Malignant melanoma and the role of the paradoxal protein microphthalmia transcription factor;Le mélanome malin cutané et le rôle de la protéine paradoxale microphthalmia transcription factor

Bulletin du Cancer

Volumn 94, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 81-92

  Denat, Laurence ^a   Larue, Lionel ^a  

^a INSTITUT CURIE   (France)

Author keywords

Melanoma; Mitf

Indexed keywords

DCT ENZYME; MICROPHTHALMIA ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE; TRYP 1 ENZYME; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CELL ADHESION; CELL CYCLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRUCTURE; CYTOSKELETON; MELANOCYTE; MELANOGENESIS; MELANOMA; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; MELANOCYTES; MELANOMA; MICE; MICROPHTHALMIA-ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; NEOPLASM PROTEINS; PHOSPHORYLATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN NEOPLASMS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 33846915784     PISSN: 00074551     EISSN: 17696917     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2007.0180     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Hodgkinson CA, Moore KJ, Nakayama A, Steingrimsson E, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, et al. Mutations at the mouse microphthalmia locus are associated with defects in a gene encoding a novel basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper protein. Cell 1993 ; 74 : 395-404.
2. Hughes MJ, Lingrel JB, Krakowsky JM, Anderson KP. A helix-loop-helix transcription factor-like gene is located at the mi locus. J Biol Chem 1993 ; 268 : 20687-90.
3. Hughes AE, Newton VE, Liu XZ, Read AP. A gene for Waardenburg syndrome type 2 maps close to the human homologue of the microphthalmia gene at chromosome 3p12-p14.1. Nat Genet 1994 ; 7 : 509-12.
4. Tassabehji M, Newton VE, Liu XZ, Brady A, Donnai D, Krajewska-Walasek M, et al. The mutational spectrum in Waardenburg syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 1995 ; 4 : 2131-7.
5. Lister JA, Robertson CP, Lepage T, Johnson SL, Raible DW. Nacre encodes a zebrafish microphthalmia-related protein that regulates neural-crest-derived pigment cell fate. Development 1999 ; 126 : 3757-67.
6. Wellbrock C, Marais R. Elevated expression of MITF counteracts B-RAF-stimulated melanocyte and melanoma cell proliferation. J Cell Biol 2005 ; 170 : 703-8.
7. Larue L, Kumasaka M, Goding CR. Beta-catenin in the melanocyte lineage. Pigment Cell Res 2003 ; 16 : 312-7.
8. Bora N, Conway SJ. Liang H, Smith SB. Transient overexpression of the Microphthalmia gene in the eyes of Microphthalmia vitiligo mutant mice. Dev Dyn 1998 ; 213 : 283-92.
9. Nguyen M, Arnheiter H. Signaling and transcriptional regulation in early mammalian eye development : a link between FGF and MITF. Development 2000 ; 127 : 3581-91.
10. Nakayama A, Nguyen MT, Chen CC, Opdecamp K, Hodgkinson CA, Arnheiter H. Mutations in microphthalmia, the mouse homolog of the human deafness gene MITF, affect neuroepithelial and neural crest-derived melanocytes differently. Mech Dev 1998 ; 70 : 155-66.
11. Negrier S, Saiag P, Guillot B, Verola O, Avril MF, Bailly C, et al. Clinical practice guideline : 2005 update of recommendations for the management of patients with cutaneous melanoma without distant metastases (summary report). Bull Cancer 2006 ; 93 : 371-84.
12. Rosell R, Cuello M, Cecere F, Santarpia M, Reguart N, Felip E, et al. Usefulness of predictive tests for cancer treatment. Bull Cancer 2006 ; 93 : E101-8.
13. Rimm DL, Caca K, Hu G, Harrison FB, Fearon ER. Frequent nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of beta-catenin without exon 3 mutations in malignant melanoma. Am J Pathol 1999 ; 154 : 325-9.
14. Demunter A, Libbrecht L, Degreef H, De Wolf-Peeters C, van den Oord JJ. Loss of membranous expression of beta-catenin is associated with tumor progression in cutaneous melanoma and rarely caused by exon 3 mutations. Mod Pathol 2002 ; 15 : 454-61.
