Great divides: The cultural, cognitive, and social bases of the global subordination of women

American Sociological Review

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-22

  Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847078734     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/000312240707200101     Document Type: Editorial

References (159)

1. Acker, Joan. 1973. "Women and Social Stratification: A Case of Institutional Sexism." Pp. 174-82 in Changing Women in a Changing Society, edited by Joan Huber. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
2. Alexander, Richard D. 1979. Darwinism and Human Affairs. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
3. American Sociological Association. 2005. "ASA Council Statement on the Causes of Gender Differences in Science and Math Career Achievement" (February 28). Retrieved September 21, 2006 (http://www2.asanet.org/footnotes/mar05/indexthree.html).
4. Andrews, Helena. 2006. "Muslim Women Don't See Themselves as Oppressed, Survey Finds." New York Times, June 7, p. A9.
5. Aries, Elizabeth. 1996. Men and Women in Interaction: Reconsidering the Differences. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Baca Zinn, Maxine and Bonnie Thornton Dill. 1996. "Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism." Feminist Studies 22:321-31.
7. Bailey, Justin P. N.d. "Men are from Earth, Women are from Earth: Rethinking the Utility of the Mars/Venus Analogy." Retrieved September 28, 2006 (www.framingham.edu/joct/pdf/J.Bailey.1.pdf).
8. Bao, Xiaolan. 2001. Holding Up More Than Half the Sky: Chinese Women Garment Workers in New York City, 1948-92. Urbana, IL and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
9. Barash, David P. 1977. Sociobiology and Behavior. New York: Elsevier.
10. Barth, Frederik. 1969. "Introduction." Pp. 9-38 in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference, edited by Frederik Barth. London, England: Allen & Unwin.
11. Basow, Susan A. 1995. "Student Evaluation of College Professors: When Gender Matters." Journal of Educational Psychology 87:656-65.
12. BBC. 2003. "Speaking Out Over Jordan 'Honour Killings.'" Retrieved September 21, 2006 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/ 2802305.stm).
13. Bearak, Barry. 2006. "The Bride Price." New York Times Magazine, July 9, p. 45.
14. Beauvoir, Simone de. [1949] 1993. The Second Sex. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
15. Becker, Gary. 1981. A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Becker, Howard. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: The Free Press.
17. Belenky, Mary Field, Blythe Clinchy, Nancy Goldberger, and Jill Tarule. 1986. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic Books.
18. Belkin, Lisa. 2003. "The Opt-Out Revolution." New York Times Magazine, October 26, p. 42.
19. Bell, Emily C., Morgan C. Willson, Alan H. Wilman, Sanjay Dave, and Peter H. Silverstone. 2006. "Males and Females Differ in Brain Activation During Cognitive Tasks." NeuroImage 30:529-38.
20. Berger, Joseph, Bernard P. Cohen, and Morris Zelditch Jr. 1966. "Status Characteristics and Expectation States." Pp. 29-46 in Sociological Theories in Progress, vol. I, edited by Joseph Berger, Morris Zelditch Jr., and Bo Anderson. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
21. Bergmann, Barbara R. and Suzanne Helburn. 2002. America's Child Care Problem: The Way Out. New York: Palgrave, St. Martin's Press.
22. Bilefsky, Dan. 2006. "How to Avoid Honor Killing in Turkey? Honor Suicide." New York Times, July 16, section 1, p. 3.
23. Blumberg, Rae Lesser. 1978. Stratification: Socioeconomic and Sexual Inequality. Dubuque, IA: Brown.
24. Boaler, Jo and Tesha Sengupta-Irving. 2006. "Nature, Neglect & Nuance: Changing Accounts of Sex, Gender and Mathematics." Pp. 207-20 in Gender and Education, International Handbook, edited by C. Skelton and L. Smulyan. London, England: Sage.
25. Bose, Christine E. and Edna Acosta-Belén. 1995. Women in the Latin American Development Process. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
26. Bose, Christine E., Roslyn Feldberg, and Natalie Sokolof. 1987. Hidden Aspects of Women's Work. New York: Praeger.
27. Bourdieu, Pierre. [1979] 1984. Distinctions: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
28. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. "Identity and Representation: Elements for a Critical Reflection on the Idea of Region." Pp. 220-28 in The Logic of Practice, edited by P. Bourdieu. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
29. Brewer, William F. and Glenn Nakamura. 1984. "The Nature and Functions of Schemas." Pp. 119-60 in Handbook of Social Cognition, vol. 1, edited by R. S. Wyer and T. K. Srull. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Brizendine, Louann. 2006. The Female Brain. New York: Morgan Road Books.
