Running for Country: Australian Print Media Representation of Indigenous Athletes in the 27th Olympiad

Journal of Sport & Social Issues

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 233-260

  Gardiner, Greg ^a  

^a Parliamentary Library   (Australia)

Author keywords

Aborigines; athletics; Australia; Freeman; indigenous; media; newspapers; Olympics; Peris Kneebone; race; racism; reconciliation; representation; sport; Sydney

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846891137     PISSN: 01937235     EISSN: 15527638     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0193732503255476     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. (2002). Koori health in Victoria. Natural Resources & Environment. Retrieved from www.nre.vic.gov.au/web/root/domino/cm_da/nrenab.nsf/frameset/NRE+Aboriginal+Affairs?OpenDocument
2. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner. (2000). Social justice report 1999 (Report no.2). Sydney, Australia: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission.
3. Adair, D., & Vamplew, W. (1997). Sport in Australian history. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
4. Anderson, I. (1993, June-July). Black suffering, white wash. Arena, 23-25.
5. Augoustinos, M., Tuffin, K., & Rapley, M. (1999). Genocide or a failure to gel? Racism, history and nationalism in Australian talk. Discourse and Society, 10(3), 351-378.
6. Australia takes a new hero to heart [Editorial].(2000, September 27). The Age, p.10.
7. Awakening. (2000, September 16). The Australian, p.6.
8. Baker, A., & Boyd T. (Eds.). (1997). Out of bounds: Sport, media, and the politics of identity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
9. Booth, D., & Tatz, C. (1994). Swimming with the big boys? The politics of Sydney's 2000 bid. Sporting Traditions, 1(1), 3-23.
10. Brooks, M. (1996). The incarceration of Aboriginal women. In G. Bird, G. Martin, & J. Nielsen (Eds.), Majah: Indigenous peoples and the law (pp. 265-280). Leichhardt, Australia: Federation Press.
11. Bruce, T., & Hallinan, C. (2001). Cathy Freeman: The quest for Australian identity. In D. L. Andrews & S. J. Jackson (Eds.), Sports stars: The cultural politics of sporting celebrity (pp. 257-270). London: Routledge.
12. Cashman, R. (1995). Paradise of sport: The rise of organised sport in Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
13. Cathy lights the spirit of Australia. (2000, September 16). The Age, p.3.
14. Cathy's courage. (1996, July 31). The Herald Sun, p.1.
15. Catherine the great. (2000, September 26). The Australian, p.1.
16. Cathy Freeman—400 metres World Champion. (1999, December 15). The Australian, p. 19.
17. Cathy is our golden memory [Editorial]. (2000, October 2). The Australian, p.38.
18. Ceremony captured a nation's spirit [Editorial]. (2000, September 18). The Australian, p.30.
19. Clarey, C. (2000, March 23). Games and races. The Age, p. SPORT 10.
20. Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation. (2000). Australian Declaration Towards Reconciliation. Retrieved from www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/IndigLRes/car/2000/16/appendices01.htm
21. Cummins, A. (1998, November 20). Runner fights racism. The Herald Sun, p.10.
22. Cunneen, C. (2001). Conflict, politics and crime: Aboriginal communities and the police. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
23. Dabkowski, S. (2000, September 27). Tales of Cathy Freeman. The Age, p.4.
24. De Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identities. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149-159.
25. Deutchman, I. E., & Ellison, A. (1999). A star is born: The roller coaster ride of Pauline Hanson in the news. Media, Culture and Society, 21(1), 33-50.
26. Dodson, M. (1994). The Wentworth lecture—The end in the beginning: re(de)finding Aboriginality. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 1, 2-13.
27. Dodson, P. (2000, September 27). A superb achievement—Now for the next leg. The Age, p.11.