15. Reifenberger J, Knobbe CB, Wolter M, Blaschke B, Schulte KW, Pietsch T, et al. Molecular genetic analysis of malignant melanomas for aberrations of the WNT signaling pathway genes CTNNB1, APC, ICAT and BTRC. Int J Cancer 2002 ; 100 : 549-56.
16. Widlund HR, Horstmann MA, Price ER, Cui J, Lessnick SL, Wu M, et al. E. Beta-catenin-induced melanoma growth requires the downstream target Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. J Cell Biol 2002 ; 158 : 1079-87.
17. Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, Stephens P, Edkins S, Clegg S, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002 ; 417 : 949-54.
18. Goydos JS, Mann B, Kim HJ, Gabriel EM, Alsina J, Germino FJ, et al. H. Detection of B-RAF and N-RAS mutations in human melanoma. J Am Coll Surg 2005 ; 200 : 362-70.
19. Bloethner S, Chen B, Hemminki K, Muller-Berghaus J, Ugurel S, Schadendorf D, et al. Effect of common B-RAF and N-RAS mutations on global gene expression in melanoma cell lines. Carcinogenesis 2005 ; 26 : 1224-32.
20. Wellbrock C, Ogilvie L, Hedley D, Karasarides M, Martin J, Niculescu-Duvaz D, et al. V599EB-RAF is an oncogene in melanocytes. Cancer Res 2004 ; 64 : 2338-42.
21. Hingorani SR, Jacobetz MA, Robertson GP, Herlyn M, Tuveson DA. Suppression of BRAF (V599E) in human melanoma abrogates transformation. Cancer Res 2003 ; 63 : 5198-202.
22. Karasarides M, Chiloeches A, Hayward R, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Scanlon I, Friedlos F, et al. B-RAF is a therapeutic target in melanoma. Oncogene 2004 ; 23 : 6292-8.
23. Salti GI, Manougian T, Farolan M, Shilkaitis A, Majumdar D, Das Gupta TK. Micropthalmia transcription factor : a new prognostic marker in intermediate-thickness cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 2000 ; 60 : 5012-6.
24. McGill GG, Haq R, Nishimura EK, Fisher DE. c-Met expression is regulated by Mitf in the melanocyte lineage. J Biol Chem 2006 ; 281 : 10365-73.
25. Miettinen M, Fernandez M, Franssila K, Gatalica Z, Lasota J, Sarlomo-Rikala M. Microphthalmia transcription factor in the immunohistochemical diagnosis of metastatic melanoma : comparison with four other melanoma markers. Am J Surg Pathol 2001 ; 25 : 205-11.
26. King R, Weilbaecher KN, McGill G, Cooley E, Mihm M, Fisher DE. Microphthalmia transcription factor. A sensitive and specific melanocyte marker for melanoma diagnosis. Am J Pathol 1999 ; 155 : 731-8.
27. King M, Spooner D, Rowlands DC. Spontaneous regression of metastatic malignant melanoma of the parotid gland and neck lymph nodes : a case report and a review of the literature. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2001 ; 13 : 466-9.
28. King R, Peterson AC, Peterson KC, Mihm MC, Fisher DE, Googe PB. Microphthalmia transcription factor expression in cutaneous mast cell disease. Am J Dermatopathol 2002 ; 24 : 282-4.
29. Miller AJ, Du J, Rowan S, Hershey CL, Widlund HR, Fisher DE. Transcriptional regulation of the melanoma prognostic marker melastatin (TRPM1) by MITF in melanocytes and melanoma. Cancer Res 2004 ; 64 : 509-16.
30. Dorvault CC, Weilbaecher KN, Yee H, Fisher DE, Chiriboga LA, Xu Y, et al. Microphthalmia transcription factor : a sensitive and specific marker for malignant melanoma in cytologic specimens. Cancer 2001 ; 93 : 337-43.
31. O'Reilly FM, Brat DJ, McAlpine BE, Grossniklaus HE, Folpe AL, Arbiser J. L. Microphthalmia transcription factor immunohistochemistry : a useful diagnostic marker in the diagnosis and detection of cutaneous melanoma, sentinel lymph node metastases, and extracutaneous melanocytic neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001 ; 45 : 414-9.