31. Brooks, David. 2006. "The Gender Gap at School." New York Times, June 11, section 4, p. 12.
32. Brubaker, Rogers. 2004. Ethnicity Without Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Bruner, Jerome. 1990. Acts of Meaning: Four Lectures on Mind and Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34. Bussey, Kay and Albert Bandura. 1999. "Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Development and Differentiation." Psychological Review 106:676-713.
35. Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge.
36. Chafe, William H. 1972. The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic and Political Roles: 1920-1970. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
37. Chafetz, Janet Saltzman. 1984. Sex and Advantage: A Comparative Macro-Structural Theory of Sex Stratification. Totawa, NJ: Roman & Allanhyeld.
38. Chafetz, Janet Saltzman. 1997. "Feminist Theory and Sociology: Underutilized Contribution for Mainstream Theory." Annual Review of Sociology 23:97-120.
39. Charles, Maria and David Grusky. 2004. Occupational Ghettos: The Worldwide Segregation of Women and Men. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
40. Charrad, Mounira. 2001. States and Women's Rights: The Making of Postcolonial Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. Berkeley, CA: The University of California Press.
41. Chetkovich, Carol. 1997. Real Heat: Gender and Race in the Urban Fire Service. New York: Routledge.
42. Coghlan, Tom. 2006. "Taliban Use Beheadings and Beatings to Keep Afghanistan's Schools Closed." The Independent, July 11. Retrieved July 11, 2006 (http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/ article1171369.ece).
43. Collins, Patricia Hill. 1998. Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
44. Collinson, David L. and Jeff Hearn. 1994. "Naming Men as Men: Implications for Work, Organization and Management." Gender, Work and Organization 1:2-22.
45. Collinson, David L., David Knights, and Margaret Collinson. 1990. Managing to Discriminate. London, England: Routledge.
46. Connell, R. W. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
47. Coser, Rose Laub. 1974. "Stay Home Little Sheba: On Placement, Displacement and Social Change." Social Problems 22:470-80.
48. Cox, W. Michael and Richard Alm. 2005. "Scientists are Made, Not Born." New York Times, February 25, p. A25.
49. Dahlerup, Drude. N.d. "The World of Quotas." Women in Politics: Beyond Numbers. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Retrieved September 21, 2006 (http://archive.idea.int/women/parl/ch4c.htm).
50. DiMaggio, Paul. 1997. "Culture and Cognition." Annual Review of Sociology 23:263-87.
51. Douglas, Mary. 1966. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London, England: Routledge & Keegan Paul.
52. Duster, Troy. 2006. "Comparative Perspectives and Competing Explanations: Taking on the Newly Configured Reductionist Challenge to Sociology." American Sociological Review 71:1-15.
53. England, Paula. 1989. "A Feminist Critique of Rational-Choice Theories: Implications for Sociology." The American Sociologist 20:14-28.
54. England, Paula. 1994. "Neoclassical Economists' Theories of Discrimination." Pp. 59-70 in Equal Employment Opportunity, edited by P. Burstein. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
55. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1968. "Women and Professional Careers: The Case of Women Lawyers." Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, New York.
56. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1970. Woman's Place: Options and Limits in Professional Careers. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
57. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. [1981] 1993. Women in Law. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
58. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1985. "Ideal Roles and Real Roles or the Fallacy of the Misplaced Dichotomy." Pp. 29-51 in Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, edited by Robert V. Robinson. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc.
59. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1988. Deceptive Distinctions. New Haven, CT and New York: Yale University Press and Russell Sage Foundation.
60. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1991a. "What's Wrong and What's Right With the Research on Gender." Sociological Viewpoints 5:1-14.
61. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1991b. "The Difference Model: Enforcement and Reinforcement in the Law." Pp. 53-71 in Social Roles and Social Institutions: Essays in Honor of Rose Laub Coser, edited by J. Blau and N. Goodman. Boulder, CO: Westview.
62. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1992. "Tinkerbells and Pinups: The Construction and Reconstruction of Gender Boundaries at Work." Pp. 232-56 in Cultivating Differences: Symbolic Boundaries and the Making of Inequality, edited by M. Lamont and M. Fournier. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
63. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1997. "Multiple Myths and Outcomes of Sex Segregation." New York Law School Journal of Human Rights XIV: Part One, 185-210, Symposium.
64. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1999a. "The Major Myth of the Women's Movement." Dissent 46(4):83-86.
65. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1999b. "Similarity and Difference: The Sociology of Gender Distinctions." Pp. 45-61 in Handbook of the Sociology of Gender, edited by J. S. Chafetz. New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers.
66. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 2001. "Women in the Legal Profession at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: Assessing Glass Ceilings and Open Doors." Kansas Law Review 49:733-60.
67. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs and Deborah Gambs. 2001. "Sex Segregation in Education." Pp. 983-90 in Encyclopedia of Gender, vol. 2, edited by Judith Worell. Philadelphia, PA: Elselvier.
68. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs and Arne Kalleberg, eds. 2004. Fighting for Time: Shifting Boundaries of Work and Social Life. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
69. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, Robert Sauté, Bonnie Oglensky, and Martha Gever. 1995. "Glass Ceilings and Open Doors: The Mobility of Women in Large Corporate Law Firms." Fordham Law Review LXIV:291-449.
70. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, Carroll Seron, Bonnie Oglensky, and Robert Sauté. 1999. The Part Time Paradox: Time Norms, Professional Life, Family and Gender. New York and London: Routledge.
71. Erikson, Kai. 1996. "On Pseudospeciation and Social Speciation." Pp. 51-58 in Genocide: War and Human Survival, edited by C. Strozier and M. Flynn. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
72. Fine, Gary Alan. 1996. "Reputational Entrepreneurs and the Memory of Incompetence: Melting Supporters, Partisan Warriors, and Images of President Harding." The American Journal of Sociology 101:1159-93.
73. Fisher, Helen. 1982. The Sex Contract: The Evolution of Human Behavior. New York: William Morrow.
74. Fogg, Piper. 2006. "Panel Blames Bias for Gender Gap." The Chronicle, September 29. Retrieved October 24, 2006 (http://chronicle.com/weekly/v53/i06/0601301.htm).
75. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. N.d. "Gender and Food Security: Agriculture." Retrieved August 5, 2006 (http://www.fao.org/gender/en/agri-e.htm).
76. Frank, Marian. 1980. The Life and Times of "Rosie the Riveter." A study guide for the video Rosie the Riveter, Connie Field, director. Los Angeles, CA: Direct Cinema.
77. Freidan, Betty. [1963] 1983. The Feminine Mystique. New York: W.W. Norton.
78. Freud, Sigmund. 1938. The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. Translated by A. A. Brill. New York: Modern Library.
79. Freud, Sigmund. [1905] 1975. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
80. Friedland, Roger. 2002. "Money, Sex and God: The Erotic Logic of Religious Nationalism." Sociological Theory 20:381-425.
81. Frodi, Ann, Jacqueline Macaulay, and Pauline Robert Thome. 1977. "Are Women Always Less Aggressive than Men? A Review of the Experimental Literature." Psychological Bulletin 84:634-60.
82. Gerson, Judith and Kathy Peiss. 1985. "Boundaries, Negotiation and Consciousness: Reconceptualizing Gender Relations." Social Problems 32:317-31.
83. Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
84. Gil-White, Francisco. 1999. "How Thick is Blood? The Plot Thickens...: If Ethnic Actors Are Primordialists, What Remains of the Circumstantialist/Primordialist Controversy?" Ethnic and Racial Studies 22:789-820.
85. Goldin, Claudia. 2006. "The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education and Family." American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 96:7-19.
86. Goode, William J. 1959. "The Theoretical Importance of Love." American Sociological Review 24:38-47.
87. Goode, William J. 1972. "The Place of Force in Human Society." American Sociological Review 37:507-19.
88. Gornick, Janet. 2003. Families that Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
89. Gray, John. 1992. Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus. New York: HarperCollins.
90. Hall, Peter and Michele Lamont. Forthcoming. Successful Societies (working title).
91. Hartmann, Heidi, Vicky Lovell, and Misha Werschkul. 2004. "Women and the Economy: Recent Trends in Job Loss, Labor Force Participation and Wages." Briefing Paper, Institute for Women's Policy Research. IWPR Publication B235.
92. Hartstock, Nancy. 1998. The Feminist Standpoint Revisited, and Other Essays. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
93. Hirschfeld, Lawrence A. 1996. Race in the Making: Cognition, Culture and the Child's Construction of Human Kinds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
94. Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette, ed. 2003. Gender and U.S. Immigration: Contemporary Trends. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
95. Honey, Maureen. 1984. Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender and Propaganda during World War 2. Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
96. Hsiung, Ping-Chun. 1996. Living Rooms as Factories: Class, Gender and the Satellite Factory System in Taiwan. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press
97. Hyde, Janet Shibley. 2005. "The Gender Similarities Hypothesis." American Psychologist 60:581-92.
98. Jaschik, Scott. 2006. "Bias or Interest?" Inside Higher Ed, September 20. Retrieved September 28 (http://insidehighered.com/layout/ set/print/news/2006/09/20/women).
