Call to arms: The university as a site of militarised capitalism and a site of struggle

Millennium: Journal of International Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 139-154

  Stavrianakis, Anna ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847073761     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298060350011201     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. See Bristol Campaign Against Arms Trade, http://www.bristolcaat.org.uk/;
2. James Dacre, 'Colleges Invest "Unethically" in Arms Industry', Varsity, 5 November 2004, http://www.varsity.cam.ac.uk/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8070&Itemid=26;
3. George Fox Six Supporters' Group, http://www.free-webspace.biz/ GeorgeFox/;
4. Notts Indymedia Collective, 'Protests as Arms Dealers Attend Careers Fair', 18 October 2005, http://indymedia.org.uk/en/2005/10/325974.html (all 10 May 2006).
5. Rosemary Hennessy, quoted in Mark Laffey, 'Locating Identity: Performativity, Foreign Policy and State Action', Review of International Studies 26, no.3 (2000), 429-444, 438.
6. Elisabeth Sköns, Sibylle Bauer and Eamon Surry, 'Arms Production', in SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2004: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 379-418; 397.
7. Eamon Surry and the SIPRI Arms Industry Network, 'The 100 Largest Arms-Producing Companies, 2004', in Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 2006: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 419-427.
8. Richard A. Bitzinger, 'The Globalization of the Arms Industry: The Next Proliferation Challenge', International Security 19, no. 2(1994), 170-198;
9. Keith Hayward, 'The Globalisation of Defence Industries', Survival 42, no. 2(2000), 115-132.
10. Details of arms capital representation on advisory bodies and of the revolving door can be found in Campaign Against Arms Trade, Who Calls the Shots? How Government-Corporate Collusion Drives Arms Exports (London: CAAT, 2005).
11. Defence Export Services Organisation, 'Senior DESO Officials,' http://www.deso.mod.uk/officials1.htm (17 November 2006).
12. Defence Export Services Organisation, 'Our Mission, Vision and Role,' http://www.deso.mod.uk/about.htm (14 August 2006).
13. Paul Ingram and Roy Isbister, Escaping the Subsidy Trap. Why Arms Exports are Bad for Britain (London/Oxford: BASIC, Oxford Research Group, Saferworld, 2004), 25-6.
14. Ibid. 24-36
15. Ministry of Defence, Defence Industrial Strategy. Defence White Paper, December 2005, http://www.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm66/6697/ 6697.pdf (8 May 2006).
16. Ulrich Albrecht and Mary Kaldor 'Introduction', in The World Military Order. The Impact of Military Technology on the Third World, eds. Mary Kaldor and Asbjorn Eide (London: Macmillan, 1979), 1-16.
17. Tarak Barkawi, 'Connection and Constitutions: Locating War and Culture in Globalization Studies', Globalizations 1, no. 2(2004), 155-170.
18. See Saferworld audits of the UK government's annual reports on strategic export controls; http://www.saferworld.org.uk (30 March 2006).
19. Email from University of Bristol official to Jillian Marsden (Amnesty International Student Society), 16 December 2005.
20. Campaign Against Arms Trade, 'Universities: Staff Pensions', http://www.caat.org.uk/campaigns/clean-investment/universities/ staffpensions.php (27 March 2006). Figures correct at October 2005.
21. For example, the Department of Aerospace Engineering is involved in DARPs with GKN/Westland Helicopters and BAE Systems; http://www.aer.bris.ac.uk/research/aero_and_fluid/ (30 March 2006).
22. Chris Langley, Soldiers in the Laboratory, Military Involvement in Science and Technology - and Some Alternatives (Folkestone: Scientists for Global Responsibility, 2005), 45. Bristol's Centre for Communications Research and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering are both involved in the Data and Information Fusion DTC.
23. Dynamics and Research Control Group, Department of Aerospace Engineering, http://www.aer.bris.ac.uk/research/dynamics_and_control/;
24. Digital Media Group, Department of Computer Science, http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/Research/Digitalmedia/ (30 March 2006).
25. Engineering Design, FAQ, http://www.edes.bris.ac.uk/faqs.htm (30 March 2006).
26. Potential Generic Adversaries 2003-2033, http://www.bris.ac.uk/politics/ grc/groups/secgov.html# genadv and http://www.jdcc-strategictrends.org/ index.asp (30 March 2006).
27. Letter from University of Bristol official to author, 17 November 2005.
28. Ethical Investors (no date), "Why Ethical Investment?", http://www.ethicalinvestors.co.uk/why.htm (24 April 2006);
29. N. Kreander, R.H. Gray, D.M. Power and C.D. Sinclair, 'Evaluating the Performance of Ethical and Nonethical Funds: A Matched Pair Analysis,' Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 32, no. 7-8 (2005), 1465-1493.
30. Email from University of Bristol official to Jillian Marsden.
31. Universities Superannuation Scheme, 'Responsible Investment', http://www.usshq.co.uk/ (24 April 2006).
32. Ron Rubin, The Making of the Cold War Enemy. Culture and Politics in the Military-Intellectual Complex (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 5.