32. Iwamoto S, Burrows RC, Kalina RE, George D, Boehm M, Bothwell MA, et al. Immunophenotypic differences between uveal and cutaneous melanomas. Arch Ophthalmol 2002 ; 120 : 466-70.
33. Busam KJ, Iversen K, Coplan KC, Jungbluth AA. Analysis of microphthalmia transcription factor expression in normal tissues and tumors, and comparison of its expression with S-100 protein, gp100, and tyrosinase in desmoplastic malignant melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2001 ; 25 : 197-204.
34. Granter SR, Weilbaecher KN, Quigley C, Fisher DE. Role for microphthalmia transcription factor in the diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2002 ; 10 : 47-51.
35. Graw J, Pretsch W, Loster J. Mutation in intron 6 of the hamster Mitf gene leads to skipping of the subsequent exon and creates a novel animal model for the human Waardenburg syndrome type II. Genetics 2003 ; 164 : 1035-41.
36. Koch MB, Shih IM, Weiss SW, Folpe AL. Microphthalmia transcription factor and melanoma cell adhesion molecule expression distinguish desmoplastic/spindle cell melanoma from morphologic mimics. Am J Surg Pathol 2001 ; 25 : 58-64.
37. Xu X, Chu AY, Pasha TL, Elder DE, Zhang PJ. Immunoprofile of MITF, tyrosinase, melan-A, and MAGE-1 in HMB45-negative melanomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2002 ; 26 : 82-7.
38. Li KK, Goodall J, Goding CR, Liao SK, Wang CH, Lin YC, et al. The melanocyte inducing factor MITF is stably expressed in cell lines from human clear cell sarcoma. Br J Cancer 2003 ; 89 : 1072-8.
39. Du J, Miller AJ, Widlund HR, Horstmann MA, Ramaswamy S, Fisher DE. MLANA/MART1 and SILV/PMEL17/GP100 are transcriptionally regulated by MITF in melanocytes and melanoma. Am J Pathol 2003 ; 163 : 333-43.
40. Bentley NJ, Eisen T, Goding CR. Melanocyte-specific expression of the human tyrosinase promoter : activation by the microphthalmia gene product and role of the initiator. Mol Cell Biol 1994 ; 14 : 7996-8006.
41. Ganss R, Schutz G, Beermann F. The mouse tyrosinase gene. Promoter modulation by positive and negative regulatory elements. J Biol Chem 1994 ; 269 : 29808-16.
42. Yasumoto K, Yokoyama K, Shibata K, Tomita Y, Shibahara S. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor as a regulator for melanocyte-specific transcription of the human tyrosinase gene. Mol Cell Biol 1994 ; 14 : 8058-70.
43. Yokoyama K, Yasumoto K, Suzuki H, Shibahara S. Cloning of the human DOPAchrome tautomerase/tyrosinase-related protein 2 gene and identification of two regulatory regions required for its pigment cell-specific expression. J Biol Chem 1994 ; 269 : 27080-7.
44. Yasumoto K, Yokoyama K, Takahashi K, Tomita Y, Shibahara S. Functional analysis of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in pigment cell-specific transcription of the human tyrosinase family genes. J Biol Chem 1997 ; 272 : 503-9.
45. Udono T, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Amae S, Watanabe K, Saito H, et al. Structural organization of the human microphthalmia-associated transcription factor gene containing four alternative promoters. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002 ; 1491 : 205-29.
46. Zhiqi S, Soltani MH, Bhat KM, Sangha N, Fang D, Hunter JJ, et al. Human melastatin 1 (TRPM1) is regulated by MITF and produces multiple polypeptide isoforms in melanocytes and melanoma. Melanoma Res 2004 ; 14 : 509-16.
47. Garraway LA, Widlund HR, Rubin MA, Getz G, Berger AJ, Ramaswamy S, et al. Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma. Nature 2005 ; 436 : 117-22.
48. Koyanagi K, O'Day SJ, Gonzalez R, Lewis K, Robinson WA, Amatruda TT, et al. Microphthalmia transcription factor as a molecular marker for circulating tumor cell detection in blood of melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2006 ; 12 : 1137-43.
