Energetic outer zone electron loss timescales during low geomagnetic activity

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 111, Issue 5, 2006, Pages

  Meredith, Nigel P ^a,g   Horne, Richard B ^a,g   Glauert, Sarah A ^a,g   Thorne, Richard M ^b   Summers, Danny ^c,d   Albert, Jay M ^e   Anderson, Roger R ^f  

^a BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^e AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^g NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847114565     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2005JA011516     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Abel, B., and R. M. Thorne (1998), Electron scattering loss in the Earth's inner magnetosphere: 1. Dominant physical processes, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2385.
2. Albert, J. M. (1994), Quasi-linear pitch-angle diffusion coefficients: Retaining higher harmonics, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 23,741.
3. Albert, J. M. (1999), Analysis of quasi-linear diffusion coefficients, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2429.
4. Albert, J. M. (2000), Pitch-angle diffusion as seen by CRRES, Adv. Space Res., 25, 2343.
5. Albert, J. M. (2003), Evaluation of quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for EMIC waves in a multispecies plasma, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A6), 1249, doi:10.1029/2002JA009792.
6. Anderson, R. R., D. A. Gurnett, and D. L. Odern (1992), CRRES plasma wave experiment, J. Spacecr. Rockets, 29, 570.
7. Baker, D. (2001), Satellite anomalies due to space storms, in Space Storms and Space Weather Hazards, edited by I. A. Daglis, pp. 251 -284, chap. 10, Springer, New York.
8. Baker, D. N., J. B. Blake, R. W. Klebesadel, and P. R. Higbie (1986), Highly relativistic electrons in the Earth's outer magnetosphere: 1. Life-times and temporal history 1979-1984, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 4265.
9. Baker, D. N., J. B. Blake, L. B. Callis, J. R. Cummings, D. Hovestadt, S. Kanekal, B. Blecker, R. A. Mewaldt, and R. D. Zwickl (1994), Relativistic electron acceleration and decay timescales in the inner and outer radiation belts: SAMPEX, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 409.
10. Baker, D. N., et al. (1997), Recurrent geomagnetic storms and relativistic electron enhancements in the outer magnetosphere: ISTP coordinated measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 14,141.
11. Baker, D. N., J. H. Allen, S. G. Kanekal, and G. D. Reeves (1998a), Disturbed space environment may have been related to pager satellite failure, Eos Trans. AGU, 79, 477.
12. Baker, D. N., X. Li, J. B. Blake, and S. G. Kanekal (1998b), Strong electron acceleration in the Earth's magnetosphere, Adv. Space. Res., 21, 609.
13. Callis, L. B., M. Natarajan, J. D. Lambeth, and D. N. Baker (1998), Solar atmospheric coupling by electrons (SOLACE): 2, Calculated stratospheric effects of precipitating electrons, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,421.
14. Carpenter, D. L., and R. R. Anderson (1992), An ISEE/whistler model of equatorial electron density in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1097.
15. Elkington, S. R., M. K. Hudson, and A. A. Chan (1999), Acceleration of relativistic electrons via drift resonant interactions with torroidal-mode Pc-5 ULF oscillations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3273.
16. Friedel, R. H. W., G. D. Reeves, and T. Obara (2002), Relativistic electron dynamics in the inner magnetosphere - A review, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 64, 265.
17. Glauert, S. A., and R. B. Horne (2005), Calculation of pitch angle and energy diffusion coefficients with the PADIE code, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A04206, doi:10.1029/2004JA010851.
18. Hayakawa, M., M. Parrot, and F. Lefeuvre (1986), The wave normals of ELF hiss emissions observed onboard GEOS 1 at the equatorial and off-equatorial regions of the plasmasphere, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 7989.
19. Horne, R. B. (1989), Path-integrated growth of electrostatic waves: The generation of terrestrial myriametric radiation, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8895.
20. Horne, R. B. (2002), The contribution of wave particle interactions to electron loss and acceleration in the Earth's radiation belts during geomagnetic storms, in Review of Radio Science 1999-2002, edited by W. R. Stone, pp. 801-828, chap. 33, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
21. Horne, R. B., and R. M. Thorne (2003), Relativistic electron acceleration and precipitation during resonant interactions with whistler mode chorus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(10), 1527, doi:10.1029/2003GL016973.
22. Horne, R. B., S. A. Glauert, and R. M. Thorne (2003), Resonant diffusion of radiation belt electrons by whistler mode chorus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(9), 1493, doi:10.1029/2003GL016963.
