Strategy as a vocation: Weber, Morgenthau and modern strategic studies

Review of International Studies

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 159-184

  Barkawi, Tarak ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032369229     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210598001594     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Philip K. Lawrence, 'Strategy, the State and the Weberian Legacy', Review of International Studies, 13 (1987); Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger (Baton Rouge, LA, 1986), chs. 1-2; R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, 1993), and 'Violence, Modernity, Silence: From Max Weber to International Relations', in David Campbell and Michael Dillon (eds.), The Political Subject of Violence (Manchester, 1993). Throughout this article, the phrases 'realist policy science' and 'realist science' reter to the tradition of realism in political theory and International Relations, not to realist philosophy of science. By 'science', I mean the systematic crafting of knowledge and generally refer only to social science unless context indicates otherwise.
2. Philip K. Lawrence, 'Strategy, the State and the Weberian Legacy', Review of International Studies, 13 (1987); Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger (Baton Rouge, LA, 1986), chs. 1-2; R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, 1993), and 'Violence, Modernity, Silence: From Max Weber to International Relations', in David Campbell and Michael Dillon (eds.), The Political Subject of Violence (Manchester, 1993). Throughout this article, the phrases 'realist policy science' and 'realist science' reter to the tradition of realism in political theory and International Relations, not to realist philosophy of science. By 'science', I mean the systematic crafting of knowledge and generally refer only to social science unless context indicates otherwise.
3. Philip K. Lawrence, 'Strategy, the State and the Weberian Legacy', Review of International Studies, 13 (1987); Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger (Baton Rouge, LA, 1986), chs. 1-2; R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, 1993), and 'Violence, Modernity, Silence: From Max Weber to International Relations', in David Campbell and Michael Dillon (eds.), The Political Subject of Violence (Manchester, 1993). Throughout this article, the phrases 'realist policy science' and 'realist science' reter to the tradition of realism in political theory and International Relations, not to realist philosophy of science. By 'science', I mean the systematic crafting of knowledge and generally refer only to social science unless context indicates otherwise.
4. Philip K. Lawrence, 'Strategy, the State and the Weberian Legacy', Review of International Studies, 13 (1987); Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger (Baton Rouge, LA, 1986), chs. 1-2; R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, 1993), and 'Violence, Modernity, Silence: From Max Weber to International Relations', in David Campbell and Michael Dillon (eds.), The Political Subject of Violence (Manchester, 1993). Throughout this article, the phrases 'realist policy science' and 'realist science' reter to the tradition of realism in political theory and International Relations, not to realist philosophy of science. By 'science', I mean the systematic crafting of knowledge and generally refer only to social science unless context indicates otherwise.
5. Hans J Morgenthau, 'Fragment of an Intellectual Autobiography: 1904-1932', and Postscript to the Transaction Edition: Bernard Johnson's Interview with Hans J. Morgenthau', in Kenneth Thompson and Robert J. Myers (eds.), Truth and Tragedy (New Brunswick, NJ, 1984), pp. 6-7, 347-8.
6. The few extant assessments of the Weber-Morgenthau connection focus on Morgenthau's interpretation of Weber's politics and epistemology. See Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO, 1994), and Stephen P. Turner and Regis A. Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute over Reason and Value (London, 1984). For discussions of the connection between Weber's politics and his sociology see: Wilhelm Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction (London, 1988), ch. 5; Karl Löwith, Max Weber and Karl Marx (London, 1993), ch. 2; Lawrence A. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics, and Modernity in the Thought of Max Weber (Berkeley, CA, 1989); Wolfgang Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity: Culture and Conduct in the Theory of Max Weber (Stanford, CA, 1996), part 1; Bryan S. Turner, For Weber: Essays in the Sociology of Fate (Boston, MA, 1981), ch. 11.
7. 3 The few extant assessments of the Weber-Morgenthau connection focus on Morgenthau's interpretation of Weber's politics and epistemology. See Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO, 1994), and Stephen P. Turner and Regis A. Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute over Reason and Value (London, 1984). For discussions of the connection between Weber's politics and his sociology see: Wilhelm Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction (London, 1988), ch. 5; Karl Löwith, Max Weber and Karl Marx (London, 1993), ch. 2; Lawrence A. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics, and Modernity in the Thought of Max Weber (Berkeley, CA, 1989); Wolfgang Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity: Culture and Conduct in the Theory of Max Weber (Stanford, CA, 1996), part 1; Bryan S. Turner, For Weber: Essays in the Sociology of Fate (Boston, MA, 1981), ch. 11.