49. Tachibana M, Perez-Jurado LA, Nakayama A, Hodgkinson CA, Li X, Schneider M, et al. Cloning of MITF, the human homolog of the mouse microphthalmia gene and assignment to chromosome 3p14.1-p12.3. Hum Mol Genet 1994 ; 3 : 553-7.
50. Tassabehji M, Newton VE, Read AP. Waardenburg syndrome type 2 caused by mutations in the human microphthalmia (MITF) gene. Nat Genet 1994 ; 8 : 251-5.
51. Sato S, Roberts K, Gambino G, Cook A, Kouzarides T, Goding CR. CBP/p300 as a co-factor for the Microphthalmia transcription factor. Oncogene 1997 ; 14 : 3083-92.
52. Hemesath TJ, Steingrimsson E, McGill G, Hansen MJ, Vaught J, Hodgkinson CA, et al. Microphthalmia, a critical factor in melanocyte development, defines a discrete transcription factor family. Genes Dev 1994 ; 8 : 2770-80.
53. Aksan I, Goding CR. Targeting the microphthalmia basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper transcription factor to a subset of E-box elements in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 1998 ; 18 : 6930-8.
54. Steingrimsson E, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. Melanocytes and the microphthalmia transcription factor network. Annu Rev Genet 2004 ; 38 : 365-411.
55. Steingrimsson E, Tessarollo L, Pathak B, Hou L, Arnheiter H, Copeland NG, et al. Mitf and Tfe3, two members of the Mitf-Tfe family of bHLH-Zip transcription factors, have important but functionally redundant roles in osteoclast development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002 ; 99 : 4477-82.
56. Ludwig A, Rehberg S, Wegner M. Melanocyte-specific expression of dopachrome tautomerase is dependent on synergistic gene activation by the Sox10 and Mitf transcription factors. FEBS Lett 2004 ; 556 : 236-44.
57. Wegner M. Secrets to a healthy Sox life : lessons for melanocytes. Pigment Cell Res 2005 ; 18 : 74-85.
58. Gaggioli C, Busca R, Abbe P, Ortonne JP, Ballotti R. Microphthalmia- associated transcription factor (MITF) is required but is not sufficient to induce the expression of melanogenic genes. Pigment Cell Res 2003 ; 16 : 374-82.
59. Tachibana M, Takeda K, Nobukuni Y, Urabe K, Long JE, Meyers KA, et al. Ectopic expression of MITF, a gene for Waardenburg syndrome type 2, converts fibroblasts to cells with melanocyte characteristics. Nat Genet 1996 ; 14 : 50-4.
60. Carreira S, Goodall J, Aksan I, La Rocca SA, Galibert MD, Denat L, et al. R. Mitf cooperates with Rb1 and activates p21Cip1 expression to regulate cell cycle progression. Nature 2005 ; 433 : 764-9.
61. Kumasaka M, Sato S, Yajima I, Goding CR, Yamamoto H. Regulation of melanoblast and retinal pigment epithelium development by Xenopus laevis Mitf. Dev Dyn 2005 ; 234 : 523-34.
62. Sanchez-Martin M, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Perez-Losada J, Sagrera A, Read AP, Sanchez-Garcia I. SLUG (SNAI2) deletions in patients with Waardenburg disease. Hum Mol Genet 2002 ; 11 : 3231-6.
63. Perez-Losada J, Sanchez-Martin M, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Sanchez ML, Orfao A, Flores T, et al. Zinc-finger transcription factor Slug contributes to the function of the stem cell factor c-kit signaling pathway. Blood 2002 ; 100 : 1274-86.
64. Bolos V, Peinado H, Perez-Moreno MA, Fraga MF, Esteller M, Cano A. The transcription factor Slug represses E-cadherin expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions : a comparison with Snail and E47 repressors. J Cell Sci 2003 ; 116 : 499-511.
65. Hajra KM, Chen DY, Fearon ER. The SLUG zinc-finger protein represses E-cadherin in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2002 ; 62 : 1613-8.