23. Horne, R. B., N. P. Meredith, S. A. Glauert, A. Varotsou, R. M. Thorne, Y. Y. Shprits, and R. R. Anderson (2006), Mechanisms for the acceleration of radiation belt electrons, in The Solar Wind: Corotating Streams and Recurrent Geomagnetism, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 167, edited by B. T. Tsurutani et al., in press.
24. Hudson, M. K., S. R. Elkington, J. G. Lyon, V. A. Machenko, I. Roth, M. Temerin, J. B. Blake, M. S. Gussenhoven, and J. R. Wygant (1997), Simulation of radiation belt formation during sudden storm commencements, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 14,087.
25. Hudson, M. K., S. R. Elkington, J. G. Lyon, and C. C. Goodrich (2000), Increase in relativistic electron flux in the inner magnetosphere: ULF wave mode structure, Adv. Space Res., 25, 2327.
26. Johnson, M. H., and J. Kierein (1992), Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES): Spacecraft and mission, J. Spacecr, Rockets, 29, 556.
27. Lastovicka, J. (1996), Effects of geomagnetic storms in the lower ionosphere, middle atmosphere and troposphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 831.
28. Li, X., and M. A. Temerin (2001), The electron radiation belt, Space Sci. Rev., 95, 569.
29. Li, X., I. Roth, M. Temerin, J. Wygant, M. K. Hudson, and J. B. Blake (1993), Simulation of prompt energization, and transport of radiation belt particles during the March 23, 1991 SSC, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2423.
30. Li, X., D. N. Baker, M. Temerin, T. E. Cayton, G. D. Reeves, R. A. Christiansen, J. B. Blake, M. D. Looper, R. Nakamura, and S. G. Kanekal (1997), Multi-satellite observations of the outer zone electron variation during the November 3-4, 1993, magnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 14,123.
31. Liu, W. W., G. Rostoker, and D. N. Baker (1999), Internal acceleration of relativistic electrons by large amplitude ULF pulsations, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17,391.
32. Lyons, L. R., R. M. Thorne, and C. F. Kennel (1972), Pitch-angle diffusion of radiation belt electrons within the plasmasphere, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 3455.
33. Meredith, N. P., R. B. Horne, and R. R. Anderson (2001), Substorm dependence of chorus amplitudes: Implications for the acceleration of electrons to relativistic energies, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 13,165.
34. Meredith, N. P., R. B. Horne, R. H. A. Iles, R. M. Thorne, R. R. Anderson, and D. Heynderickx (2002a), Outer zone relativistic electron acceleration associated with substorm enhanced whistler mode chorus, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A7), 1144, doi:10.1029/2001JA900146.
35. Meredith, N. P., R. B. Horne, D. Summers, R. M. Thorne, R. H. A. Iles, D. Heynderickx, and R. R. Anderson (2002b), Evidence for acceleration of outer zone electrons to relativistic energies by whistler mode chorus, Ann. Geophys., 20, 967.
36. Meredith, N. P., R. B. Horne, R. M. Thorne, and R. R. Anderson (2003a), Favored regions for chorus-driven electron acceleration to relativistic energies in the Earth's outer radiation belt, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(16), 1871, doi:10.1029/2003GL017698.
37. Meredith, N. P., M. Cain, R. B. Horne, R. M. Thorne, D. Summers, and R. R. Anderson (2003b), Evidence for chorus driven electron acceleration to relativistic energies from a survey of geomagnetically disturbed periods, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A6), 1248, doi:10.1029/2002JA009764.
38. Meredith, N. P., R. M. Thorne, R. B. Horne, D. Summers, B. J. Fraser, and R. R. Anderson (2003c), Statistical analysis of relativistic electron energies for cyclotron resonance with EMIC waves observed on CRRES, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A6), 1250, doi:10.1029/2002JA009700.
39. Meredith, N. P., R. B. Horne, R. M. Thorne, D. Summers, and R. R. Anderson (2004), Substorm dependence of plasmaspheric hiss, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A06209, doi:10.1029/2004JA010387.
40. Miyoshi, Y., A. Morioka, T. Obara, H. Misawa, T. Nagai, and Y. Kasahara (2003), Rebuilding process of the outer radiation belt during the November 3, 1993, magnetic storm: NOAA and EXOS-D observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A1), 1004, doi:10.1029/2001JA007542.
41. Obara, T., T. Nagatsuma, M. Den, Y. Miyoshi, and A. Morioka (2000), Main phase creation of "seed" electrons in the outer radiation belt, Earth Planets Space, 52, 41.
42. O'Brien, T. P., K. R. Lorentzen, I. R. Mann, N. P. Meredith, J. B. Blake, J. F. Fennel, M. D. Looper, D. K. Milling, and R. R. Anderson (2003), Energization of relativistic electrons in the presence of ULF power and MeV microbursts: Evidence for dual ULF and VLF acceleration, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A3), 1329, doi:10.1029/2002JA009784.