8. 3 The few extant assessments of the Weber-Morgenthau connection focus on Morgenthau's interpretation of Weber's politics and epistemology. See Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO, 1994), and Stephen P. Turner and Regis A. Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute over Reason and Value (London, 1984). For discussions of the connection between Weber's politics and his sociology see: Wilhelm Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction (London, 1988), ch. 5; Karl Löwith, Max Weber and Karl Marx (London, 1993), ch. 2; Lawrence A. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics, and Modernity in the Thought of Max Weber (Berkeley, CA, 1989); Wolfgang Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity: Culture and Conduct in the Theory of Max Weber (Stanford, CA, 1996), part 1; Bryan S. Turner, For Weber: Essays in the Sociology of Fate (Boston, MA, 1981), ch. 11.
9. 3 The few extant assessments of the Weber-Morgenthau connection focus on Morgenthau's interpretation of Weber's politics and epistemology. See Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO, 1994), and Stephen P. Turner and Regis A. Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute over Reason and Value (London, 1984). For discussions of the connection between Weber's politics and his sociology see: Wilhelm Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction (London, 1988), ch. 5; Karl Löwith, Max Weber and Karl Marx (London, 1993), ch. 2; Lawrence A. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics, and Modernity in the Thought of Max Weber (Berkeley, CA, 1989); Wolfgang Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity: Culture and Conduct in the Theory of Max Weber (Stanford, CA, 1996), part 1; Bryan S. Turner, For Weber: Essays in the Sociology of Fate (Boston, MA, 1981), ch. 11.
10. 3 The few extant assessments of the Weber-Morgenthau connection focus on Morgenthau's interpretation of Weber's politics and epistemology. See Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO, 1994), and Stephen P. Turner and Regis A. Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute over Reason and Value (London, 1984). For discussions of the connection between Weber's politics and his sociology see: Wilhelm Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction (London, 1988), ch. 5; Karl Löwith, Max Weber and Karl Marx (London, 1993), ch. 2; Lawrence A. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics, and Modernity in the Thought of Max Weber (Berkeley, CA, 1989); Wolfgang Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity: Culture and Conduct in the Theory of Max Weber (Stanford, CA, 1996), part 1; Bryan S. Turner, For Weber: Essays in the Sociology of Fate (Boston, MA, 1981), ch. 11.
11. 3 The few extant assessments of the Weber-Morgenthau connection focus on Morgenthau's interpretation of Weber's politics and epistemology. See Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO, 1994), and Stephen P. Turner and Regis A. Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute over Reason and Value (London, 1984). For discussions of the connection between Weber's politics and his sociology see: Wilhelm Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction (London, 1988), ch. 5; Karl Löwith, Max Weber and Karl Marx (London, 1993), ch. 2; Lawrence A. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics, and Modernity in the Thought of Max Weber (Berkeley, CA, 1989); Wolfgang Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity: Culture and Conduct in the Theory of Max Weber (Stanford, CA, 1996), part 1; Bryan S. Turner, For Weber: Essays in the Sociology of Fate (Boston, MA, 1981), ch. 11.
12. 3 The few extant assessments of the Weber-Morgenthau connection focus on Morgenthau's interpretation of Weber's politics and epistemology. See Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO, 1994), and Stephen P. Turner and Regis A. Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute over Reason and Value (London, 1984). For discussions of the connection between Weber's politics and his sociology see: Wilhelm Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction (London, 1988), ch. 5; Karl Löwith, Max Weber and Karl Marx (London, 1993), ch. 2; Lawrence A. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics, and Modernity in the Thought of Max Weber (Berkeley, CA, 1989); Wolfgang Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity: Culture and Conduct in the Theory of Max Weber (Stanford, CA, 1996), part 1; Bryan S. Turner, For Weber: Essays in the Sociology of Fate (Boston, MA, 1981), ch. 11.
13. Hans J. Morgenthau, Scientific Man vs. Power Politics (Chicago, 1946), pp. 201-3.
14. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 6th edn revised by Kenneth W. Thompson (New York, 1985), p. 5.