66. Puisieux A, Valsesia-Wittmann S. Cancer cells escape from failsafe programs in a simple Twist. Bull Cancer 2006 ; 93 : 251-6.
67. Selzer E, Wacheck V, Lucas T, Heere-Ress E, Wu M, Weilbaecher KN, et al. The melanocyte-specific isoform of the microphthalmia transcription factor affects the phenotype of human melanoma. Cancer Res 2002 ; 62 : 2098-103.
68. Hornyak TJ, Hayes DJ, Chiu LY, Ziff EB. Transcription factors in melanocyte development : distinct roles for Pax-3 and Mitf. Mech Dev 2001 ; 101 : 47-59.
69. McGill GG, Horstmann M, Widlund HR, Du J, Motyckova G, Nishimura EK, et al. E. Bcl2 regulation by the melanocyte master regulator Mitf modulates lineage survival and melanoma cell viability. Cell 2002 ; 109 : 707-18.
70. Nishimura EK, Granter SR, Fisher DE. Mechanisms of hair graying : incomplete melanocyte stem cell maintenance in the niche. Science 2005 ; 307 : 720-4.
71. Busca R, Berra E, Gaggioli C, Khaled M, Bille K, Marchetti B, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1{alpha} is a new target of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in melanoma cells. J Cell Biol 2005 ; 170 : 49-59.
72. Du J, Widlund HR, Horstmann MA, Ramaswamy S, Ross K, Huber WE, et al. Critical role of CDK2 for melanoma growth linked to its melanocyte-specific transcriptional regulation by MITF. Cancer Cell 2004 ; 6 : 565-76.
73. Carreira S, Liu B, Goding CR. The gene encoding the T-box factor Tbx2 is a target for the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanocytes. J Biol Chem 2000 ; 275 : 21920-7.
74. Prince S, Carreira S, Vance KW, Abrahams A, Goding CR. Tbx2 directly represses the expression of the p21 (WAF1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Cancer Res 2004 ; 64 : 1669-74.
75. Chen D, Xu W, Bales E, Colmenares C, Conacci-Sorrell M, Ishii S, et al. SKI activates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in human melanoma. Cancer Res 2003 ; 63 : 6626-34.
76. Reed JA, Lin Q, Chen D, Mian IS, Medrano EE. SKI pathways inducing progression of human melanoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2005 ; 24 : 265-72.
77. Loercher AE, Tank EM, Delston RB, Harbour JW. MITF links differentiation with cell cycle arrest in melanocytes by transcriptional activation of INK4A. J Cell Biol 2005 ; 168 : 35-40.
78. Bismuth K, Maric D. Arnheiter H. MITF and cell proliferation : the role of alternative splice forms. Pigment Cell Res 2005 ; 18 : 349-59.
79. Dunn KJ, Brady M, Ochsenbauer-Jambor C, Snyder S, Incao A, Pavan WJ. WNT1 and WNT3a promote expansion of melanocytes through distinct modes of action. Pigment Cell Res 2005 ; 18 : 167-80.
80. Gordon MD, Nusse R. Wnt signaling : multiple pathways, multiple receptors, and multiple transcription factors. J Biol Chem 2006 ; 281 : 22429-33.
81. Takeda K, Yasumoto K, Takada R, Takada S, Watanabe K, Udono T, et al. Induction of melanocyte-specific microphthalmia-associated transcription factor by Wnt-3a. J Biol Chem 2000 ; 275 : 14013-6.
82. Price ER, Horstmann MA, Wells AG, Weilbaecher KN, Takemoto CM, Landis MW, et al. E. alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone signaling regulates expression of microphthalmia, a gene deficient in Waardenburg syndrome. J Biol Chem 1998 ; 273 : 33042-7.
83. Hoogduijn MJ, Hitchcock IS, Smit NP, Gillbro JM, Schallreuter KU, Genever PG. Glutamate receptors on human melanocytes regulate the expression of MiTF. Pigment Cell Res 2006 ; 19 : 58-67.
84. Tachibana M, Kobayashi Y, Matsushima Y. Mouse models for four types of Waardenburg syndrome. Pigment Cell Res 2006 ; 16 : 448-54.