28. Dream run. (2000, June 9). The Herald Sun, p.1.
29. Eastman, S., & Billings, A. (1999). Gender parity in the Olympics: Hyping women athletes, favouring men athletes. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 23(2), 140-170.
30. Eccleston, R. (2000a, February 28). Predator of the track runs down her prey. The Australian, p.1.
31. Eccleston, R. (2000b, June 8). Super-Nova is ready to shine. The Australian, p.7.
32. Evans, L. (1998, September 21). Luck is running with Nova. The Australian, p. SPORT-SUNDAY15.
33. Evans, M. (1998, October 12). Olympic flame to burn at the most sacred site of all. The Age, p.5.
34. Four Corners. (2002, March 4). Too good to be false. Retrieved from www.abc.net.au/4corners/archives/2002a_Monday4March2002.htm
35. Freeman runs into history and our heart [Editorial]. (2000, September 26). The Australian, p.32.
36. Gardiner, G. (1997). Racial abuse and football: The Australian Football League's racial vilification rule in review. Sporting Traditions, 14(1), 3-25.
37. Gardiner, G., & Blogg, S. (2000). Indigenous people and the Olympic Games: Rights, races and politics in the 27th Olympiad. Journal of Australian Indigenous Studies, 3(2), 15-25.
38. Gardiner, G., & Takagaki, T. (2002). Indigenous women and the police in Victoria: Patterns of offending and victimisation in the 1990s. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 13(3), 301-321.
39. Garland, J., & Rowe, M. (1999). Selling the game short: An examination of the role of antiracism in British football. Sociology of Sport Journal, 16, 35-53.
40. Gelastopoulos, E.(2000, July 17). Cathy blasts Howard on race. The Herald Sun, p.1.
41. Gibson, C.,& Stapleton, J.(2000, July 17). Freeman lashes out. The Australian, p.1.
42. Given, J. (1995, February). Red, black, gold to Australia: Cathy Freeman & the flags. Media Information Australia, 75, 46-56.
43. Glascott, K.(1998, August 21). Pride lights Nova's Olympic torch. The Australian, p.3.
44. Godwell, D. (2000). Playing the game: Is sport as good for race relations as we’d like to think? Australian Aboriginal Studies, 1&2, 12-19.
45. Goodall, H., Jakubowicz, A., Martin, J., Mitchell, T., Randall, L., & Seneviratne, K. (1994). Racism, ethnicity and the media. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
46. Gordon, H. (1994). Australian and the Olympic Games. St. Lucia, Australia: University of Queensland Press.
47. Gordon, H. (1998, October 31). History beckons Super-Nova. The Weekend Australian, pp.1, 5.
48. Gordon, M. (2000, September 26). The most potent of gestures. The Age, p.4.
49. Gould, S. (2000, March 15). Home straight. The Australian, p.S1.
50. Gullan, S. (1998, November 12). Footloose and free. The Herald Sun, p.98.
51. Hallinan, C., Bruce, T., & Coram, S. (1999). Up front and beyond the centre line: Integration of Australian Aborigines in elite Australian rules football. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 34(4), 369-383.
52. Hamilton, J. (2000, September 26). Superhero Cathy. The Herald Sun, p.2.
53. Hanna, M. (1999). Reconciliation in Olympism: Indigenous culture in the Sydney Olympiad. Petersham, Australia: Walla Walla Press.
54. Hawke, S. (1994). Polly Farmer: A biography. South Fremantle, Australia: Fremantle Arts Centre Press.
55. Hinds, R. (1996, August 3). Hockey's Super-Nova a shining inspiration. The Sydney Morning Herald, p.9.
56. Hoberman, J. (1997). Darwin's athletes: How sport has damaged Black America and preserved the myth of race. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
57. Horan, M. (1997, January 24). Super-Nova hailed. The Herald Sun, p.2.
58. How sweet it is. (2000, September 26). The Herald Sun, p.7.
59. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. (1997). Bringing them home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families. Sydney, Australia: Sterling Press.
60. Jackson, S. (1998). A twist of race: Ben Johnson and the Canadian crisis of racial and national identity. Sociology of Sport Journal, 15, 21-40.