15. Hennis, Max Weber, pp. 79-84; Wolfgang Mommsen, Max Weber and German Politics 1890-1920 (Chicago, 1984); Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity, pp. 10-23; Max Weber, 'The National State and Economic Policy (Freiburg Address)', Economy and Society, 9 (1980), pp. 435-40.
16. Hennis, Max Weber, pp. 79-84; Wolfgang Mommsen, Max Weber and German Politics 1890-1920 (Chicago, 1984); Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity, pp. 10-23; Max Weber, 'The National State and Economic Policy (Freiburg Address)', Economy and Society, 9 (1980), pp. 435-40.
17. Hennis, Max Weber, pp. 79-84; Wolfgang Mommsen, Max Weber and German Politics 1890-1920 (Chicago, 1984); Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity, pp. 10-23; Max Weber, 'The National State and Economic Policy (Freiburg Address)', Economy and Society, 9 (1980), pp. 435-40.
18. Hennis, Max Weber, pp. 79-84; Wolfgang Mommsen, Max Weber and German Politics 1890-1920 (Chicago, 1984); Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity, pp. 10-23; Max Weber, 'The National State and Economic Policy (Freiburg Address)', Economy and Society, 9 (1980), pp. 435-40.
19. See, e.g., Michael Howard, The Causes of Wars (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 133-50.
20. David Alan Rosenberg, 'The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945-1960', International Security, 7 (1983).
21. In Weber scholarship, the notion that Weber believed social science could produce 'objective knowledge' in some strong sense is no longer seriously maintained. See below, pp. 165-8.
22. See David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Bradley S. Klein, Strategic Studies and World Order (Cambridge, 1994); Philip K. Lawrence, 'Strategy and Legitimacy: The Discourse of Intellectuals', Paradigms, 9 (1995); Jutta Weldes, 'Constructing National Interests', European Journal of International Relations, 2 (1996), and Constructing the National Interest: The US and the Cuban Missile Crisis (forthcoming).
23. See David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Bradley S. Klein, Strategic Studies and World Order (Cambridge, 1994); Philip K. Lawrence, 'Strategy and Legitimacy: The Discourse of Intellectuals', Paradigms, 9 (1995); Jutta Weldes, 'Constructing National Interests', European Journal of International Relations, 2 (1996), and Constructing the National Interest: The US and the Cuban Missile Crisis (forthcoming).
24. See David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Bradley S. Klein, Strategic Studies and World Order (Cambridge, 1994); Philip K. Lawrence, 'Strategy and Legitimacy: The Discourse of Intellectuals', Paradigms, 9 (1995); Jutta Weldes, 'Constructing National Interests', European Journal of International Relations, 2 (1996), and Constructing the National Interest: The US and the Cuban Missile Crisis (forthcoming).
25. See David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Bradley S. Klein, Strategic Studies and World Order (Cambridge, 1994); Philip K. Lawrence, 'Strategy and Legitimacy: The Discourse of Intellectuals', Paradigms, 9 (1995); Jutta Weldes, 'Constructing National Interests', European Journal of International Relations, 2 (1996), and Constructing the National Interest: The US and the Cuban Missile Crisis (forthcoming).
26. See David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Bradley S. Klein, Strategic Studies and World Order (Cambridge, 1994); Philip K. Lawrence, 'Strategy and Legitimacy: The Discourse of Intellectuals', Paradigms, 9 (1995); Jutta Weldes, 'Constructing National Interests', European Journal of International Relations, 2 (1996), and Constructing the National Interest: The US and the Cuban Missile Crisis (forthcoming).
27. Michael Howard, Causes of Wars, pp. 36-48.
28. Ibid., p. 39.
29. See Colin S. Gray, Strategic Studies and Public Policy (Lexington, KY, 1982), ch. 12; Philip K. Lawrence, 'Nuclear Strategy and Political Theory: A Critical Assessment', Review of International Studies, 11 (1985).
30. See Colin S. Gray, Strategic Studies and Public Policy (Lexington, KY, 1982), ch. 12; Philip K. Lawrence, 'Nuclear Strategy and Political Theory: A Critical Assessment', Review of International Studies, 11 (1985).
31. Morgenthau, Scientific Man, pp. 180-6.
32. Smith, Realist Thought, pp. 15-16.
33. Weber, 'Politics as a Vocation', in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber (New York, 1958), p. 123.
34. See Raymond Aron, 'Max Weber and Power-politics', in Otto Stammer (ed.), Max Weber and Sociology Today (New York, 1971).