33. E.g. E.P. Thompson (ed.), Warwick University Ltd. Industry, Management and the Universities (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970).
34. David Harvie, 'Commons and Communities in the University: Some Notes and Some Examples', The Commoner, 8 (2004), http://www.thecommoner.org (14 August 2006), 1;
35. also Sheila Slaughter and Larry L. Leslie, Academic Capitalism. Politics, Policies and the Entrepreneurial University (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
36. Surry and the SIPRI Arms Industry Network, 'The 100 Largest Arms-Producing Companies, 2004'.
37. J. Paul Dunne and Eamon Surry, 'Arms Production', in, SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2006, 387-418: 394, 414-5.
38. Noam Chomsky, 'The Cold War and the University', in Chomsky et al., The Cold War and the University. Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years (New York: New Press, 1997), 171-194: 178;
39. Chomsky, Understanding power. The Indispensable Noam Chomsky, ed. Peter R. Mitchell and John Schoeffel (London: Vintage, 2003), 231-3, 236-248
40. CAAT, 'Clean Investment: Universities and Colleges', http://www.caat.org.uk/campaigns/clean-investment/universities/ (30 March 2006).
41. Jean Comaroff and John Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution. Christianity, Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa. Volume 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 31; italics in original. The analysis put forward here is based on my involvement in and understanding of the protest.
42. The booklet is available at http://www.bristolcaat.org.uk/ careers%20fair%20brochure.pdf (28 March 2006).
43. The conference was held in the George Fox building on the Lancaster University campus, named after the seventeenth-century activist who was a key figure in the emergence of the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers. Fox was imprisoned numerous times, including in Lancaster, for his activism.
44. George Fox Six Supporters Group website, http://www.free-webspace.biz/ GeorgeFox/ (2 March 2006).
45. Stuart Parkinson, 'Lessons from Lancaster', The Guardian, 19 October 2005.
46. Henry A. Giroux, Theory and Resistance in Education: A Pedagogy for the Opposition (Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1983), 62-3.
47. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, ed. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971), 261.
48. Giroux, Theory and Resistance in Education, 46, 58.
49. Max Weber, The Methodology of the Social Sciences, trans. Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch (New York: The Free Press, 1949), 81; emphasis in original.
50. Ibid., 82.
51. For example, the Political Studies Association annual awards recognise contributions to "the conduct, reporting and study of politics"; PSA, 'PSA Awards 2005', http://www.psa.ac.uk/awards200/ notice.htm.
52. The Network of Activist Scholars of Politics and International Relations, meanwhile, was not permitted to affiliate to the PSA as a Specialist Group on the grounds that it was political: "the group's proposed remit exceeded that of academic study"; Naspir had to affiliate as the Specialist Group on Political Activism instead. Naspir, 'Naspir's recognition by PSA', December 2003, http://www.naspir.org.uk/ psa/psa_recognition.htm (9 May 2006).
53. Max Weber, 'Science as a Vocation', in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, ed. H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (London: Routledge, 1991), 129-156; 145-6.
54. Ibid., 60, 55; emphasis in original.
55. Ibid., 52-4;
56. also Tarak Barkawi, 'Strategy as Vocation: Weber, Morgenthau and Modern Strategic Studies', Review of International Studies 24 no.2 (1998), 159-184; 170-173.
57. Such a position is taken by Nancy Scheper-Hughes, 'The Primacy of the Ethical: Propositions for a Militant Anthropology, Current Anthropology 36, no.3 (1995): 409-440,
58. and Mario Novelli, 'Imagining Research as Solidarity and Grassroots Globalisation: A Response to Appadurai (2001)', Globalisation, Societies and Education 4, no.2 (2006), 275-286.
59. Max Weber, 'Science as a Vocation, p. 147.
60. Boaventura De Sousa Santos, 'The Future of the World Social Forum: The Work of Translation', Development 48, no. 2 (2005), 15-22; 16-7.
61. Paul Routledge, 'The Third Space as Critical Engagement', Antipode 28, no.4 (1996), 399-419.
62. John Heron and Peter Reason, 'The Practice of Co-operative Inquiry: Research "with" rather than "on" People', in Handbook of Action Research. Participative Inquiry and Practice, ed. Peter Reason and Hilary Bradbury (London: Sage, 2001), 179-188, 185.
63. Anna Stavrianakis, '(Big) Business As Usual. Sustainable Development, NGOs and UK Arms Export Policy', Conflict, Security and Development 5, no.1 (2005), 45-67.
64. This comment is not intended to serve a gatekeeping function with respect to what counts as scholarly method; political science and international relations scholars have been slow to accept the validity of qualitative methods such as participant observation that are more established within disciplines such as anthropology.
65. ESRC, Research Ethics Framework, 2006, http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ ESRCInfoCentre/Images/ESRC_Re_Ethics_Frame_tcm6-11291.pdf, 25 (31 March 2006).
66. Heron and Reason, 'The Practice of Co-operative Inquiry', 179.