61. Jaireth, S.(1995). Tracing Orientalism in cricket: A reading of some recent Australian cricket writing on Pakistani cricket. Sporting Traditions, 12(1), 103-120.
62. Jeffery, N. (1999, March 15). Fearless Freeman in for the race of her life. The Australian, p.20.
63. Jeffrey, N., & Ceresa, M. (1996, August 3). Cathy inspires her friend to Olympic gold. The Weekend Australian, p.15.
64. Jobling, I. (1988). The making of a nation through sport: Australia and the Olympic Games from Athens to Berlin, 1898-1916. Australian Journal of Politics and History, 34, 160-172.
65. Johnson, L. (1997, August 6). Freeman wins her struggle. The Age, p. B16.
66. Johnson, L.(1999, October 9). A world champion of the republican cause. The Age, p.1.
67. Johnson, L. (2000a, February 6). Freeman upsets Hewitt. The Age, p. SPORT 12.
68. Johnson, L. (2000b, February 28). Gritty Freeman flies to 12th title. The Age, p.S5.
69. Kell, P. (2000). Good sports: Australian sport and the myth of the fair go. Sydney, Australia: Pluto Press.
70. Kelly, P. (2000, September 27). A night to remember. The Australian, p.18.
71. Knight, P. (1996, July 31). Black/White reconciliation achieved in a record 48.63 seconds flat. The Herald Sun, p.16.
72. Korporaal, G.(2000, June 9). Uluru holds torch for a united nation. The Herald Sun, p.4.
73. Langton, M. (1994). Aboriginal art and film: The politics of representation. Race and Class, 35(4), 86-106.
74. Lapchick, R. (Ed.). (1996). Sport in society: Equal opportunity or business as usual?. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
75. Lee, J. (1992). Media portrayals of male and female Olympic athletes: Analyses of newspaper accounts of the 1984 and the 1988 summer Games. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 23(3), 197-219.
76. Lenskyj, H. (1996, November). When winners are losers: Toronto and Sydney bids for Olympic Games. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 24, 20, 392-410.
77. Maguire, J. (1999). Global sport: Identities. Societies. Civilizations. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
78. Marcus, J. (1997). The journey out to the centre; cultural appropriation of Ayers Rock. In G. Cowlishaw & B. Morris (Eds.), Race matters (pp. 29-51). Canberra, Australia: Aboriginal Studies Press.
79. Marr, D. (2000, June 9). Torch ignites spirit of the Games. The Age, p.1.
80. McAsey, J. (1997, August 6). First, first, first as Cathy runs 400m to history. The Australian, p.1.
81. McAsey, J. (2000, February 28). Cathy grins and grinds way to title. The Australian, p. 33.
82. McCalman, J.(2000, October 4). Our new legend flies the future's flag. The Age, p.19.
83. McGeogh, R., & Korporaal, G. (1994). The bid: How Australia won the 2000 Games. Melbourne, Australia: William Heinemann.
84. McGregor, A. (1998a). Cathy Freeman: A journey just begun. New South Wales, Australia: Random House.
85. McGregor, A. (1998b, January 26). Cathy hoped to hear ‘sorry.’ The Australian, p.1.
86. McGregor, A. (1998c, January 26). A nation's champion. The Australian, p.12.
87. McGregor, A. (1999, August 26). When going gets tough, the tough get running. The Australian, p.11.
88. McGregor, A.(2000a, February 19). Freeman rides speed train. The Australian, p.59.
89. McGregor, A. (2000b, July 22). Talk about an evolution. The Australian, p.25.
90. McGregor, A. (2000c, September 26). Her people's champion. The Australian, p. OLYMPICS 19.
91. McGregor, A. (2001, December 4). Psyche in search of salve. The Australian, p.9.
92. McNamara, L.(1998). Long stories, big pictures: Racial slurs, legal solutions and playing the game. The Australian Feminist Law Journal, 10, 85-108.
93. Mickler, S. (1998). The myth of privilege: Aboriginal status, media visions, public issues. South Fremantle, Australia: Fremantle Arts Centre Press.
94. Mouzos, J.(2001). Indigenous and non-indigenous homicides in Australia: A comparative analysis. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice (No. 210). Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