35. Smith, Realist Thought, pp. 15, 53.
36. Bernard Brodie, 'Strategy as a Science', World Politics, 1 (1949), p. 486.
37. Ibid., p. 476.
38. Bernard Brodie (ed.), The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order (New York, 1946), p. 76.
39. See Lester R. Kurtz, The Nuclear Cage: A Sociology of the Arms Race (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988), ch. 4; Robert W. Malcolmson, Beyond Nuclear Thinking (Montreal and Kingston, 1990), ch. 3; C. Wright Mills, The Causes of World War Three (New York, 1960), part 2.
40. See Lester R. Kurtz, The Nuclear Cage: A Sociology of the Arms Race (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988), ch. 4; Robert W. Malcolmson, Beyond Nuclear Thinking (Montreal and Kingston, 1990), ch. 3; C. Wright Mills, The Causes of World War Three (New York, 1960), part 2.
41. See Lester R. Kurtz, The Nuclear Cage: A Sociology of the Arms Race (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988), ch. 4; Robert W. Malcolmson, Beyond Nuclear Thinking (Montreal and Kingston, 1990), ch. 3; C. Wright Mills, The Causes of World War Three (New York, 1960), part 2.
42. The major exception to this generalization is Weber's definition of the state. Max Weber, Economy and Society (Berkeley, CA, 1978), pp. 54-6.
43. Max Weber, The Methodology of the Social Sciences (New York, 1949), p. 52.
44. Max Weber, 'Science as a Vocation', in Peter Lassman and Irving Velody (eds.), Max Weber's 'Science as a Vocation' (London, 1989), pp. 18-24.
45. Turner and Factor, Max Weber, p. 26.
46. Weber, Methodology, p. 110.
47. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London, 1930), p. 26.
48. Talcott Parsons, 'Value-freedom and Objectivity' in Stammer (ed.), Max Weber.
49. Löwith, Max Weber and Karl Marx, p. 53. Scaff suggests that Weber intended the inverted commas to convey the meaning, 'that which we choose to call objectivity'. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage, p. 78.
50. Löwith, Max Weber and Karl Marx, p. 53. Scaff suggests that Weber intended the inverted commas to convey the meaning, 'that which we choose to call objectivity'. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage, p. 78.
51. Weber, Methodology, p. 76.
52. Ibid., p. 76.
53. Jürgen Habermas, 'Discussion', in Stammer (ed.), Max Weber, p. 61; Weber, Methodology, p. 61.
54. Jürgen Habermas, 'Discussion', in Stammer (ed.), Max Weber, p. 61; Weber, Methodology, p. 61.
55. Weber, quoted in Hennis, Max Weber, p. 161.
56. Weber, Methodology, p. 51.
57. Ibid., p. 111.
58. 'Without exception every order of social relations (however constituted) is, if one wishes to evaluate it, ultimately to be examined in terms of the human type to which it, by way of external or internal (motivational) selection, provides the optimal chances of becoming the dominant type.' Weber, Methodology, p. 27 (translation adapted from Hennis, Max Weber, p. 59). See also Hennis, Max Weber, chs. 1-2.
59. 'Without exception every order of social relations (however constituted) is, if one wishes to evaluate it, ultimately to be examined in terms of the human type to which it, by way of external or internal (motivational) selection, provides the optimal chances of becoming the dominant type.' Weber, Methodology, p. 27 (translation adapted from Hennis, Max Weber, p. 59). See also Hennis, Max Weber, chs. 1-2.
60. 'Without exception every order of social relations (however constituted) is, if one wishes to evaluate it, ultimately to be examined in terms of the human type to which it, by way of external or internal (motivational) selection, provides the optimal chances of becoming the dominant type.' Weber, Methodology, p. 27 (translation adapted from Hennis, Max Weber, p. 59). See also Hennis, Max Weber, chs. 1-2.
61. Weber, 'The National State and Economic Policy', p. 437.
62. See John Patrick Digging, Max Weber: Politics and the Spirit of Tragedy (New York, 1996), pp. 58-61, 182.
63. Weber, 'Science as a Vocation', p. 30.
64. S. Kalberg, 'The Rationalization of Action in Max Weber's Sociology of Religion', Sociological Theory, 8 (1990), p. 81.