43. O'Brien, T. P., M. D. Looper, and J. B. Blake (2004), Quantification of relativistic electron microbursts losses during the GEM storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L04802, doi:10.1029/2003GL018621.
44. Paulikas, G. A., and J. B. Blake (1979), Effects of the solar wind on magnetospheric dynamics: Energetic electrons at synchronous orbit, in Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 21, edited by W. P. Olsen, p. 180, AGU, Washington D. C.
45. Parrot, M., and F. Lefeuvre (1986), Statistical study of the propagation characteristics of ELF hiss observed on GEOS-1, inside and outside the plasmasphere, Ann. Geophys., 4, 363.
46. Reeves, G. D., R. H. W. Friedel, R. D. Belian, M. M. Meiet, M. G. Henderson, T. Onsager, H. J. Singer, D. N. Baker, X. Li, and J. B. Blake (1998), The relativistic electron response at geosynchronous orbit during the January 1997 magnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17,559.
47. Santolik, O., M. Parrot, L. R. O. Storey, J. S. Pickett, and D. A. Gurnett (2001), Propagation analysis of plasmaspheric hiss using Polar PWI measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1127.
48. Seki, K., Y. Miyoshi, D. Summers, and N. P. Meredith (2005), Comparative study of outer-zone relativistic electrons observed by Akebono and CRRES, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A02203, doi:10.1029/2004JA010655.
49. Sheeley, B. W., M. B. Moldwin, H. K. Rassoul, and R. R. Anderson (2001), An empirical plasmasphere and trough density model: CRRES observations, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 25,631.
50. Smith, E. J., A. M. Frandsen, B. T. Tsurutani, R. M. Thorne, and K. W. Chan (1974), Plasmaspheric hiss intensity variations during magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2507.
51. Summers, D. (2005), Quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for field-aligned electromagnetic waves with application to the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A08213, doi:10.1029/2005JA011159.
52. Summers, D., and R. M. Thorne (2003), Relativistic electron pitch-angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A4), 1143, doi:10.1029/2002JA009489.
53. Summers, D., R. M. Thorne, and F. Xiao (1998), Relativistic theory of wave-particle resonant diffusion with application to electron acceleration in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 20,487.
54. Summers, D., C. Ma, and T. Mukai (2004), Competition between acceleration and loss mechanisms of relativistic electrons during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A04221, doi:10.1029/2004JA010437.
55. Summers, D., R. L. Mace, and M. A. Hellberg (2005), Pitch-angle scattering rates in planetary magnetospheres, J. Plasma Phys., 71, 237.
56. Thorne, R. M. (1980), The importance of energetic particle precipitation on the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere, Pure Appl. Geophys., 118, 128.
57. Thorne, R. M., E. J. Smith, R. K. Burton, and R. E. Holzer (1973), Plasmaspheric hiss, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 1581.
58. Thorne, R. M., S. R. Church, W. J. Malloy, and B. T. Tsurutani (1977), The local time variation of ELF emissions during periods of substorm activity, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1585.
59. Thorne, R. M., T. P. O'Brien, Y. Y. Shprits, D. Summers, and R. B. Horne (2005a), Timescale for MeV electron microburst loss during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A09202, doi:10.1029/2004JA010882.
60. Thorne, R. M., R. B. Horne, S. A. Glauert, N. P. Meredith, Y. Shprits, D. Summers, and R. R. Anderson (2005b), The influence of wave-particle interactions on relativistic electron dynamics during storms, in Inner Magnetosphere Interactions: New Perspectives From Imaging, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 159, edited by J. Burch, M. Schulz, and H. Spence, p. 101, AGU, Washington, D. C.
61. Tsurutani, B. T., and E. J. Smith (1977), Two types of magnetospheric ELF chorus and their substorm dependencies, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 5112.
62. Vampola, A. L., J. V. Osborn, and B. M. Johnson (1992), CRRES magnetic electron spectrometer, J. Spacecr. Rockets, 29, 592.
63. Varotsou, A., D. Boscher, S. Bourdarie, R. B. Horne, S. A. Glauert, and N. P. Meredith (2005), Simulation of the outer radiation belt electrons near geosynchronous orbit including both radial diffusion and resonant interaction with whistler mode chorus waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19106, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023282.
64. West, H. I., R. M. Buck, and G. T. Davidson (1981), The dynamics of energetic electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belt during 1968 as observed by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Spectrometer on Ogo 5, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2111.