85. Huber WE, Price ER, Widlund HR, Du J, Davis IJ, Wegner M, et al. A tissue-restricted cAMP transcriptional response : SOX10 modulates alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-triggered expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanocytes. J Biol Chem 2003 ; 278 : 45224-30.
86. Watanabe A, Takeda K, Ploplis B, Tachibana M. Epistatic relationship between Waardenburg syndrome genes MITF and PAX3. Nat Genet 1998 ; 18 : 283-6.
87. Galibert MD, Yavuzer U, Dexter TJ, Goding CR. Pax3 and regulation of the melanocyte-specific tyrosinase-related protein-1 promoter. J Biol Chem 1999 ; 274 : 26894-900.
88. Bondurand N, Pingault V, Goerich DE, Lemort N, Sock E, Caignec CL, et al. Interaction among SOX10, PAX3 and MITF, three genes altered in Waardenburg syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2000 ; 9 : 1907-17.
89. Nakai S, Kawano H, Yudate T, Nishi M, Kuno J, Nagata A, et al. The POU domain transcription factor Brn-2 is required for the determination of specific neuronal lineages in the hypothalamus of the mouse. Genes Dev 1995 ; 9 : 3109-21.
90. Schonemann MD, Ryan AK, McEvilly RJ, O'Connell SM, Arias CA, Kalla KA, et al. Development and survival of the endocrine hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland requires the neuronal POU domain factor Brn-2. Genes Dev 1995 ; 9 : 3122-35.
91. Eisen T, Easty DJ, Bennett DC, Goding CR. The POU domain transcription factor Brn-2 : elevated expression in malignant melanoma and regulation of melanocyte-specific gene expression. Oncogene 1995 ; 11 : 2157-64.
92. Goodall J, Martinozzi S, Dexter TJ, Champeval D, Carreira S, Larue L, et al. Brn-2 expression controls melanoma proliferation and is directly regulated by beta-catenin. Mol Cell Biol 2004 ; 24 : 2915-22.
93. Goodall J, Wellbrock C, Dexter TJ, Roberts K, Marais R, Goding CR. The Brn-2 transcription factor links activated BRAF to melanoma proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2004 ; 24 : 2923-31.
94. Thomson JA, Murphy K, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Parsons PG, Sturm RA, et al. The brn-2 gene regulates the melanocytic phenotype and tumorigenic potential of human melanoma cells. Oncogene 1995 ; 11 : 691-700.
95. Takeda K, Takemoto C, Kobayashi I, Watanabe A, Nobukuni Y, Fisher DE, et al. Ser298 of MITF, a mutation site in Waardenburg syndrome type 2, is a phosphorylation site with functional significance. Hum Mol Genet 2000 ; 9 : 125-32.
96. Hemesath TJ, Price ER, Takemoto C, Badalian T, Fisher DE. MAP kinase links the transcription factor Microphthalmia to c-Kit signalling in melanocytes. Nature 1998 ; 391 : 298-301.
97. Wu M, Hemesath TJ, Takemoto CM, Horstmann MA, Wells AG, Price ER, et al. c-Kit triggers dual phosphorylations, which couple activation and degradation of the essential melanocyte factor Mi. Genes Dev 2000 ; 14 : 301-12.
98. Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L. Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2005 ; 280 : 42051-460.
99. Price ER, Ding HF, Badalian T, Bhattacharya S, Takemoto C, Yao TP, et al. Lineage-specific signaling in melanocytes. C-kit stimulation recruits p300/CBP to microphthalmia. J Biol Chem 1998 ; 273 : 17983-8016.
100. Xu W, Gong L, Haddad MM, Bischof O, Campisi J, Yeh ET, et al. Regulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF protein levels by association with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme hUBC9. Exp Cell Res 2000 ; 255 : 135-43.
101. Miller AJ, Levy C, Davis IJ, Razin E, Fisher DE. Sumoylation of MITF and its related family members TFE3 and TFEB. J Biol Chem 2005 ; 280 : 146-55.
102. Murakami H, Arnheiter H. Sumoylation modulates transcriptional activity of MITF in a promoter-specific manner. Pigment Cell Res 2005 ; 18 : 265-77.