential effects of on- and off-campus living arrangements on students' openness to diversity. NASPA Journal 39(4): 283-299.
62. Romanoff, S. J. (2000). The learning community laboratory: A context for discovery. Journal of College Student Development 41(2): 245-247.
63. Schoem, D., Hurtado, S., Sevig, T., Chesler, M., and Sumida, S. H. (2001). Intergroup dialogue: Democracy at work in theory and practice. In: Schoem, D., and Hurtado, S. (eds.), Intergroup Dialogue: Deliberative Democracy in School, College, Community, and Workplace, The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 1-21.
64. Smart, J. C., Feldman, K. A., and Ethington, C. A. (2000). Academic Disciplines: Holland's Theory and the Study of College Students and Faculty, Vandcrbilt University Press, Nashville, TN.
65. Springer, L., Palmer, B., Terenzini, P. T., Pascarella, E. T., and Nora, A. (1996). Attitudes toward campus diversity: Participation in a racial or cultural awareness workshop. The Review of Higher Education 20(1): 53-68.
66. Stephan, W. G., and Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues 41: 157-175.
67. Taylor, S. H. (1998). The impact of college on the development of tolerance. NASPA Journal 35: 281-295.
68. Weidman, J. (1989). Undergraduate socialization: A conceptual approach. In: Smart, J. C. (ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research (Vol. 5), Agathon Press, New York, pp. 289-322.
69. Whitt, E. J., Edison, M. I., Pascarella, E. T., Terenzini, P. T., and Nora, A. (2001). Influences on students' openness to diversity and challenge in the second and third years of college. The Journal of Higher Education 72(2): 172-204.
70. Witt, D., Chang, M. J., and Hakuta, K., (2003). Introduction. In: Chang, M., Witt, D., James, J., and Hakuta, K. (eds.), Compelling Interest: Examining the Evidence on Racial Dynamics in Colleges and Universities, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 1-21.
71. Zúñiga, X., and Nagda, B. A. (1993). Dialogue groups: An innovative approach to multicultural learning. In: Schoem, D., Frankel, L., Zúñiga, X., and Lewis, E. (eds.), Multicultural Teaching in the University, Praeger, Westport, CT, pp. 233-248.