65. Weber, 'Science as a Vocation', p. 13.
66. Weber, Protestant Ethic, p. 24.
67. Mark Warren, 'Max Weber's Liberalism for a Nietzschean World', American Political Science Review, 82 (1988), p. 35.
68. Ibid., p. 34-5.
69. Ibid., p. 35. See Weber, Economy and Society, pp. 1385-92, 1407-16.
70. Ibid., p. 35. See Weber, Economy and Society, pp. 1385-92, 1407-16.
71. Werner Stark, 'Max Weber and the Heterogeny of Purposes', Social Research, 34 (1967).
72. Marianne Weber, Max Weber: A Biography (New York, 1975), p. 337.
73. Turner, For Weber, p. 45. See also Weber, Protestant Ethic, pp. 181-2.
74. Turner, For Weber, p. 45. See also Weber, Protestant Ethic, pp. 181-2.
75. Turner, For Weber, p. 47.
76. Howard, Causes of Wars, p. 46.
77. Bryan S. Turner, Max Weber from History to Modernity (London, 1993), p. 229.
78. Weber, Methodology, p. 56.
79. Ibid., p. 52.
80. Ibid., p. 54.
81. Ibid., p. 53.
82. Weber, 'Science as a Vocation', p. 13.
83. Weber, Methodology, pp. 53-4.
84. Ibid., p. 54.
85. See Mark Warren, 'Max Weber's Liberalism', p. 49 n.3, and 'Nietzsche and Weber: When Does Reason Become Power?' in Asher Horowitz and Terry Maley (eds.), The Barbarism of Reason: Max Weber and the Twilight of the Enlightenment (Toronto, 1994), p. 73.
86. See Mark Warren, 'Max Weber's Liberalism', p. 49 n.3, and 'Nietzsche and Weber: When Does Reason Become Power?' in Asher Horowitz and Terry Maley (eds.), The Barbarism of Reason: Max Weber and the Twilight of the Enlightenment (Toronto, 1994), p. 73.
87. Karl Löwith, 'Max Weber's Position on Science', in Lassman and Velody (eds.), Max Weber's 'Science as a Vocation', p. 146.
88. Weber, Methodology, p. 52.
89. Ibid., pp. 59-60.
90. Ibid. p. 81.
91. Turner and Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute, pp. 43-5, 174-5.
92. Weber, Methodology, pp. 59-63.
93. See Diggins, Max Weber, pp. 140-3.
94. McGeorge Bundy, Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years (New York, 1990), pp. 305-18.
95. See Bernard Brodie, War and Politics (New York, 1973), pp. 379-80; Bundy, Danger and Survival, pp. 347-9, 565; Fred Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon (New York, 1983), pp. 108-10, 121, 124, 139, 380.
96. See Bernard Brodie, War and Politics (New York, 1973), pp. 379-80; Bundy, Danger and Survival, pp. 347-9, 565; Fred Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon (New York, 1983), pp. 108-10, 121, 124, 139, 380.
97. See Bernard Brodie, War and Politics (New York, 1973), pp. 379-80; Bundy, Danger and Survival, pp. 347-9, 565; Fred Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon (New York, 1983), pp. 108-10, 121, 124, 139, 380.
98. Weber, Methodology, pp. 46-7.
99. Turner and Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute, p. 169.
100. Weber, Methodology, p. 90.
101. Morgenthau, Scientific Man, p. 181.
102. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 5.
103. Ibid., pp. 10-11.
104. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Intellectual and Political Functions of a Theory of International Relations', in Horace V. Harrison (ed.), The Role of Theory in International Relations (Princeton, NJ, 1964), p. 108.
105. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 10.
106. Raymond Aron, Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations (Garden City, NY, 1966), p. 599.
107. Jaap W. Nobel, 'Morgenthau's Struggle with Power: The Theory of Power Politics and the Cold War', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), p. 66.
108. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 3.
109. Weber, Methodology, p. 90.
110. Stanley Hoffman, 'Notes on the Limits of "Realism"', Social Research, 48 (1981), p. 657.
111. Morgenthau, 'Intellectual and Political Functions', p. 109.
112. Hans J. Morgenthau, The Decline of Democratic Politics (Chicago, 1962), pp. 69-72.
113. Morgenthau, Scientific Man, pp. 10, 219-23, and Politics among Nations, pp. 4-5.
114. Morgenthau, Scientific Man, pp. 10, 219-23, and Politics among Nations, pp. 4-5.
115. See Nobel, 'Morgenthau's Struggle', p. 62, on reading Morgenthau's 'objective laws' as general principles of action.