95. Nation salutes you, Cathy [Editorial]. (2000, September 26). The Herald Sun, p.20.
96. O’Brien, N.,& Rintoul, S.(2000, September 26). A united nation says thanks to its heroine. The Australian, p.5.
97. Outlaw, L. T., Jr. (1999). On race and philosophy. In S. Babbitt & S. Campbell (Eds.), Racism and philosophy (pp. 50-75). London: Cornell University Press.
98. Overington, C.(1997, August 6). The day comes for Catherine the Great. The Age, p.1.
99. Parisi, P. (1998). The New York Times looks at one block in Harlem: Narratives of race in journalism. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 15, 236-254.
100. Paxman, M.(1993). Women and children first! Alternative Law Journal, 18(4), 153-156.
101. Price, M.,& Hope, D.(2000, September 16). Cathy walks on water. The Australian, p.3.
102. Reed, R. (1999, August 26). Our queen of the track. The Herald Sun, p.S5.
103. Reed, R.(2000, September 26). Cathy Freeman has her crown. The Herald Sun, p.3.
104. Reed, R. (2001, December 4). KO might knock some sense into the man. The Herald Sun, p.71.
105. Reynolds, H.(2001). An indelible stain? The question of genocide in Australia's history. Ringwood, Australia: Viking.
106. Rigney, D. (1996). The construction and maintenance of racism in sport: Nunga perspectives on Australian rules football. Unpublished master's thesis, University of South Australia.
107. Rowe, D. (1995). Popular cultures: Rock music, sport and the politics of pleasure. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
108. Rowe, D. (1998). Play up: Rethinking power and resistance in sport. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 22(3), 241-251.
109. Rowe, D., & Lawrence, G. (1996). Beyond national sport: Sociology, history and postmodernity. Sporting Traditions, 12(2), 3-16.
110. Smith, P. (1996, July 31). Gallant runner inspires nation. The Age, p.1.
111. Smith, P. (2000, October 2). It's Cathy we’ll remember. The Australian, p.18.
112. The spirit of Australia—Cathy Freeman. (2000, June 7). The Age, p.6.
113. Tatz, C. (1995a). Obstacle race: Aborigines in sport. Sydney, Australia: New South Wales University Press.
114. Tatz, C. (1995b, autumn). The Sport of racism. Australian Quarterly, 38-48.
115. Tatz, C. (1996). Black diamonds: The Aboriginal and islander sports hall of fame. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
116. Tatz, C. (1999). Genocide in Australia (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Research Discussion Paper no. 8). Canberra, Australia: AIATSIS.
117. Teo, P. (2000). Racism in the news: A critical discourse analysis of news reporting in two Australian newspapers. Discourse and Society, 11(1), 7-46.
118. Thanks to the nation from a normal Australian superstar. (2000, September 27). The Australian, p.1.
119. Tomlinson, A., & Whannel, G. (Eds.). (1984). Five ring circus: Money, power and politics of the Olympic Games. London: Pluto.
120. Tomlinson, A. (1996). Olympic spectacle: Opening ceremonies and some paradoxes of globalization. Media, Culture and Society, 18(4), 543-601.
121. Toohey, K., & Veal, A. J. (2000). The Olympic Games: A social science perspective. Sydney, Australia: CABI.
122. Tuggle, C., & Owen, A. (1999). A descriptive analysis of NBC's coverage of the centennial games: The “games of the woman?” Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 23(2), 171-182.
123. Warren, I., & Tsaousis, S. (1997). Racism and the law in Australian rules football: A critical analysis. Sporting Traditions, 14(1), 27-53.
124. We light up the world. (2000, September 16). The Herald Sun, pp. 1, 3.
125. Willox, I. (1997, January 24). Prize-winner helps heal racial wounds. The Age, p.1.
126. Wilson, C. (2000, September 26). A nation's perfect dream comes true. The Age, p.2.
127. Wilson, R. (1996, August 3). Ex-nobody wins for her people. The Herald Sun, p.4.
128. Windsor, G.(1997, January 24). Our Super-Nova shines over slurs. The Australian, p.1.