99. Kaminer, Wendy. 1990. A Fearful Freedom: Women's Flight from Equality. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
100. Kaufman, Debra R. and Barbara Richarson.1982. Achievement and Women: Challenging the Assumptions. New York: The Free Press.
101. Kessler-Harris, Alice. 1982. Women Have Always Worked: A Historical Overview. Old Westbury, CT: Feminist Press.
102. Kimmel, Michael. 1996. Manhood in America. New York: The Free Press.
103. Komarovsky, Mirra. 1946. "Cultural Contradictions and Sex Roles." The American Journal of Sociology 52:184-89.
104. Komarovsky, Mirra. [1953] 2004. Women in the Modern World: Their Education and Their Dilemmas. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
105. Kristof, Nicholas. 2006. "Save My Wife." New York Times, September 17, opinion section, p. 15.
106. Lamont, Michele. 2005. "Bridging Boundaries: Inclusion as a Condition for Successful Societies." Presented at the Successful Societies Program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, October, Montebello, Quebec, Canada.
107. Lamont, Michele and Virag Molnar. 2002. "The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences." Annual Review of Sociology 28:167-95.
108. Laslett, Barbara. 1996. Gender and Scientific Authority. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
109. Lee, Ching Kwan. 1998. Gender and the South China Miracle: Two Worlds of Factory Women. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
110. Lew, Irene and Nouhad Moawad. 2006. "Cheers & Jeers of the Week: Breast Cancer Strategies; Domestic Abuse Unnoticed." Women's eNews, September 30. Retrieved October 2, 2006 (http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2907/context/archive).
111. Lewin, Tamar. 2006a. "At Colleges, Women are Leaving Men in the Dust." New York Times, July 9, p. A1.
112. Lewin, Tamar. 2006b. "A More Nuanced Look at Men, Women and College." New York Times, July 12, p. B8.
113. Lorber, Judith. 1975. "Women and Medical Sociology: Invisible Professionals and Ubiquitous Patients." Pp. 75-105 in Another Voice, edited by Marcia Millman and Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Anchor.
114. Lorber, Judith. 1984. Women Physicians: Careers, Status, and Power. New York: Tavistock Publications.
115. Lorber, Judith. 1994. Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
116. Lorber, Judith. 1996. "Beyond the Binaries: Depolarizing the Categories of Sex, Sexuality and Gender." Sociological Inquiry 66:143-59.
117. Magrane, Diane, Jonathan Lang, and Hershel Alexander. 2005. Women in U.S. Academic Medicine: Statistics and Medical School Benchmarking. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges.
118. Martin, Patricia Yancey. 2004. "Gender as Social Institution." Social Forces 82:1249-73.
119. Merton, Robert K. [1949] 1963. Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
120. Milkman, Ruth. 1987. Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex During World War II. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
121. Moghadam, Valentine. 2003. Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East. 2d ed. London, England: Lynne Rienner.
122. O'Brien, Timothy. 2006. "Why Do So Few Women Reach the Top of Big Law Firms?" New York Times, March 19, p. B27.
123. O'Farrell, Brigid. 1999. "Women in Blue Collar and Related Occupations at the End of the Millenium." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 39:699-722.
124. National Women's Law Center. 2006. "New Report Analyzes What's at Stake for Women During Upcoming Supreme Court Term." Press Release. September 27. Retrieved October 2, 2006 (http://www.nwlc.org/ details.cfm?id=2857§ion=newsroom).
125. Nicholson, Lisa H. 2006. "Women and the 'New' Corporate Governance: Making In-Roads to Corporate General Counsel Positions: It's Only a Matter of Time?" Maryland Law Review 65:625-65.
126. Norris, Floyd. 2006. "A Statistic That Shortens the Distance to Europe." New York Times, September 30, p. C3.
127. Parsons, Talcott. 1954. "The Kinship System of the Contemporary United States." Pp. 189-94 in Essays in Sociological Theory. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
128. Parrot, Andrew and Nina Cummings. 2006. Forsaken Females: The Global Brutalization of Women. Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield.