116. See Henry Kissinger, Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1961), pp. 340-8.
117. See Nobel, 'Morgenthau's Struggle'.
118. See Marcus Raskin, 'Morgenthau: The Idealism of a Realist', in Thompson and Myers (eds.), Truth and Tragedy.
119. Alexander L. George and Richard Smoke, Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (New York, 1974), p. 618.
120. Bernard Brodie, 'The American Scientific Strategists', RAND Paper P-2979, October 1964, p. 32.
121. Arnold Wolfers, 'National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol', in his Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (Baltimore, MD, 1962), pp. 158, 162.
122. Hans J. Morgenthau, Science: Servant or Master? (New York, 1972).
123. Walker, Inside/Outside.
124. Weber, 'Politics as a Vocation', p. 78.
125. Morgenthau, Scientific Man, pp. 191-3; Turner and Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute, p. 175.
126. Morgenthau, Scientific Man, pp. 191-3; Turner and Factor, Max Weber and the Dispute, p. 175.
127. Ibid., p. 181.
128. Bud Duvall formulated the issue in this way.
129. Löwith, 'Max Weber's Position on Science', p. 146.
130. Morgenthau, Decline of Democratic Politics, p. 74.
131. Brodie, 'Strategy as a Science', pp. 476-7.
132. John Prados, Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations from World War II through the Persian Gulf (Chicago, 1996).
133. Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity, p. 12; Turner and Factor, Max Weber, pp. 82-3.
134. Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity, p. 12; Turner and Factor, Max Weber, pp. 82-3.
135. See Martin Griffiths, Realism, Idealism and International Politics: A Reinterpretation (London, 1992), pp. 64-5; Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity, pp. 11-13.
136. See Martin Griffiths, Realism, Idealism and International Politics: A Reinterpretation (London, 1992), pp. 64-5; Schluchter, Paradoxes of Modernity, pp. 11-13.
137. Hans J. Morgenthau, The Restoration of American Politics (Chicago, 1962), p. 375.
138. Quoted in Lawrence, 'Strategy, the State and the Weberian Legacy', p. 307.
139. See Raymond Duvall et al. (eds.), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities and the Production of Danger (forthcoming, 1998).
140. Martin Albrow, Max Weber's Construction of Social Theory (New York, 1990), p. 62.
141. Bundy, Danger and Survival, p. 576.
142. Colin S. Gray, 'War-fighting for Deterrence', Journal of Strategic Studies, 7 (1984), p. 18.
143. Quoted in Rosenberg, 'Origins of Overkill', p. 42. See his discussion, pp. 40-4.
144. Gray, 'War-fighting', p. 19.
145. Howard, Causes of Wars, p. 137.
146. 'A thing is never irrational in itself, but only from a particular rational point of view.' Weber, Protestant Ethic, p. 194.
147. Lawrence Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, 2nd edn (London, 1989), p. 432.
148. Bernard Brodie, Strategy and National Interests: Reflections for the Future, Strategy Papers no. 7, National Strategy Information Center (New York, 1971), pp. 6-7.
149. Michael Howard, Clausewitz (Oxford, 1983), p. 37.
150. Diggins, Max Weber, pp. 187-91, 200-1.
151. See Stanley Hoffman, 'An American Social Science: International Relations', in his Janus and Minerva (Boulder, CO, 1987).
152. Brodie, 'Strategy as a Science', pp. 477-8.
153. Weber, Economy and Society, p. 86.
154. Max Weber, 'Marginal Utility Theory and "the Fundamental Law of Psychophysics"', Social Science Quarterly, 56 (1975), p. 33.
155. Bernard Brodie, 'The Scientific Strategists', in Robert Gilpin and Christopher Wright (eds.), Scientists and National Policy-making (New York, 1964), p. 248.
156. James G. Roche and Barry D. Watts, 'Choosing Analytic Measures', Journal of Strategic Studies, 14 (1991), pp. 171-2.
157. Weber, Methodology, p. 112.
158. Rosenberg, 'Origins of Overkill', pp. 23, 39.
159. Bundy, Danger and Survival, p. 419.
160. On this point, see Bundy's discussion, ibid., pp. 589-607.
161. Ibid., p. 565.
162. Löwith, Max Weber and Karl Marx, p. 62.