129. Presser, Harriet. 2003. Working in a 24/7 Economy: Challenges for American Families. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
130. Rao, Kavitha. 2006. "Missing Daughters on an Indian Mother's Mind." Women's eNews, March 16. Retrieved October 23, 2006 (http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm?aid=2672).
131. Ridgeway, Cecelia L. 1997. "Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment." American Sociological Review 62:218-35.
132. Ridgeway, Cecelia L. 2006. "Gender as an Organizing Force in Social Relations: Implications for the Future of Inequality." Pp. 245-87 in The Declining Significance of Gender? edited by Francine D. Blau and Mary C. Brinton. New York: The Russell Sage Foundation.
133. Ridgeway, Cecelia L. and Lynn Smith-Lovin. 1999. "The Gender System and Interaction." Annual Review of Sociology 25:19-216.
134. Roos, Patricia and Mary L. Gatta. 2006. "Gender Inquiry in the Academy." Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 14, Montreal, Canada.
135. Rothbart, Myron and Marjorie Taylor. 1992. "Category Labels and Social Reality: Do We View Social Categories as Natural Kinds?" Pp. 11-36 in Language, Interaction and Social Cognition, edited by Gun R. Semin and Klaus Fiedler. London, England: Sage.
136. Rupp, Leila. 1978. Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939-1945. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
137. Salzinger, Leslie. 2003. Genders in Production: Making Workers in Mexico's Global Factories. Berkerley, CA: University of California Press.
138. Schemo, Diana Jean. 2006. "Change in Federal Rules Backs Single-Sex Public Education." New York Times, October 25, p. A16.
139. Sen, Amartya. 1990. "More than 100 Million Women are Missing." New York Review of Books, 37(20). Retrieved January 25, 2006 (http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/gender/Sen100M.html).
140. Smith, Dorothy. 1990. The Conceptual Practices of Power: A Feminist Sociology of Knowledge. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
141. Stacey, Judith and Barrie Thorne. 1985. "The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology." Social Problems 32:301-16.
142. Stevens, Alison. 2006. "Iranian Women Protest in Shadow of Nuclear Face-off." Women's eNews, June 16. Retrieved September 28, 2006 (http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2780).
143. Tannen, Deborah. 1990. You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Morrow.
144. Tarabay, Jamie. 2006. "Activists Seek to Protect Iraqi Women from Honor Killings." NPR Morning Edition, May 18. Retrieved June 6, 2006 (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5414315).
145. Tavris, Carol. 1992. The Mismeasure of Woman: Why Women are not the Better Sex, the Inferior Sex, or the Opposite Sex. New York: Touchstone.
146. Telles, Edward. 2004. Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
147. Tierney, John. 2006. "Academy of P.C. Sciences." New York Times, September 26, p. A23.
148. Tilly, Charles. 1998. Durable Inequality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
149. Trivers, Robert L. 1972. "Parental Investment and Sexual Selection." Pp. 136-79 in Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, 1871-1971, edited by B. Campbell. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
150. United Nations. 2002. Working Towards the Elimination of Crimes against Women Committed in the Name of Honor, Report of the Secretary General. United Nations General Assembly, July 2. Retrieved October 23, 2006 (http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/AllSymbols/ 985168F508EE799FC1256C52002AE5A9/%24File/N0246790.pdf).
151. U.N. Common Database. 2004. "Gender Equality: Indicator: Seats in Parliament Held by Women-2004." Retrieved September 21, 2006 (http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/ indicator.cfm?IndicatorID=63&country=IS#rowIS).
152. Villalobos, V. Munos. 2006. "Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Girls' right to education." Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the right to education. United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Economic and Social Council. Retrieved September 28, 2006 (http://www.crin.org/docs/SR_Education_report.pdf).
153. Williams, Joan. 2000. Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It. New York: Oxford University Press.
154. Wilson, Edward O. 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
155. Winston, Hella. 2005. Unchosen: The Hidden Lives of Hasidic Rebels. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
156. Witte, Griff. 2005. "Post-Taliban Free Speech Blocked by Courts, Clerics: Jailed Afghan Publisher Faces Possible Execution." Washington Post, December 11, p. A24.
157. Women's World Summit Foundation. 2006. "World Rural Women's Day: 15 October: Introduction." Retrieved September 28, 2006 (http://www.woman.ch/women/2-introduction.asp).
158. Zerubavel, Eviatar. 1997. Social Mindscapes: An Invitation to Cognitive Sociology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
159. Zimmerman Mary K., Jacquelyn S. Litt, and Christine E. Bose. 2006. Global Dimensions of Gender and Care Work. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.